CHAPTER 11: INDUSTRY

The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

WHY DO GEOGRAPHERS CARE ABOUT INDUSTRY?

Geography and Industry Location…Location…Location Most important is the spatial relationship between

raw material, market, and site factors Read Case Study p. 344: “Maquiladoras in Mexico”

KEY ISSUE 1: WHERE IS INDUSTRY DISTRIBUTED?

Origins of IndustryIndustrial Regions

WHERE IS INDUSTRY DISTRIBUTED? Origin of industry

Industrial Revolution: A technological transformation of production and transportation associated with the abundant power from steam engines

Originated in N. England and S. Scotland in the 18thC. Diffused during the 19th to the rest of Europe and N. America and

to other regions during the 20th C.

The root of the Industrial Revolution was the development of several inventions that transformed the way goods were manufactured, creating an unprecedented expansion in productivity

A higher standard of living was the result The Industrial Revolution was cited as the cause

for the population growth into Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition

WHERE IS INDUSTRY DISTRIBUTED? The single most important invention for

factories was the steam engine, invented by James Watt

Child Laborers in Coal mines

First steam engine pulling a coal car

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WHERE IS INDUSTRY DISTRIBUTED? Cottage industries

to the Industrial Revolution

Impact of the Industrial Revolution was especially great on iron, coal, transportation, textiles, chemicals, and food processing

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INDUSTRIAL REGIONS IN EUROPE United Kingdom: dominated production of steel

and textiles in the 19th C. Expanded in the late 20th C. into high tech

Rhine-Ruhr Valley: (Germany) Close proximity to large coal fields, enabling access to iron and steel production which in turn spurred the establishment of heavy metal industries- railroad and armements. Close to the mouth of the Rhine River as it flows to the North Sea.

Mid-Rhine: (Germany and France)Western Europe’s most important industrial area. German technology and French resources- Mercedes-Benz and Audi located in Mannheim

Po Basin: (Italy) Southern Europe’s oldest and most important industrial area. Initially textile manufacturing- Two key assets: hydroelectricity from The Alps and cheap labor

INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN EUROPE

Figure 11-4

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NORTH AMERICA’S INDUSTRIAL AREAS New England: Oldest industrial area in the

US- Cotton textiles Middle Atlantic: Largest US industrial

market. Close proximity to markets and consumers as well as communication and financial centers.

Mohawk Valley: Industrial belt along the Hudson River in Upper New York State. Close the Erie Canal and Lake Erie – Steel processing, Aluminum and paper with abundant electricity from Niagara Falls

Pittsburgh-Lake Erie, Western Great Lakes, Proximity to Appalachian coal and iron ore. The hub of the nation’s transportation network. (See Map)

INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN NORTH AMERICA

Figure 11-5

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EAST ASIA’S INDUSTRIAL AREAS

Japan: Became an Industrial power after WWII. Under-sold competitors with cheaper labor and abundant supplies of consumer goods – Cars, stereos and televisions. With competition high from other Asian markets, Japan trained workers for highly specialized and skilled jobs

China: Low cost labor, the world’s largest manufacturer of textiles and apparel, and household products.

INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

Figure 11-3

KEY ISSUE 2: WHY ARE SITUATION FACTORS IMPORTANT?

Proximity to InputsProximity to Markets

Ship, Rail, Truck, or Air?

PROXIMITY TO INPUTS Bulk-reducing industries

An Industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final product

To minimize cost an industry will locate near the source of inputs

Cost and location consideration is location of Energy

Examples: Copper: Bulk Reducing

1. Mining 2. Concentration 3. Smelting

Steel: Changing Inputs 1 Iron Ore 2. Coal

Figure 11-8

PROXIMITY TO MARKETS Bulk-gaining industries

Bulk Gaining Industry makes something that gains volume or weight during production

To minimize cost Bulk Gaining will locate close to where it is sold

Examples: Fabricated metals

Machinery Motor Vehicles

Located in the interior of the U.S. between Michigan and Alabama: The “Auto Alley”

Beverage production Beverages (Beer and Soft Drinks)

Single-market manufacturers Specialized Manufacturing

Parts for Motor Vehicles Perishable products

Milk, Bread,

Figure 11-10

SHIP, RAIL, TRUCK, OR AIR?

The farther something is transported, the lower the cost per km/mile

Cost decreases at different rates for each of the four modes

Truck = most often for short-distance travel Train = used to ship longer distances (1 day +) Ship = slow, but very low cost per km/mile Air = most expensive, but very fast

Modes of delivery are often mixed Large containers facilitate the timely transfer

between modes Cost rises each time transfers are facilitated Break-of-Bulk Point is a location for many

companies who use multiple modes where transfer of transportation modes is possible, such as a sea port, or an airport

KEY ISSUE 3: WHY ARE SITE FACTORS IMPORTANT?LABOR * LAND * CAPITAL

LABOR

The most important site factor Workers and Labor

Labor-intensive industries An industry where wages and other employee compensations constitutes a high percentage of expenses. Examples: textiles

Textile and apparel spinning Treatment of fiber to create yarn from natural or human

made material Textile and apparel weaving

Weaving or knitting of yarn into fabric Textile and apparel assembly

Cutting and sewing of fabric; assembly into clothing and other products

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TEXTILE AND APPAREL SPINNING

Fibers can be spun from natural or synthetic elements

Principal natural fiber is cotton Labor intensive industry done in low wage

countries China produces 2/3 of the world’s cotton

thread. Synthetics include regenerated synthetics

(natural raw materials modified to produce fibers for weaving), True synthetics are processed from substances

like petrochemicals that do not naturally form fibers.

