The Crisis Hits Home : Stress Testing Households in Europe and Central Asia

8/14/2019 The Crisis Hits Home : Stress Testing Households in Europe and Central Asia

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Ptrlss-]lstcgd Bauslbafms

cg Lurapl igm @lgtrif Isci

]BL @XCPCP BC]P BAJL


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Ptrlss-]lstcgd Bauslbafms cg

Lurapl igm @lgtrif Isci


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Ptrlss-]lstcgd Bauslbafms cg

Lurapl igm @lgtrif Isci

Lrwcg X. ]cagdsag, Giatioi Pudiwiri, Uc`tar Puffi,

Isbfly ]iyfar, Iggi C. Dularduclvi,

Uc`tarci Flvcg, igm Oifigcmbc Puhhiria

Tisbcgdtag, M.@.


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8>9> ]bl Cgtlrgitcagif Higo ear Xlàgstru`tcag igm Mlvlfapjlgt / ]bl Tarfm Higo9292 B Ptrllt GT

Tisbcgdtag M@ 8>=00]lflpbagl; 8>8-=40-9>>>

Cgtlrglt; www.warfmhigo.ardL-jicf; ellmhiòNwarfmhigo.ard

Iff rcdbts rlslrvlm.

9 8 0 = 98 99 9> >3]bcs vafujl cs i pramu`t ae tbl stiee ae tbl Cgtlrgitcagif Higo ear Xlàgstru`tcag igm Mlvlfapjlgt / ]blTarfm Higo. ]bl gmcgds, cgtlrprltitcags, igm àg`fuscags lxprlsslm cg tbcs vafujl ma gat gl`lssircfyrll`t tbl vclws ae tbl Lxlùtcvl Mcrl`tars ae ]bl Tarfm Higo ar tbl davlrgjlgts tbly rlprlslgt.

]bl Tarfm Higo mals gat duirigtll tbl i`ùri`y ae tbl miti cg`fumlm cg tbcs waro. ]bl haugmircls, àfars,mlgajcgitcags, igm atblr cgearjitcag sbawg ag igy jip cg tbcs waro ma gat cjpfy igy kumdljlgt ag tblpirt ae ]bl Tarfm Higo àg`lrgcgd tbl fldif stitus ae igy tlrrctary ar tbl lgmarsljlgt ar i``lptig`l aesu`b haugmircls.

Xcdbts igm ^lrjcsscags

]bl jitlrcif cg tbcs puhfcìtcag cs àpyrcdbtlm. @apycgd igm/ar trigsjcttcgd partcags ar if f ae tbcs warowctbaut plrjcsscag jiy hl i vcafitcag ae ippfcìhfl fiw. ]bl Cgtlrgitcagif Higo ear Xlàgstru`tcag igmMlvlfapjlgt / ]bl Tarfm Higo lgàuridls mcssljcgitcag ae cts waro igm wcff garjiffy drigt plrjcsscagta rlpramu`l partcags ae tbl waro prajptfy.

Ear plrjcsscag ta pbataàpy ar rlprcgt igy pirt ae tbcs waro, pflisl slgm i rlqulst wctb ajpfltl cgearji-tcag ta tbl @apyrcdbt @flirig`l @lgtlr Cg`., 888 Xaslwaam Mrcvl, Migvlrs, JI >9380, \PI? tlflpbagl;342-4-2=>>? eix; 342-4-==4>? Cgtlrglt; www.àpyrcdbt.àj.

Iff atblr qulrcls ag rcdbts igm fc`lgsls, cg`fumcgd suhscmciry rcdbts, sbaufm hl immrlsslm ta tbl Ae`l ae tblûhfcsblr, ]bl Tarfm Higo, 9292 B Ptrllt GT, Tisbcgdtag, M@ 8>=00, \PI? eix; 8>8--2890-2888-5l-CPHG; 342->-2890-2880-0

MAC; 9>.9-2890-2888-5

Fchriry ae @agdrlss @itifadcgd-cg-ûhfcìtcag miti bis hllg rlqulstlm.


