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THE DARK SIDE OF DEMOCRACYPRESENTED BYJINOMANUMONIKASHAHBAZTANAYACAUTION! : DISTURBING IMAGES MAY BE PRESENT

GENOCIDE, ETHNIC CLEANSING AND NATIONALISMWhat is Genocide?Refers to acts committed systematically with an intention to destroy either the whole or a significant part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group.

What is Ethnic cleansing?Refers to the acts committed for systematic removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given geographical area so as to make it religiously or ethnically homogenous.

The DifferenceGENOCIDEETHNIC CLEANSINGNationalism and its extreme sideNationalism is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation.

How intense is the relationship between nationalism and genocide?

Genocide explainedThe 1948 U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide defines genocide as any of the following acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:a. Killing members of the group;b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;e. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

Major genocides of the 20th centuryThe Armenian Genocide, Ottoman Empire, 1915-23 Death toll: Up to 1.5 million

The Ukrainian Famine, 1932-1933Death toll: 7 million

The Nanking Massacre, 1937-1938Death toll: 300,000 (50% of the pop)

The World War II Holocaust, Europe, 1942-45 Death toll: 6 million Jews, and millions of others, including Poles, Roma, homosexuals, and the physically and mentally handicapped,

The Cambodian Genocide, 1975-79 Death toll: 2 millionThe East Timor Genocide, 1975- 1999 Death toll: 120,000 (20% of the population)

The Mayan Genocide, Guatemala, 1981-83 Death toll: Tens of thousands

Iraq, 1988Death toll: 50-100,000

The Bosnian Genocide, 1991-1995 Death toll: 8,000

The Rwandan Genocide, 1994 Death toll: 800,000

The Darfur Genocide, Sudan , 2003-present Death toll: debated. 100,000? 300,000? 500,000?

The 8 stages of GenocideUnderstanding the genocidal process is one of the most important steps in preventing future genocides.The Eight Stages of Genocide were first outlined by Dr. Greg Stanton, Department of State: 1996. The first six stages are Early Warnings:ClassificationSymbolizationDehumanizationOrganizationPolarizationPreparationExtermination Denial

Stage 1: ClassificationUs v/s Them

Distinguish by nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion. Classification is a primary method of dividing society and creating a power struggle between groups.

Belgians distinguished between Hutus and Tutsis by nose size, height & eye type. Another indicator to distinguish Hutu farmers from Tutsi pastoralists was the number of cattle owned.

Stage 2: SymbolizationNames : Jew, German, Hutu, Tutsi.LanguageType of dressing Group uniforms: Nazi Swastika armbands

Colors and religious symbols:Yellow star for Jews Blue checked scarf Eastern Zone in Cambodia

Stage 3: DehumanizationOne group denies the humanity of another group, and makes the victim group seem subhumanHate propaganda in speeches, print and on hate radios vilify the victim groupDehumanization invokes superiority of one group and inferiority of the other.Dehumanization justifies murder by calling it ethnic cleansing, or purification. Such euphemisms hide the horror of mass murder

Der Strmer Nazi Newspaper: The Blood Flows; The Jew Grins

Kangura Newspaper, Rwanda: The Solution for Tutsi CockroachesStage 4: OrganizationGenocide is a group crime, so must be organized.The state usually organizes, arms and financially supports the groups that conduct the genocidal massacres. (State organization is not a legal requirement - Indian partition.)Plans are made by elites for a final solution of genocidal killings.

The government and Hutu Power businessmen provided the militias with over 500,000 machetes and other arms and set up camps to train them to protect their villages by exterminating every Tutsi.

Stage 5: PolarizationExtremists drive the groups apart. Hate groups broadcast and print polarizing propaganda. Laws are passed that forbid intermarriage or social interaction.Political moderates are silenced, threatened and intimidated, and killed.Attacks are staged and blamed on targeted groups.In Germany, the Reichstag fire was blamed on Jewish Communists in1933.

