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TheCubanMissileCrisisOverviewInthislesson,studentswillgainanunderstandingofthetensionsthatexistedamongworldpowersduringtheCubanMissileCrisis.Afterparticipatinginamockair-raid,studentswilllistentotheactualspeechPresidentKennedygaveduringtheCrisistoaddresstheSovietthreatcomingfromCuba,anddiscusstheimplicationsforAmericancitizensduringtheperiod.Finally,studentswillcomposealettertoKhrushchevfromtheperspectiveofthePresident,indicatinghowtheybelievearesolutioncouldbereached.Grade8NorthCarolinaEssentialStandards• 8.H.1.3-Useprimaryandsecondarysourcestointerpretvarioushistoricalperspectives.• 8.H.1.5-Analyzetherelationshipbetweenhistoricalcontextanddecision-making.• 8.H.2.1-Explaintheimpactofeconomic,political,social,andmilitaryconflicts(e.g.war,slavery,states’rights
andcitizenshipandimmigrationpolicies)onthedevelopmentofNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates.• 8.H.2.3-Summarizetheroleofdebate,compromise,andnegotiationduringsignificantperiodsinthehistory
ofNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates.Materials• Alarmsound(tosimulateairraiddrill)• Imagesof1950airraidsheltersandshelterhandbook,attached• Optional:“DuckandCover”YouTubevideo:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2kdpAGDu8s(Sincemany
schooldistrictsblockaccesstoYouTube,teachersshouldcheckaccessbeforeclassanddownloadthevideofromahomecomputerifnecessary.)
• OverviewoftheCubanMissileCrisis,attached• RecordingofKennedy’sSpeechtotheUSduringtheCubanMissileCrisis,availablefordownloadorstreaming
audioonlineathttp://www.archive.org/details/jfks19621022• GuidedListeningQuestions,attachedDuration1-2periodsPreparationStudentsshouldhaveabasicunderstandingofWorldWarIIandtherelationshipsamongcountriesinvolvedintheconflictimmediatelyfollowingtheWar.Additionally,studentsshouldhaveabasicunderstandingofthecommunistideologyandhowitdiffersfromdemocracy.Procedure
SimulatingAirRaids1. Onceallstudentshaveenteredtheroomandtakentheirseats,tellthemnottobescared,butasasecurity
measure,allschoolsarerequiredtohaveperiodic“airraid”drillstoproperlypreparestudentsintheunlikelyeventofanattackbyterroristgroups.Tellthemthatwhentheyhearthealarm,theyaretogetundertheir
desks,puttheirheadsbetweentheirlegs,andfoldtheirarmsovertheirheadstoshieldthemselvesagainstdebris.Youmayneedtodemonstratetheposition.Onceyouhaveexplainedtheproceduresoundanalarmandhavethempractice.Youwillverylikelybemetwithdisbelieforhostility.Tellstudentsitisfortheirowngood,itisonlypractice,andaskthemtopleaseparticipateinthedrill.
2. Afterstudentshaveassumedtheposition,turnoffthealarmandhavethemreturntotheirseats.Askprobingquestionsabouttheirthoughtsandfeelingsconcerningthedrill.Forexample:• Howdidyoufeelwhenyoufirstheardwewouldbehavinganairraiddrill?• Howdidyoufeelabouthavingtogetunderyourdesk?• Doesthethoughtofapossibleattackscareorworryyou?• Ifonedayduringclass,weheardanairraiddrillsound,withouttherehavingbeenanywarningofa
“test,”wouldyoufeeldifferentlycrawlingunderyourdesks?Explain.• Doyouthinkairraiddrillsareagoodthingtopractice?Whyorwhynot?
3. Informstudentsthatinactuality,therearenocurrentthreatsagainsttheUnitedStatesthatwarrantairraiddrills,andthatthedrillwasreallyasimulationtogivethemanappreciationoftheveryrealnuclearthreatAmericansfacedfordecadesafterWorldWarII,duringwhatisreferredtoasthe“ColdWar.”Tellthemthatthisnuclearthreatwasparticularlyintenseovera14dayperiodin1962calledtheCubanMissileCrisis,probablythemostintense2weeksoftheentireColdWar.