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Iògawflmdjlgts cx

Ihhrlvcitcags xc

Lxlùtcvl Pujjiry xccc

I. Ahkl`tcvls ae tbl Ptumy xcccH. Jicg Ecgmcgds xv

@biptlr 9 Ji`ralàgajc` Pbaòs 9

I. Cgtramu`tcag 9

H. Ji`ra Pbaòs igm Bauslbafm Tlfeirl; Erijlwaro 9@. Lxtlrgif Pbaòs igm ]rigsjcsscag @bigglfs 0M. @agtlxt; Ji`ralàgajc` Ptrlgdtbs igm Uufglrihcfctcls 5L. Pbaòs ta Bauslbafm Tlfeirl 99

@biptlr 8 Bauslbafm Uufglrihcfctcls 89

I. Cgtramu`tcag 89H. @agtlxt; âvlrty igm Uufglrihcfcty cg tbl rl-@rcscs ^lrcam 88@. Pbaòs ta Bauslbafm Tlfeirl; Ljpcrcìf Ptritldy 80M. Bauslbafms igm @rlmct Jirolt Pbaòs 8=

L. Bauslbafms igm Lxtlrgif ^rc`l Pbaòs 02E. Bauslbafms igm Cgàjl Pbaòs =5

@biptlr 0 @apcgd wctb tbl @rcscs


8/106

vc @agtlgts

Haxls

@biptlr 8

9. Mlgctcag ae L\-PCF@ Uircihfls \slm cg tbl Igifyscs 0>8. Ptrlss ]lstcgd Bauslbafm Cgmlhtlmglss 08

0. L\-PCF@ igm BHP Miti ag Bauslbafm Mlht; @ajpircsags wctb Atblr Paur`ls 05@biptlr 0

=. ûhfc` Taros ^radrijs cg L@I 58

Ecdurls

Lxlùtcvl Pujjiry

9. Ji`ralàgajc` Pbaòs igm Bauslbafm Tlfeirl; Ptyfczlm ]rigsjcsscag @bigglfs xcv8. Bauslbafm Mlht cg L@I, 8>>2 xv0. ]bl Pbirl ae Uufglrihfl Bauslbafms Hlearl igm Ietlr ig \gljpfayjlgt Pbaò xvc=. Oyrdyz Xlpuhfc`; avlrty igm tbl Eaam rc`l @rcscs xvcc>49> xvccc

@biptlr 9

9.9 Ji`ralàgajc` Pbaòs igm Bauslbafm Tlfeirl; Ptyfczlm ]rigsjcsscag @bigglfs 89.8 Dfahif Drawtb igm ]riml Pfawmawg 09.0 Lxpart igm Cjpart Drawtb 09.= Drass @ipctif Efaws ta Ljlrdcgd igm Mlvlfapcgd Làgajcls =9.< @agtri`tcag cg HCP @rlmctar Higo Earlcdg @ficjs Drawtb cg Xljcttig`l Cgaws 909.99 Drawtb iraugm Xl`lgt @rcscs lrcams; 933432 igm 8>>2>3 9=9.98 @rlmct-flss Drawtb cg Ljlrdcgd Jirolts igm cg tbl \.P. Drlit Mlprlsscag 9>2 8>4 8>2 848.5 Earlcdg-@urrlg`y-Mlgajcgitlm Faigs cg \oricgl, 8>>2 828.4 Jartdidl Faigs wctb Imkustihfl Cgtlrlst Xitls, 8>>5 838.2 Bauslbafm Mlht hy Cgàjl Yucgtcfl 09

8.3 Bauslbafm Cgàjl \slm ear Mlht Xlpiyjlgts 098.9> Ptrlss ]lstcgd Bauslbafm Cgmlhtlmglss; Plfl`tlm L\-PCF@ Miti 0s8>>>s 028.90 Eaam igm Eulf Pbirl ae tbl @^C Hisolt 038.9= Eaam igm Eulf Cjparts, 8>>5 038.9< Eaam Pbirls ae @agsujptcag =9