Stage 6: PreparationMembers of victim groups are forced to wear identifying symbols. Death lists are madeVictims are separated because of their ethnic or religious identity.Segregation into ghettoes is imposed, victims are forced into concentration camps.Victims are also deported to famine-struck regions for starvation. Weapons for killing are stock-piled.Extermination camps are even built. This build- up of killing capacity is a major step towards actual genocide.

Stage 7: Extermination (Genocide)Extermination begins, and becomes the mass killing legally called "genocide." Most genocide is committed by governments.The killing is extermination to the killers because they do not believe the victims are fully human. They are cleansing the society of impurities, disease, animals, vermin, cockroaches, or enemies.

Roma (Gypsies) in a Nazi death camp

Stage 8: DenialDenial is always found in genocide, both during and after it.Continuing denial is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres.

THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE : THE FIRST GENOCIDE OF THE 20TH CENTURYThe Ottoman Empire : 1914

Armenia : BackgroundArmenia was a part of the Ottoman Empire. While the empire was Muslim, Armenians remained Christians. They were tolerated, but did not experience full equality under Islamic law.In 1867, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, came to power and attempted to stop the many revolutions within his empire. He did this mainly by encouraging Muslim groups to settle in Armenian lands.

The Red SultanSultan Abdul Hamid II, also known as the Red Sultan for his role in the genocide.

The Young TurksIn 1908, a group of young intellectuals over threw the sultan-called The Young Turks. This new leadership sought to make the Ottoman Empire exclusively Turkish and Muslims.In 1910, the Armenians were labeled enemies of Muslim Turkey (due to not fitting the above description)

OverviewThe first genocide of the 20th CenturyOccurred in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1923More than 1.5 million Armenians killed2 million lived in the Ottoman Empire at that timeNearly every Armenian lost a family memberPerpetrated by the Young Turk GovernmentMain reason for genocide: Turkification Pretexts for genocideReligious differencesEconomic differencesScapegoat for WWI military losses

Seeds of GenocideThe Ottoman Empire was in decline, losing territory, wealth, and influence Nearly 500,000 Muslim refugees created by Balkan War settled in and around ConstantinopleArmenians were frequently subjected to massacres, kidnapping, rape and robberyAs Christians, Armenians were second class citizens in Ottoman TurkeySome Armenians resisted this mistreatment and agitated for reforms

Preparing for GenocideSpecial groups of Turks and Kurds, often made up of released prisoners, were created to carry out the massacresMost Armenian men were drafted into the army, then disarmed and put into labor campsGovernment officials, Muslim clerics and others spread rumors of Armenians betraying Turkey, calling for punishment of the infidelsCommunity leaders arrested on April 24, 1915, and put to death soon after

PerpetratorsTalaat PashaInterior MinisterEnver PashaMinister of WarJemal PashaMinister of the Navy

Leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress, or Young TurksThe KillingsApril 24, 1915Hundreds of Armenian intellectuals in Constantinople, Symrna, and elsewhere are arrested and later killedWith its able-bodied men in the Army, and without its leadership, the Armenian population was defenseless

Use of new technologiesWomen, children, and the elderly were loaded onto trains and relocated, unable to return to their homesRefugees by the hundreds were forced into caves, fires were lit at the entrance and those inside were killed by asphyxiation in primitive gas chambersImplementing GenocideArmed groups would come to a village, and take remaining able-bodied males to the outskirts of town and massacre themWomen, children and elderly then ordered to prepare for deportation, valuables were registered and stored for safe keepingCaravans preyed upon by marauding bands, stole remaining valuables, raped and killedGirls carried off, children enslaved or raised as Kurds or TurksStarvation and disease, exposure, brutality, massacreMost of those that make it to the desert are killed

Massacre Sites

AftermathIn 1914, there were 2,538 Armenian churches, 451 monasteries, and nearly 2,000 schools Today, outside of Istanbul, Armenians possess six churches, no monasteries, and no schoolsNearly all moveable property was either confiscated by the government, looted by mobs or seized during death marches