4. Next,showthefollowing10minuteeducationalfilmfromthe1950’sregardingairraiddrills:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2kdpAGDu8s.(SincemanyschooldistrictsblockaccesstoYouTube,teachersshouldcheckaccessbeforeclassanddownloadthevideofromahomecomputerifnecessary.)Sharethefollowingbackgroundinformationwithstudentsbeforeshowingthevideo;• “DuckandCover”wasasocialguidancefilmproducedin1951bytheUnitedStatesfederalgovernment's
CivilDefensebranchshortlyaftertheSovietUnionbegannucleartesting.WrittenbyRaymondJ.MaueranddirectedbyAnthonyRizzoofArcherProductionsandmadewiththehelpofschoolchildrenfromNewYorkCityandAstoria,NewYork,itwasshowninschoolsasthecornerstoneofthegovernment's"duckandcover"publicawarenesscampaign.ThemoviestatesthatnuclearwarcouldhappenatanytimewithoutwarningandthusU.S.citizensshouldkeepthisconstantlyinmindandalwaysbeready.
5. Playthevideoandoncefinished,discussthefollowingquestions:
• Doyouthinkthisvideoisaneffectiveteachingtool?Whyorwhynot?• Is“duckingandcovering”aneffectivewaytoavoidbeinghurtduringanuclearattack?• Whydoyouthinkthegovernmentwouldproducethisfilmwheninactualityduckingandcoveringis
uselessagainstanuclearattack?• Canyouthinkofothermeasuresthegovernmenthastakentomakethepopulacefeelsafer,butthatare
ultimatelyuseless?
6. Askstudentstothinkabouthowoldtheirgrandparentsaretoday(orhowoldtheywouldbeiftheywerestillalive).Tellthemthatiftheyareovertheageof56,thentheylivedthroughthisperiod.Iftheirgrandparentsareolderthan61,itmeanstheywereoldenoughtogotoschoolduringtheearly1960s,itisverylikelythattheyhadtoparticipateinsimilardrillsorevenworse.Presentstudentswiththeattachedpictureofanactualpublicschooldrillfromthe1950s.Pointoutthatwhiletheymighthavefeltfoolish“hiding”undertheirdesks,atleasttheydidnothavetogooutinthehallwayandlayonthegroundfacedown.Discusstheimagesandstudents’reactionstothem.
IntroductiontotheCubanMissileCrisis7. Togaugepriorknowledge,askstudentswhattheyalreadyknowabouttheColdWarortheCubanMissile
Crisis.Oncestudentshaveexhaustedwhattheyknow,orthinktheyknow,givethemsomebackgroundinformation:
• TheColdWarwastherivalrythatdevelopedbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionafterWorldWarII,whichpersistedfornearly40years.
• WhiletheUnitedStatesandSovietUnionwerealliesduringWWII,theiralliancequicklybrokedownafterGermanysurrenderedbecauseJosephStalin,theSovietleader,begansettinguptotalitariangovernments—governmentsthatcontrolledallaspectsofpeoples’lives—insteadofdemocraticgovernmentsinEasternEuropeasheoriginallypromised.
• TheColdWardescribesthetenseandhostilerelationshipthatdevelopedbetweentheSovietUnionandtheU.S.followingWWII.ThecommunistgovernmentoftheSovietUnionwantedtoconvertothercountriestocommunism.TheUSpledgedtosupportfreecountriessotheycouldresistcommunism.Bothcountrieshadnuclearweaponsandwerecapableoflaunchinganuclearwar.
• Othercountriestooksidesinthisinternationalconflict.ManyWesternEuropeancountriessidedwiththeUStoformNATO(NationalAtlanticTreatyOrganization)in1949.ManyEasternEuropeancountriessignedtheWarsawPactandformedanalliancewiththeSovietUnion.Cuba,locatedonly90milesoffthecoastofFlorida,sidedwiththeSovietUnionafterFidelCastrocametopowerin1959.
• TheCubanMissileCrisiswasoneofthemajorclimaxesoftheColdWar,bringingtheworldtheclosestithaseverbeentoanuclearwar.
• DuringtheCubanMissileCrisisnuclearweaponsinCubawereaimedattheUS,andatthesametimenuclearweaponsintheUSwereaimedatCuba.Withthepushofabuttononeitherside,anuclearweaponcapableofdestroyingentirecitiescouldbedeployed.Assoonasaweaponwasdeployed,theothersidewouldinevitablyretaliate,leadingtoafull-scalenuclearwarandpossiblyevennuclearannihilation.Manypeoplewholivedduringthetimefearedthatifonesidelaunchedanuclearweapon,theentireplanetcouldbevirtuallydestroyed,ifnotfromthedestructioncauseddirectlybynuclearweaponsthenbythenuclearfalloutwhichwouldmakehugeareasoflanduninhabitableforextendedperiodsoftime.