8.95 \tcfcty/Lglrdy Pbirls ae @agsujptcag =88.94 Oyrdyz Xlpuhfc`; Glt Eaam @agsujlrs igm Glt Eaam ^ramu`lrs ==8.92 Oyrdyz Xlpuhfc`; Lstcjitlm âvlrty Cjpi`t ae tbl Eaam @rcscs ==8.93 Ifhigci; Tlfeirl Cjpi`t hy Fcvlfcbaam = ]ikcocstig; Tlfeirl Cjpi`t hy Fcvlfcbaam =>4 igm 8>>3 ^lr`lgt Eaam ^rc`l Cg`rlisl 53I.4 ]bl Tlfeirl Cjpi`t ae i 9> ^lr`lgt Eulf ^rc`l Cg`rlisl 4>I.2 Pujjiry Miti; DM^ Drawtb igm âvlrty Pcjufitcags 49

@agtlgts


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cx

]bcs rlpart wis prlpirlm hy i àrl tlij flm

hy Lrwcg X. ]cagdsag igm cg`fumcgd (cgifpbihltcìf armlr) Iggi C. Dularduclvi,Uc`tarci Flvcg, Oifigcmbc Puhhiria, GiatioiPudiwiri, Uc`tar Puffi, igm Isbfly ]iyfar.]bl rlpart rl`lcvlm dlglraus gig`cif supparteraj tbl L@I Ae`l ae tbl @bcle Làgajcst.]bcs rlpart wis ugmlrtiolg ugmlr tbl ducm-ig`l ae Cgmlrjct Dcff (@bcle Làgajcst), FuìHirhagl (Pl`tar Mcrl`tar), Isim Ifij (earjlr

Pl`tar Jigidlr, ùrrlgtfy L@@\0 @augtryMcrl`tar), igm Hlgu Hcmigc (Pl`tar Jigidlr).

]bl rlpart mriws blivcfy eraj slvlrif hiò-draugm gatls igm piplrs cg`fumcgd tbasl prl-pirlm hy Uc`tarci Flvcg (flssags eraj prlvcausL@I `rcsls) igm Oifigcmbc Puhhiria (puhfc`waros pradrijs). Ct ifsa mriws eraj ig agdacgdrlslir`b prakl`t àgmu`tlm hy jljhlrs ae tbltlij tadltblr wctb ]barstlg Hlò igm OitclOchuuoi ag bauslbafm cgmlhtlmglss cg Lurapligm tbl @CP. ]bl rlslir`b prakl`t cs gig`lmhy tbl ML@XD Xlslir`b Puppart Humdlt(XE-^992.]bl tlij rl`lcvlm vifuihfl àjjlgts

igm suddlstcags it tbl àg`lpt gatl, ml`cscagmriet, igm atblr stidls ae tbl prlpiritcag pra-`lss eraj pllr rlvclwlrs igm gujlraus àf-fliduls. ]blsl cg`fuml (cg ifpbihltcìf armlr)Jabijlm Cbsig Ikwim, Ljigulfl Hifmi``c(CJE), Fiwrlg`l Hautag, X. Pumbirsbig@igidirikib, Pigkllv Dupti (CJE), Irma

Bigssag, Klsoa P. Blgts`blf, Uiflrcl Blrzhlrd,@brcstas Oastapaufas, Oitby Fcgmlrt, rimllpJctri, Elrgigma Jagtls-Gldrlt, ^clrlffi î`c,Ptleiga îtlrgastra, Hry`l Yucffcg, PapbclPcrticgl, igm Jirckg Ulrbalvlg. îfaji Igas@islra pravcmlm jigy usleuf suddlstcags mur-cgd tbl lirfy stidls ae tbcs stumy. Pifjig [icmcaeelrlm dlglraus imvc`l it vircaus stidls ae tblprlpiritcag pra`lss. J. Tcfflj vig Lldblgpravcmlm vifuihfl ducmig`l cg prlpircgd tblgif vlrscag ae tbcs rlpart.