The sum of five million Turkish pounds, (around 33 tons of gold) deposited by the Turkish government at the ReichsBank in Berlin in 1916 was in large part, perhaps wholly Armenian money." - Sir James Baldwin, the former British prime minister

NAZIS : THE HOLOCAUST

What is Nazism?Nazism or National Socialism in full, is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and state. Also promoted in other European countries with large ethnic German communities, such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia.the Germanic people were considered to be the purest representation of Aryanism, and therefore the master race.Opposed to Capitalism and Marxism.Usually characterised as a form of fascism that incorporates scientific racism and anti-Semitism.People practicing this form of fascism were classified as Nazis.

Nazism Rise and fallBy the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Party and assumed control of the organisation.Called for a united Greater Germany that would deny citizenship to Jews or those of Jewish descent.Heart of Hitlers political philosophy : anti-Semitism and anti-communism, disdain for parliamentary democracy and his belief in Germanys right to territorial expansion.Hitlers rise to power - Nazis established a one-party state, under which Jews, political opponents and other "undesirables" elements were marginalised, harassed and eventually imprisoned and killed.Following the Holocaust and German defeat in the Second World War, Nazism is almost extinct now.

Allies and AuxiliariesEastern auxiliariesPolandThe Baltic states Lithuania, Latvia, EstoniaBelarus Ukraine

Client statesSlovakiaCroatiaAllied perpetratorsHungaryRomaniaBulgariaItalyNot just Axis v/s AlliesThe Holocaust : The stages of ethnic cleansingDefined as otherRemoval of civil rightsConcentrationFinal Solution

Stage 1 : Defined as otherJewish people were thought of as differentNazis used stereotyping to enhance the mistrust some Germans felt about the JewsMein Kampf - Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany's problemsNazis defined the Jews as a separate raceViolenceKristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938Attack on Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues; killed many JewsBegan to send people to concentration camps.Began centuries before the Holocaust and lasted throughout the Holocaust because of propaganda

Propaganda against the JewsA chart posted in elementary classrooms entitled "German Youth, Jewish Youth; its purpose was to help Aryan children distinguish friend from foe.

Kristallnacht

BadenAachenBerlinStage 2 : Removal of civil rights Nuremberg Laws: laws were passed to deny Jewish people equal rights.Denied citizenship, prohibited from public office and denied marriage rights.

Ethnic classification used to differentiate Jews from True Germans

Public humiliationStage 3: ConcentrationFormation of ghettosGhetto: a walled section of a cityBegan when Germany invaded Poland in 1939Establishment of concentration camps for Jews

The Ghetto

Ghetto ration card officially allocates 300 calories per day

Forced labour

Lining up for waterStage 4 : The Final Solution Wansee Conference, January 20, 1942: proclaimed the Jewish population in Europe was to be eliminated entirelyLiquidation: Took place in the camps with gas (Zyklon B) & cremation

Genocide : Executions

Einsatzgruppen : Soldiers whose job was to execute civilians and Jews in Nazi-occupied territory.

Genocide : Death CampsDeath camps were established in occupied Poland for mass exterminationAuschwitz-Birkenau : was the largest and most infamous. Originally a POW camp.

Gas Chambers

Prisoners would be put on wagons and disposed in ditches for later collection while the next victims were undressing to enter the chamber

Zyklon BAftermathAuschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by the soviet red army in 1945.Mere 7,000 people alive.