8. Redirectstudentattentionbacktothewarmupanddiscuss:• ImaginethatyouarelivingduringtheyearsoftheCubanMissileCrisis.Howdoyouthinkitwouldfeelto
knowthatnuclearweaponswereaimedatyourcity,andcouldbedeployedatanyminute?• Considerthefeelingsyouexpressedearlieronhavingtoparticipateinanairraiddrill.Doyouthinkyour
opinionwouldbedifferentifyouwerelivingduringtheCubanMissileCrisis?Explain
FalloutShelters9. Explaintostudentsthatmanypeopleworriedaboutthepossibilityofnuclearfalloutandthustook
precautionstoprotectthemselves.Projecttheattachedimagesofanairraidshelterandafalloutshelterandaskstudentstoguesswhattheythinktheyarelookingat.Oncestudentshavediscussed,explainthatonesuchprecautionsomepeopletookduringtheColdWarwastobuildafalloutshelter,whichisanenclosedspacedesignedtoprotectoccupantsfromradioactivedebris,or“fallout,”thatresultsfromanuclearexplosion.Onceanuclearweaponhadbeenfired,inthemonthsaftertheexplosionthisradiationwouldbedeadlytoanyonecomingintocontactwithit.Thus,falloutsheltersweredesignedtoallowtheiroccupantstominimizeexposuretoharmfulfalloutuntilradioactivityhasdissipatedtoasaferlevel.Thesesheltersweregenerallybuiltbelowground,atdepthswhereradiationwouldnotseep.Allowstudentstodiscuss:• Howdoyouimagineitwouldfeeltoliveinoneoftheseshelters,belowground,formonths?• Asyoulivedthere,whatdifficultiesmightyouexperience?Whatworrieswouldyouhave?
10. Toenrichtheconversation,projectorhandouttheattachedprimarysourceimagesfroma1960shandbookonfalloutshelters.Additionalimagesareavailableathttp://wardomatic.blogspot.com/2006/11/fallout-shelter-handbook-1962.html.Askstudentstodiscuss:• Whatdoyouthinkthepurposeofthishandbookwas?• Whatisthepurposeofthisimageinparticular?
• Whatdoyounoticeaboutthepeople,objects,etc.intheimage?• Howdotheseimagescompare/contrasttosomethingyoumightseetoday?
OverviewoftheCubanMissileCrisis11. DistributetheattachedoverviewoftheCubanMissileCrisis.Readaloudasaclass,takingtimetoaddressthe
“take-away”/discussionquestionsfollowingeachbriefsection.
12. OncetheclasshascompletedtheirdiscussionoftheCubanMissileCrisisoverview,distributeorprojectthe“GuidedListeningQuestions,”attached.Tellstudentsthatyouwillbelisteningtothefirst11minutesofPresidentKennedy’saddresstothepeopleoftheUnitedStatesduringtheheightoftheCubanMissileCrisis.Instructthemtolistencarefullyandanswertheguidedlisteningquestionsastheyhearthemaddressed.Playtherecording,whichcanbedownloadedorplayedinstreamingaudioat:http://www.archive.org/details/jfks19621022.
13. Afterstudentshavehadanopportunitytolistentothespeech,discusstheiranswerstotheguidedlisteningquestions.(Answersareprovidedontheattachedquestionsheet).Additionally,facilitateafollow-updiscussionusingthefollowingquestionsasaguide:• Whatisthedifferencebetweendefenseandoffense?WhywasitokayfortheSovietstohavedefensive
missilesbutnotoffensiveones?• DoyouthinkPresidentKennedy“beataroundthebush”orwasheverystraightforwardwiththe
Americanpeople?Explain.• HowdoyouthinkyouraverageAmericancitizenwouldhavefeltinreactiontothespeech?Howdoyou
thinkyouwouldhavefeltifyoulivedinamajorcity,likeWashington,D.C.,Norfolk,Virginia,orNewYork,NewYork?