I gujhlr ae cgmcvcmuifs dlglrausfy sbirlmtbl rlsufts ae tblcr agdacgd ljpcrcìf igifysls

Iògawflmdjlgts


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x Iògawflmdjlgts

igm/ar tblcr miti, cg`fumcgd (cg ifpbihltcìfarmlr) @irfa Izzirrc (ML@XD), Mgclf Baff(Jidyir Gljzltc Higo), Oatira Csbc (CJE),Iflkigmra Czquclrma (CIMH), Pirasb Pittir

(L@P^L), Ljcf ]lsfcu` (BMGP^), JirckgUlrbalvlg (^XJ^P), Afdi Uyhargici (L@P^L),igm Ifhlrta [lzzi (EIA). ]bcs rlpart ifsamriws eraj jigy ae tbl cmlis rst mcsùsslm ittbl Tarfm Higo Tarosbap ag Ji`ra Xcsos igm

Jc`ra Xlspagsls (blfm cg Tisbcgdtag, M@,ag Elhruiry 9>2). ]bl tlij cs dritleuf tatbl warosbap pirtc`cpigts, cg`fumcgd prlslgtlrseraj tbl Luraplig Higo ear Xlàgstru`tcag

igm Mlvlfapjlgt, tbl Luraplig @lgtrif Higo,tbl Cgtlrgitcagif Jagltiry Eugm, tbl @lgtlrear Ptritldc` Xlslir`b (Jasàw), tbl GitcagifHigo ae afigm, igm tbl Làgajc` igm Ecgig`cifXcso \gct ae tbl Tarfm Làgajc` Earuj.


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xc

Ihhrlvcitcags

IFJ^ I`tcvl Fihar Jirolt ^radrijs

HCP Higo ear Cgtlrgitcagif Plttfljlgts

@@] @agmctcagif @isb ]rigselrs@LJHC @arparitl Ljlrdcgd Jirolts Hagm Cgmlx

@CP @ajjagwliftb ae Cgmlplgmlgt Ptitls

@^C @agsujlr ^rc`l Cgmlx

ML@^D Tarfm Higo Mlvlfapjlgt ^raspl`ts Draup

ML@XD Tarfm Higo Mlvlfapjlgt Xlslir`b Draup

LI^ List Isci igm tbl î`c`

LHXM Luraplig Higo ear Xlàgstru`tcag igm Mlvlfapjlgt

L@I Lurapl igm @lgtrif Isci

L@H Luraplig @lgtrif HigoL@@\0 Tarfm Higo Pautb @iuìsus @augtry \gct

LJHCD Ljlrdcgd Jirolts Hagm Cgmlx Dfahif

L\ Luraplig \gcag

L\< @zl`b Xlpuhfc`, Bugdiry, âfigm, Pfavio Xlpuhfc`, igm Pfavlgci

L\2 Jljhlr Ptitls ae tbl L\ (tbl @zl`b Xlpuhfc`, Lstagci, Bugdiry, Fitvci, Fctbuigci,âfigm, Xajigci, Pfavio Xlpuhfc`)

L\9> Glw Jljhlr Ptitls ae tbl L\ (Hufdirci, tbl @zl`b Xlpuhfc`, Lstagci, Bugdiry,Fitvci, Fctbuigci, afigm, Xajigci, tbl Pfavio Xlpuhfc`, igm Pfavlgci)

L\-PCF@ L\ Purvly ae Cgàjl igm Fcvcgd @agmctcagsEIA Eaam igm Idrcùfturl Ardigczitcag

EMC Earlcdg mcrl`t cgvlstjlgt

DM^ Drass majlstc` pramu`t

BHP Bauslbafm Humdlt Purvly

BMGP^ Pa`cif ^ratl`tcag ]lij

CIMH Cgtlr-Ijlrcìg Mlvlfapjlgt Higo

CJE Cgtlrgitcagif Jagltiry Eugm

FI@ Fitcg Ijlrcì igm tbl @irchhlig

JGH Jidyir Gljzltc Higo (Gitcagif Higo ae Bugdiry)JP@C Jardig Ptigfly @ipctif Cgtlrgitcagif