Nylon: the first synthetic fiber produced from petroleum

Polyester: the leading synthetic fiber

COTTON YARN PRODUCTION

Figure 11-16

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TEXTILE AND APPAREL WEAVING Weaving is an ancient art: two sets of thread

places at right angles from each other Warp: Thread strung lengthwise on the loom or

frame Weft: Thread crossing the warp thread Shuttle: Tool used to carry the weft over and

under the warp. Traditional weavers were men Mechanized weaving is clustered today in low

wage countries far from the apparel market The low wages in China and India, offset the

high shipping costs to European and North American markets (China- 60% of fabric, India – 30% of fabric)

WOVEN COTTON FABRIC PRODUCTION

Figure 11-17

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TEXTILE AND APPAREL MANUFACTURING Sewing: activity older than spinning and weaving

Original sewing done with individual needles made from animal horn, and eventually iron.

First sewing machine built in France (1830) by Barthelemy Thimonnier. 8o of them were installed in a factory to sew the uniforms of the French army.

Tailors, fearing loss of income, stormed the factory and destroyed the machines.

Isaac Singer credited with creating the first US machine in 1850s

Textiles assembled into four main types of products: garments, carpets, home products, and industrial items

MDCs are where most of the assembly occurs because most consumers of textiles live in MDCs. 2/3 of women’s blouses are sewn in MDCs

PRODUCTION OF WOMEN’S BLOUSES

Figure 11-18

LAND & CAPITAL Rural sites

Early factories were multistoried buildings in cities

Modern factories are single story buildings on the out-skirts of cities

Environmental factors

Early factories were located near rivers

Modern factories often take into account other sources of power

Capital Borrowed money to

finance industry is important for LDCs and MDCs

Figure 11-20

KEY ISSUE 4: WHY ARE LOCATION FACTORS CHANGING?

Attraction of New Industrial RegionsRenewed Attraction of Traditional Industrial Regions

ATTRACTION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

Changing industrial distribution within MDCs To minimize labor costs some manufacturers are

locating to places where wage rates are lower than in traditional industrial regions

Interregional shift within the United States Shift from the North-east to the South and West

Right-to-work laws: the law requires a factory to maintain an “open shop” and prohibits a “closed shop.” Closed shop mean only union employees may work in the factory.

Southern States; more difficult for unions to organize and develop collective bargaining

Textile production Early 20th century New York’s garment district housed a

large percentage of textile and apparel industry Moved to the south in the mid 20th Century for lower wages

CHANGING U.S. MANUFACTURING

Figure 11-21

MANUFACTURERS OF MEN’S AND WOMEN’S SOCKS AND HOSIERY

Figure 11-22

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ATTRACTION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL REGIONS Interregional shifts in Europe

Support and assistance from the European Union to industries willing to relocate to economically distressed peripheral areas

Diffused from traditional Northwestern European industrial centers

Convergence shifts Primarily eastern and southern Europe where incomes

are lower Competitive and employment regions

Primarily Western Europe’s traditional core industrial areas which have experienced job loss in recent years

EUROPEAN UNION STRUCTURAL FUNDS

Figure 11-23

ATTRACTION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

International shifts in industry since 1970 East Asia

Includes China, Japan, and S. Korea (a leading producer of steel and fabricated metal products including motor vehicles)

South Asia India, with one of the fastest growing economies leads

the world in textile manufacturing. Motor vehicle production is on the rise.

Latin America Low wage region in Mexico Maquiladora plants have located in Mexico’s North to be

near the U.S., Mexico’s largest market Changing distributions

Steel manufacturing and textiles has been most impacted by new locations due to cheaper markets other than the U.S. and Europe

Outsourcing Despite transportation costs MDCs can profitably transfer

much of the steps of manufacturing to low paid, less skilled workers in LDCs

WORLD STEEL PRODUCTION

Figure 11-24

GLOBAL PRODUCTION

Figure 11-25

APPAREL PRODUCTION AND JOBS IN THE UNITED STATES

Figure 11-26

ATTRACTION TO TRADITIONAL REGIONS

The reason for renewed attraction is Proximity to skilled labor and Rapid Delivery to market

Fordist, or mass production (pioneered by Henry Ford)

Each worker was assigned a specific task to perform repeatedly

Most workers did not need an education or skill specialization to do their job

Post-Fordist, or lean production (pioneered by Toyota)

Workers are placed in teams and told to figure out a variety of tasks

A problem is addressed through arriving at consensus Workers in a factory are treated alike and managers

don’t get special treatment Just-in-time delivery

A type of industry that delivers goods frequently (daily, or hourly)

It saves time for management by eliminating wasteful inventory

Two types of disruptions can occur with “Just In Time” delivery:

Labor unrest, or an Act of God

ELECTRONIC COMPUTING MANUFACTURING

Figure 11-28

WOMEN’S AND GIRLS’ CUT AND SEW APPAREL MANUFACTURING

Figure 11-29

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