WriteaLettertoKhrushchev14. Asaculminatingactivity(orforhomework)askstudentstopretendtheyarethePresidentoftheUnited
StatesduringtheCubanMissileCrisis,andtheyjustreceivedaletterfromKhrushchev,theSovietPremiere,whojustlistenedtoyourspeech.Hisletterstatesthefollowing:
“TheSovietgovernmentconsiderstheviolationofthefreedomofnavigationininternationalwatersandairspacetoconstituteanactofaggressionpropellinghumankindintotheabyssofaworldnuclear-missilewar.Therefore,theSovietgovernmentcannotinstructcaptainsofSovietshipsboundforCubatoobserveordersofAmericannavalforcesblockadingthisisland.OurinstructionstoSovietsailorsaretoobservestrictlythegenerallyacceptedstandardsofnavigationininternationalwatersandnotretreatonestepfromthem.And,iftheAmericansideviolatestheserights,itmustbeawareoftheresponsibilityitwillbearforthisact.Tobesure,wewillnotremainmereobserversofpirateactionsbyAmericanshipsintheopensea.Wewillthenbeforcedonourparttotakethosemeasureswedeemnecessaryandsufficienttodefendourrights.Tothisendwehaveallthatisnecessary.”
15. InformyourstudentsthatthisexcerptwastakenfromanactualletterwrittentoPresidentKennedyfromKhrushchev.Then,asawritingexercise,havestudentsassumethepersonaofPresidentKennedyandcomposealetterinresponsetoKhrushchev.StudentsshouldusetheirknowledgeoftheCubanMissileCrisistoexpresstheirfeelingsabouttheCrisisandwhattheybelieveneedstohappeninordertoavoidnuclearwar.
AdditionalActivities• Havestudentsinterviewparents/grandparentsoraneldercommunitymemberaboutwhatitwasliketobe
aliveduringtheColdWar,andpresenttheirfindingstotheclass.Somesamplequestionsmightinclude:o Whenyouwereachild,didyouhearpeopletalkingaboutnuclearbombs?Ifso,howdidpeopleseemto
feelaboutnuclearbombs?Doyourememberifyouhadanyfeelingsaboutnuclearbombswhenyouwereachild?
o Didyouunderstandwhotheenemywas?Whatdidyouthinkoftheenemy?WhatdidyouthinkoftheUnitedStatesasanuclearpower?
o Whenyouwereachild,didyourschoolhaveair-raiddrills?Whatdidthestudentshavetododuringanair-raiddrill?Why?
o Whenyouwereyounger,didyoueverhearaboutorseeabombshelter?Whatsuppliesdidpeopleputinbombshelters?Why?Whatfeelingsdidyouhave(anddoyouhave)aboutbombshelters?
o Whenyouwereyounger,wereyouafraidthattheUnitedStatesortheworldwouldbeblownupbybombsormissiles?
o Doyourememberbeingyoungandreadingbooksorseeingmoviesortelevisionshowsaboutnucleardestruction?Howdidthebooksandmoviesmakeyoufeel?
o Didyoustopbeingafraidofnuclearwarasyougrewup?Whyorwhynot?o HowdidyoufeelwhenReaganandGorbachevstartedtalkingaboutreducingnucleararmaments?How
doyoufeelnowaboutthethreatofnuclearwar?Source:http://school.discoveryeducation.com/lessonplans/programs/reaganlegacy-starwars
• Insteadofsendingstudentsouttodoone-on-oneinterviews,considerinvitingtoclasssomeonewhowenttoanAmericanpublicschoolinthe1950s,whentheColdWarstarted.Asktheguesttotalkabouthowthefearofnuclearwarmanifesteditselfinday-to-dayschoollife.Letthestudents,asagroup,askquestionsoftheguest.
AirRaidImages
LincolnHighSchoolAir-RaidDrill,1950
FalloutShelterImages
FalloutShelterHandbook
Source:http://wardomatic.blogspot.com/2006/11/fallout-shelter-handbook-1962.html
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TopsecretdocumentdemonstratingtherangeofmissilesfromCuba
TheCubanMissileCrisisAnOverview
TheworldhasnevercomeclosertothebrinkofnuclearwarthanitdidduringtheCubanMissileCrisisofOctober1962,oneofthemostdramaticepisodesinU.S.diplomatichistory.
DiscoveryoftheMissilesThecrisisbeganonOctober14,1962whenphotographstakenduringareconnaissanceflightoverCubabyaUSU-2spyplanerevealedthattheSovietUnion--America'sColdWaradversary--hadsecretlystartedbuildingbasesformedium-rangeballisticmissiles(MRBMs)ontheisland,locatedlessthan90milesfromtheU.S.coast.ScholarsstilldebatewhytheSovietUniontookthisconfrontationalstep.SomearguethattheSovietswantedtoprotecttheirallyCubafromtheUnitedStates,whichhadtriedvarioustimestotoppleFidelCastrofollowinghisassumptionofpower.Take-AwayQuestions:1. HowdidtheUSknowthereweremissilesinCuba?WhywasthissuchabigconcernfortheUS?2. WhatisonepossiblereasontheSovietUniontookthedrasticstep?
