The CrusadesThe Crusades

Honors World HistoryHonors World History

Mr. BrinkleyMr. Brinkley

The Crusades 1095-1400’sThe Crusades 1095-1400’s

A series of holy wars fought between A series of holy wars fought between Christian knights and Muslims over Christian knights and Muslims over the Holy Land.the Holy Land.

Many Crusades-’official’ vs. Many Crusades-’official’ vs. ‘unofficial.’‘unofficial.’

Mixed outcomes and legacy.Mixed outcomes and legacy.

Historical ContextHistorical Context

Holy Land had Holy Land had changed hands changed hands often since Christ’s often since Christ’s time.time.

Roman Empire.Roman Empire. Byzantine Empire.Byzantine Empire. Umayyad Dynasty.Umayyad Dynasty. Abbasids-Seljuk Abbasids-Seljuk

Turks.Turks.

Holy Land-For 3 FaithsHoly Land-For 3 Faiths

Jews, Christians, and Jews, Christians, and Muslims all consider Muslims all consider the land sacred.the land sacred.

Throughout the Middle Throughout the Middle Ages, pilgrims from Ages, pilgrims from Western Europe made Western Europe made pilgrimages to pilgrimages to Jerusalem.Jerusalem.

Muslims had been Muslims had been tolerant-until 1070’s tolerant-until 1070’s (Seljuk Turks)(Seljuk Turks)

What’s The Problem?What’s The Problem?

The Rapid Spread of The Rapid Spread of Islam didn’t just Islam didn’t just affect the Holy Land.affect the Holy Land.

It also impacted the It also impacted the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire and parts of and parts of Western Europe.Western Europe.

By 1071-the By 1071-the Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Emperor was afraid.was afraid.

Byzantine Emperor Alexius IByzantine Emperor Alexius I

Fears his entire Fears his entire kingdom is in kingdom is in jeopardy after jeopardy after Muslim victory at Muslim victory at Manzikert.Manzikert.

Appeals for help.Appeals for help. Rather than send Rather than send

word to a bunch of word to a bunch of kings, he asked the kings, he asked the pope to help.pope to help.

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II

Calls for Crusade in Calls for Crusade in 1095.1095.

““God Wills It.”God Wills It.” Many motives-for Many motives-for

him, and for him, and for knights.knights.

Urban’s MotivesUrban’s Motives

SpiritualSpiritual-Recover Holy -Recover Holy Land.Land.

Peace in his Peace in his Neighborhood-Neighborhood-End End conflicts across conflicts across Western Europe Western Europe between feudal kings.between feudal kings.

PersonalPersonal-Increase the -Increase the power and prestige of power and prestige of Rome in Eastern Rome in Eastern Europe as well. Europe as well. (1054)(1054)

Knights’ MotivesKnights’ Motives

ReligiousReligious-Promise of -Promise of forgiveness of forgiveness of sins/heaven from Pope sins/heaven from Pope Urban.Urban.

AdventureAdventure-The chance -The chance to go to a place never to go to a place never seen, rather than the seen, rather than the old manor.old manor.

FameFame-Chance to -Chance to return as a conquering return as a conquering hero.hero.

First Crusade 1096-1099First Crusade 1096-1099

Only Really Only Really Successful One.Successful One.

Jerusalem Jerusalem captured.captured.

Not without Not without controversy.controversy.

Positive ResultsPositive Results

Joined forces with Joined forces with Byzantines in 1097.Byzantines in 1097.

Mission Mission Accomplished.Accomplished.

4 Crusader 4 Crusader Kingdoms Kingdoms Established.Established.

Edessa, Antioch, Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Jerusalem.Tripoli, Jerusalem.

Negative ResultsNegative Results

Increased Increased IntoleranceIntolerance-Peter -Peter the Hermit and the Hermit and troubling origins.troubling origins.

Once Jerusalem Once Jerusalem captured-captured-massacre massacre of inhabitants. of inhabitants. (Jews and Muslims)(Jews and Muslims)

After First Crusade…..After First Crusade…..

Most Crusaders Most Crusaders returned home.returned home.

Early 1100’s-Early 1100’s-Muslims organize Muslims organize to retake Holy to retake Holy Land.Land.

Now it’s personal.Now it’s personal. 1144-Re-capture 1144-Re-capture

Edessa.Edessa.

The Second Crusade 1147-The Second Crusade 1147-11491149

Called by Pope Eugenius.Called by Pope Eugenius. Goal to defend the remaining Goal to defend the remaining

Crusader States.Crusader States. Failed MiserablyFailed Miserably-Lack of cooperation, -Lack of cooperation,

political disagreements, and poorly political disagreements, and poorly prepared knights.prepared knights.

Retreated, left Crusader States in Retreated, left Crusader States in danger.danger.