Liberation

The World must know what happened, and never forget - General Dwight Eisenhower

RWANDAN GENOCIDEAbout RwandaA sovereign state in central and east AfricaCapital KigaliGained independence from Belgium in 1962Population 12,012,589 as per 2013 estimateLanguages spoken: Kinyarwanda , French , EnglishComposed of three ethnic groups : Hutu (84%), Tutsi (15%) and Twa (1%)Rwandan genocide: began on April 6,1994, continued for 100 days, mass slaughter of ethnic Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu people by Hutu extremists

Rwandan Genocide Tutsis and moderate Hutus

Hutu extremists

Rwandan Genocide : BackgroundHutus and Tutsis shared a common pastCommencement of Europeans Tutsis and Hutus took a racial roleGermans colonized Rwanda in 1884 as part of German East AfricaEncouraged pro-Tutsi policiesBelgium invaded in 1916 during first world warBelgians used divide and rule policyPromoted Tutsi supremacy gave them privileges like western style education, health and other benefits which Hutus were excluded from Introduced an ethnic identification system- identity cards labelled as Tutsi, Hutu, Twa or Naturalised

Rwandan Genocide : BackgroundTension escalated between educated Tutsis and Hutu emancipation movement led to Rwandan revolution in 1959Hutu activists killed Tutsis and more than 1,00,000 had to seek refuge in neighboring countriesAs they struggled for independence , Belgians shifted status of the two groups and the country voted to abolish monarchy in 1961 and the majority Hutus came to powerRwanda and Burundi were separated and Rwanda gained independence from Belgian rule in 1962The exiled Tutsis formed armed groups and kept on attacking from neighboring countries and Hutus responded with increased violence

Rwandan Genocide : BackgroundIn 1973, Juvenal Habyarimana came to power in a miltary coup

Pro-Hutu discrimination continued but violence against Tutsis decreased and economic prosperity increased Twa remained marginalized forced out of forests by government- became beggarsIn 1980s,Tutsis who had fled from Rwanda to Uganda had organized a rebel group Rwanda Patriotic Front (RDP)In 1990, RDP invaded northern Rwanada and started the Rwandan Civil warEthnic tensions began to increase, and the ideology that Tutsis wanted to enslave and murder the Hutus , emerged

Juvenal HabyarimanaRwandan Genocide : BackgroundNeither side had gained a decisive advantage Habyarimana was forced to enter into a coalition with opposition and signed Arusha Accords in 1993 This weakened Hutu hold on government and extremists feared Tutsi being included in the governmentEvery party in Rwanda including the ruling party was split into moderate and power wingsSeveral radical youth militia groups emerged, attached to the Power wings of the parties; these included theInterahamwe, which was attached to the ruling party, and Impuzamugambi linked to CDR(Coalition for Defence Of Republic), ranks of Rwandan Army, National Police which carried out massacres all over RwandaPreparation for GenocideWhen it started is not clear : 1990 or 1992Hutu civilians were being armed with hand weapons such as machete and were being trained in combat Official reason was civil defence to RPF threat though later the same ones were used for committing genocideRwanda also purchased large number of grenades and munitions in late 1990sIn March 1993, Hutu power compiled lists of traitors they planned to kill and its possible that Habyrimanas name was on the listThe magazine called Kangura published Hutu Ten Commandments set of racist guidelines for example Hutu who married a Tutsi was a traitor, Hutu who did business with Tutsi was a traitor etc. Preparation for GenocideIn October 1993 the President of Burundi,Melchior Ndadaye, who had been elected in June as the country's first ever Hutu president, was assassinated by extremist Tutsi army officers.The assassination caused shockwaves in Rwanda, reinforcing the notion amongst the Hutu population that the Tutsi were their enemy and could not be trusted.The CDR(Coalition for Defence Of Republic) and the Power wings of the other parties realized they could use this situation to their advantage to persuade the Hutu population to carry out the killingsThe idea of a "final solution," was now top of their agenda, and they began actively planning it.The SparkHowever, On April 6th, 1994, airplane carying Rwandan President Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down near Kigali airport, and this event sparkled the Genocide and it began within few hours Who is responsible for this assassination is not known though the Hutu extremists profited the most and within 24 hours they took over the government, blamed the Tutsis for the assassination and began the slaughter100 Days of Slaughter : The Genocide