The"ExComm"DeliberatesPresidentJohnF.Kennedylearnedthenewstwodayslaterandmetwithhistopadvisers--laterdubbedtheExecutiveCommittee(ExComm)oftheNationalSecurityCouncil--todecidehowtorespond.Sincethemissiles,ifoperationalandequippedwithnuclearwarheads,couldquicklydestroytargetswithintheUnitedStates,Kennedyandhisadvisersagreedthattheweaponspresentedagravethreatandneededtoberemoved.TheExCommdebatedhowbesttodoso.Atfirst,KennedyandtheExCommfavoredamilitaryresponse,withoptionsrangingfromairstrikesonthemissilebasestoanall-outinvasionofCuba.Themilitaryalternativelostfavor,however,asExCommmembersbecamemoreandmoreconcernedthatitcouldprovokeaSovietresponsethatmightleadtoafull-scalewar.SuchworriesgainedgreatercredencewhentheCentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA)reportedthatsomeSovietMRBMsinCubawerealreadyoperational,probablyarmedwithnuclearwarheads,andcapableofreachingtargetsintheUnitedStates.Take-AwayQuestions:3. WhatdidPresidentKennedyandhisadvisorsthinkofthesteptakenbytheSovietUnion?Howwouldyouhavefelt
ifyouwerethePresident?4. Whydidn’ttheUSrespondwithairstrikesoraninvasionofCuba?IfyouhadbeenamemberofExComm,what
advicewouldyouhavegiventothePresident?Why?
MAD:TheDoctrineofMutualAssuredDestructionMutualassureddestruction(MAD)isthedoctrineofmilitarystrategyinwhichafull-scaleuseofnuclearweaponsbytwoopposingsideswouldeffectivelyresultinthedestructionofboththeattackerandthedefender.Itisbasedonthetheoryof“deterrence”whichbasicallysaysthatsimplyhavingweapons(orevenmakingtheenemythinkyoudo)canthreatentheenemyandpreventthemfromusingtheverysameweapons.Thestrategymustbeemployedbybothsidestoavoidtheworstpossibleoutcome—nuclearannihilation.KennedyandhisadvisorstookMADveryseriouslyduringtheCrisis.Take-AwayQuestions:5. ExplainthedoctrineofMutualAssuredDestructioninyourownwords.TheQuarantineUltimately,KennedyelectednottostrikethemissilebasesinCuba.ThePresident,duringanExCommmeetingheldonOctober20,insteadchosetosurroundCubawithanavalblockade,calleda“quarantine,“whichtechnicallywasaviolationofinternationallaw.Theblockade,designedtopreventtheSovietUnionfromintroducingmoreweaponsorwarheadsintoCuba,offeredseveraladvantagesoveramilitarystrike.WhilesignalingtheUnitedStates’determination,itwasflexible,offeringKennedyandhisadviserstheoptionofincreasingpressureontheSovietUniontoremoveits
missilesifneedbe.ThePresident'sbrother,AttorneyGeneralRobertF.Kennedy,arguedatanOctober19ExCommmeetingthatablockade,unlikeamilitaryattack,allowedSovietPremierNikitaS.Khrushchev"someroomformaneuver"aswell.
ThecrisisandtheWhiteHouseresponseremainedsecretuntilOctober22,whenPresidentKennedy,inanationallytelevisedaddress,informedtheAmericanpeopleaboutthemissilesandannouncedthequarantineofCuba.Thepublicwaitedastheworldseemedpoisedonthebrinkofnuclearwar.HowwouldtheSovietUnionreact?WouldtheKhrushchevlaunchanuclearstrikeoncitiesintheUnitedStates?WouldtheSovietsobeyorchallengetheblockade?