Saladin the GreatSaladin the Great

After the defeat of After the defeat of Second Crusade, Second Crusade, Muslim attacks on Muslim attacks on Crusader States Crusader States continue.continue.

1187-Jerusalem 1187-Jerusalem retaken by Saladin.retaken by Saladin.

The Third Crusade-1189-The Third Crusade-1189-11921192

The King’s Crusade.The King’s Crusade. Richard I of England.Richard I of England. Philip Augustus of Philip Augustus of

France.France. Frederick Barbarossa Frederick Barbarossa

of Germany.of Germany. Objective-Take Objective-Take

Jerusalem back!Jerusalem back!

Tough Start……Tough Start……

King Frederick King Frederick drowns en route to drowns en route to Constantinople.Constantinople.

By the way, By the way, Barbarossa means Barbarossa means ‘red beard.’‘red beard.’

The Unlucky SpotThe Unlucky Spot

The Fun Continues…The Fun Continues…

The German knights went homeThe German knights went home--Obvious bad omen.Obvious bad omen.

Richard and Philip continued onRichard and Philip continued on….…. One Small ProblemOne Small Problem-They hated each -They hated each

other.other. Had previously been fighting one Had previously been fighting one

another in France over old land claims.another in France over old land claims. Remember William the Conqueror?Remember William the Conqueror?

Fun Cont’d…..Fun Cont’d…..

1191-Philip and his men return to 1191-Philip and his men return to France.France.

Upon their return, they attack Upon their return, they attack Richard’s lands.Richard’s lands.

Richard stayed, and continued the Richard stayed, and continued the Crusade.Crusade.

Alone….Alone….

Richard The LionheartedRichard The Lionhearted

Battled Saladin.Battled Saladin. Recaptured Edessa, Recaptured Edessa,

and much of the and much of the Mediterranean coast.Mediterranean coast.

Failed to recapture Failed to recapture JerusalemJerusalem..

Signed a truce with Signed a truce with SaladinSaladin..

Guaranteed safety for Guaranteed safety for European pilgrims in European pilgrims in JerusalemJerusalem..

Richard and SaladinRichard and Saladin

The Odd Couple.The Odd Couple. Fought each other Fought each other

ferociously.ferociously. Gained respect for Gained respect for

each other.each other. The true definition The true definition

of of chivalrychivalry..

Other Fun CrusadesOther Fun Crusades

Children’s Crusade-Children’s Crusade-1212.1212.

‘‘Unofficial’ Crusade.Unofficial’ Crusade. Started in France.Started in France. Children marched to Children marched to

Italy.Italy. Unarmed-Except for Unarmed-Except for

‘God’s love.’‘God’s love.’ Never made it to Holy Never made it to Holy

Land.Land. Italian merchants sold Italian merchants sold

children into slavery=to children into slavery=to the Muslims.the Muslims.

The Fourth Crusade 1202-The Fourth Crusade 1202-12041204

Never reached the Holy Never reached the Holy Land.Land.

Instead, Crusaders got Instead, Crusaders got involved in political involved in political struggle.struggle.

Captured Captured Constantinople.Constantinople.

Massacre, rape, plunder Massacre, rape, plunder of Byzantine capital.of Byzantine capital.

Pope Innocent III Pope Innocent III excommunicated all excommunicated all Crusaders.Crusaders.

The Final Analysis…….The Final Analysis…….

Other Crusades were launched over Other Crusades were launched over the next 200 years.the next 200 years.

Unsuccessful.Unsuccessful. By 1291, the Muslims had recaptured By 1291, the Muslims had recaptured

the entire Holy Land.the entire Holy Land. Byzantine Empire never recovered Byzantine Empire never recovered

from Fourth Crusade. Turks captured from Fourth Crusade. Turks captured it in 1453.it in 1453.

Why the Crusades Matter….Why the Crusades Matter….Positive ResultsPositive Results

Returning Returning Crusaders brought Crusaders brought back new goods-back new goods-sugar, spices, silk.sugar, spices, silk.

Led to increased Led to increased trade.trade.

Increased interest Increased interest in knowledge of in knowledge of the world, and new the world, and new technology.technology.

Why the Crusades Matter…..Why the Crusades Matter…..Negative ResultsNegative Results

Weakened the Byzantine Weakened the Byzantine Empire fatally.Empire fatally.

Increased intolerance for Increased intolerance for non-Christians.non-Christians.

Permanent division Permanent division between Roman between Roman Christianity and Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox Christians.Christians.

1347-Returning ships 1347-Returning ships brought the Black Death. brought the Black Death. (25 million people killed)(25 million people killed)

Lasting bad feeling Lasting bad feeling between Christians and between Christians and Muslims.Muslims.