Identification was facilitated using road blocks in urban areas where the national identity cards were checked and Tutsis were killed using machetes, clubs or knives Government had names and addresses of all the Tutsis living in Rwanda-killers went door to door The Hutu extremists killed their political opponents i.e. Hutu moderates and Tutsis including the Prime Minster and Uwilingiyimana and even the ten Belgian U.N peacekeepers who tried to protect herPlaces that were historically used for refuge were now places were mass slaughter took place churches, hospitals and schoolsOne such massacreoccurred at Nyarubuye . More than 1,500 Tutsis sought refuge in a Catholic church in Nyange and Local priest betrayed them and Interahamwe used bulldozers to knock down the entire church building

100 Days of Slaughter : The Genocide

Men, women and children were murdered . No one was sparedMost Victims were Killed in their own villages and towns by neighbors usually by being hacked to death by machetes.Those who did not get involved in the murders were often murdered themselvesRape was a weapon and used by the perpetrators of massacre Thousands of Tutsi women, moderate Hutu women, Hutu women who married Tutsis and Hutu women who hid Tutsis were the ones targetedFurther, the dead bodies were not buried , they were left where they were slaughteredMedia also played a major role. RTLMC and also the state supported radio - Radio Rwanda, encouraged to crush the cockroaches". These cockroaches were Tutsis and Hutu moderates .

100 Days of Slaughter : The Genocide

The RTLMC also called for the Tutsi to cut down the tall trees, a code phrase that meant that Hutus should start killing the TutsisMany RTLM broadcasts did announce names of specific individuals to be killed and even information as to where to find them i.e. home or work places or known hangout places . And once they were killed, it was announced over the radioRTLM was actually used to inspire and trigger killings by the average Hutus . If they refused, they were given a choice either to kill or be killed.

100 Days of Slaughter : The Genocide

The Tutsi RPF restarted their offensive, and took control of the country methodically, gaining control of the whole country by mid-July

Immediately following the RPF takeover, around 2 million Hutus (perpetrators) fled into the neighboring countries to avoid potential Tutsi retribution. Thousands died of epidemics, which spread like wildfire through to overcrowded refugee camps.

RPF Commander General Paul Kagame was the leader of the invasion in 1994, and is now the President of Rwanda. In 2003 and 2010 Kagame won elections and is still in power.International Response

UNAMIR, the UN peacekeeping force in Rwanda, was present on the ground throughout the course of the genocide. With disregard to the violence portrayed in the national media, France, Belgium, and the United States declined to send additional support, despite UNAMIRs specific warnings to the UN Security Council in early 1994, describing the Hutu militias plan for extermination. The Security Council denied UNAMIRs request to intervene, and in early April, the Belgian contingency of UNAMIRs force were pulled out, due to the murder of ten Belgian soldiers. Almost overnight, 4500 UNAMIR peacekeepers on the ground were reduced to a mere 260International Response

The international response to the Genocide was limited, with major powers reluctant to strengthen the already overstretchedUN peace keeping forceSome say that because initially moderate Hutus were also killed, the conflict seemed more of a civil war to most countriesBut some world powers did realize that it was a genocide but didnt want to maybe pay for the personnel and supplies required to stop itThe US administration didnt use the word genocide but diluted it to acts of genocide to avoid public opinion that could demand some sort of action and they didnt want to act.

INDIA : A CONTRASTING SCENARIOSituation in IndiaPessimistic impression of ethnic conflict.Multiethnic .In India ethnic tensions gets defused .Hinduism follows non organic nationalism .Ethnicity - Not class but caste

Ethno nationalism

History PartitionSikh Hindu conflictJammu and KashmirThe northeastern borders

Cause of RiotsEconomic distressEconomic disparities between communitiesPolitical discontent

Ethnic conflictABCONCLUSIONConclusionCommunal conflictEscalation phaseMurderous cleansingPrevention requires:Early warningRapid responseCourts for accountability73Business Involvement