Take-AwayQuestions:6. Whatadvantagesdida“quarantine”haveoveranairstrikeorinvasion?Whatdoyouthinkmayhavebeen
somedisadvantages?Why?7. HowmightyouhavefeltifyouwerelivingintheUnitedStatesduringtheCubanMissileCrisis?Howdoyou
thinktheSovietleaderfeltabouttheblockade,whichastechnicallyillegal.TheCrisisAvertedAnswerscametwodayslater,October24,whenseveralSovietshipsturnedbackfromthequarantineline.Whenhelearnedthenews,SecretaryofStateDeanRusksaid,"We'reeyeballtoeyeball,andIthinktheotherfellowjustblinked."Then,theSoviets,throughnumerouschannels,includingaletterfromKhrushchevtoPresidentKennedyonOctober26,proposedasolution.TheSovietUnionwouldremoveitsmissilesiftheUnitedStatesliftedtheblockadeandpledgednottoinvadeCuba.AsecondletterfromKhrushchevarrivedthenextdayaddinganewcondition:hewouldremoveSovietmissilesinCubaiftheUSremovedmissilesstationedinTurkey,locatedontheSovietUnion'sborder.Meanwhile,aU-2spyplanewasshotdownoverCubaanditspilotkilled,oneofseveraleventsthatthreatenedtoescalatethecrisis.Take-AwayQuestion:8. HowwouldyouhaverespondedtothelettersifyouwereinKennedy’sshoes?Howdoyouthinkheresponded?
InanOctober27lettertotheSovietPremier,PresidentKennedydeliberatelyignoredKhrushchev'ssecondletterandacceptedthetermsoutlinedinhisfirst--removingthemissilesinexchangeforliftingtheblockadeandissuinganon-invasionpledge.Privately,however,theAttorneyGeneralassuredSovietAmbassadorAnatolyF.DobryninthattheUnitedStateswouldremoveitsmissilesfromTurkey.OnOctober28,KhrushchevrepliedpositivelytoKennedy'sletter,therebypeacefullyendingapotentiallycatastrophiccrisis.
TheCubanMissileCrisishaslongbeenrememberedasalessonineffectivediplomacyandcrisismanagement.KennedyandhisadvisersrespondedcautiouslybutfirmlytotheSovietemplacementofnuclearmissilesinCuba,optingforaflexibleblockaderatherthanapotentiallyescalatorymilitaryalternative.Whilethatcharacterizationisaccurateinmanyrespects,evidenceaboutnearmisses,accidents,andunauthorizedactionsrecentlyhascometolightsuggestingthatthecrisiscamedangerouslyclosetospinningoutofcontrol.GiventhetensionsofOctober1962,thedowningofaU-2overCubaorthestrayingofaU.S.aircraftoverSovietairspace--bothofwhichactuallyhappened--couldhavebeeninterpretedbyeithersideasadeliberateprovocationrequiringamilitaryresponse.
Inanyevent,thesuperpowerspulledbackfromthenuclearbrinkinthewakeofthecrisis.Withinayear,KennedyandKhrushchevsignedtheLimitedNuclearTestBanTreaty,thefirstinternationalagreementonnuclearweapons.Andthesuperpowersinstalleda"hotline"toimprovecommunicationbetweentheWhiteHouseandtheSovietUnion.
Take-AwayQuestions:9. WhatdoyouthinktherelationshipbetweentheUSandSovietUnionwaslikeafterthecrisiswasaverted?Why?
Source:BureauofPublicAffairs,U.S.DepartmentofState
PresidentKennedy’sSpeechtotheAmericanPeopleDuringtheCubanMissileCrisis:
GuidedListeningQuestions
Directions:Listencarefullytothefirst11minutesofPresidentKennedy’sspeechandanswerthefollowingquestionsasyouhearthemaddressed.Bepreparedforafollow-updiscussion.1. HowmanydistincttypesofinstallationsdidUSsurveillancediscoverinCuba?2. HowfardidKennedysaymedium-rangeballisticmissileswerecapableoftraveling?Whatabout
intermediate-rangeballisticmissiles?3. OnSept.11,1962,whatdidtheSovietgovernmentsaypubliclythemissileswere“exclusively
designedfor?”4. WhatdidKennedysayabouttheSovietquote?5. WhatdoesKennedysayAmericancitizenshave“becomeadjustedto?”6. WhatdoesKennedysayaggressiveconduct,suchasthebuildingupofmissilesinCuba,willleadto?7. Inordertoact“indefenseofourownsecurity,andoftheentirewesternhemisphere,”whatarethe
first3“initialsteps”Kennedysayswillbetakenimmediately?
PresidentKennedy’sSpeechtotheAmericanPeopleDuringtheCubanMissileCrisis:
Answers:1)Two2)1000miles,Twiceasfar3)Defensivepurposes4)Itwasfalse;5)Livinginabullseye6)War7)Quarantine,Continuedsurveillance,Anymissilelaunchedwillleadtoafull-scalemilitaryresponse