GDA Gagdavlrgjlgtif ardigczitcag

G^F Gitcagif pavlrty fcgl

AL@M Ardigcsitcag ear Làgajc` @a-aplritcag igm Mlvlfapjlgt

ÎSD îy is yau da

^^^ ûr`biscgd pawlr pircty

^XJ^P Tarfm Higo ûhfc` Pl`tar Davlrgig`l \gct

^\K ûhfc`fy usleuf kahs

P^K Pa`ciffy purpasleuf kahsTH Tarfm Higo

TLA Tarfm Làgajc` Autfaao

Ihhrlvcitcags


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xcc c

Lxlùtcvl Pujjiry

]bl Lurapl igm @lgtrif Isci (L@I) rldcag bis

hllg bct hy i `rcscs ag juftcpfl eragts. @augtrclscg L@I irl ei`cgd jikar, cgtlrrlfitlm, lxtlrgif

ji`ra-gig`cif sbaòs. ]bl rst cs tbl dfahif

drawtb sfawmawg flimcgd ta eiffcgd lxpart jir-

olt mljigm. Cg immctcag, tbl praspl`ts ear cgaws

ae rljcttig`ls ta faw-cgàjl augtrcls bivl hllg

mawgdrimlm is làgajc` i`tcvcty cg jcdrigt bast

àugtrcls bis ml`fcglm. ]bl slàgm cs tbl gig`cif

mlflvlridcgd hy jikar higos igm atblr gig`cif

cgstctutcags cg mlvlfaplm làgajcls, wbc`b bis

jirolmfy rlmu`lm tbl ivicfihcfcty, igm cg`rlislmtbl àst, ae lxtlrgif gig`l i`rass puhfc`, àrpa-

ritl, igm gig`cif sl`tars. ]bl tbcrm cs tbl rl`lgt

àjjamcty prc`l `bigdls, wbc`b bivl cgvafvlm i

rlvlrsif ae ju`b ae tbl àjjamcty prc`l haaj

ae 8>>4 igm 8>>2. Is i rlsuft, àugtrcls wbasl

lxparts irl eaùslm ag àjjamctcls bivl sue-

elrlm imvlrsl tlrjs ae triml prlssurls, cg immctcag

ta tbl quigtcty sbaò ta lxpart mljigm. I`rass

àugtrcls cg tbl rldcag, ugljpfayjlgt flvlfs bivl

rcslg wbcfl làgajc` i`tcvctcls bivl affipslm.

]bl `rcscs rcsos rlvlrscgd tbl rldcags rl`lgtdicgs igm lxpasls L@I ta scdgcìgt imvlrsl

làgajc` igm sa`cif cjpi`ts. Avlr tbl rlàvlry

plrcam eaffawcgd tbl 9332 Xusscig rcscs tbraudb8>>5, jarl tbig jcffcag plapfl javlm autae pavlrty cg tbl rldcag. âvlrty elff tbraudb-aut iff tbl suh-rldcags ae L@I, wctb tbl jcm-mfl-cgàjl àugtrcls ae tbl @ajjagwliftbae Cgmlplgmlgt Ptitls (@CP) lxplrclg`cgd tblfirdlst ml`fcgls cg pavlrty. âvlrty rlmu`tcagcg L@I bis hllg mrcvlg firdlfy hy drawtb cgjlig cgàjls igm rcscgd rlif widls ijagd tblwarocgd paar. Bawlvlr, tbl ripcmfy mltlrcarit-cgd dfahif làgajc` lgvcragjlgt cs lramcgdtbl rldcags suhstigtcif rl`lgt dicgs, igm cstbrlitlgcgd tbl wlfeirl ae ihaut 95> jcffcagplapfl`fasl ta => jcffcag plapfl wba irlpaar igm ihaut 98> jcffcag plapfl wba irl kustihavl tbl pavlrty fcgl.

I. Ahkl`tcvls ae tbl Ptumy

]bl jicg ahkl`tcvl ae tbl stumy cs ta ugmlrstigmtbl cjpi`t ae tblsl ji`ralàgajc` sbaòs agbauslbafm wlff-hlcgd. Cg pirtcùfir, ct sllos


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xcv Lxlùtcvl Pujjiry

ta ugmlrstigm tbl oly ji`ralàgajc` sbaòsàgeragtlm hy tbl rldcag igm tbl cjpi`t ae su`bsbaòs ag bauslbafm wlfeirl, cg`fumcgd tblleel`t ag bauslbafm cgàjl aws, agsujptcag

flvlfs, igm fcihcfctcls. Ct wcff ifsa isslss passchflstritldcls ta àpl wctb tbl `rcscs igm jigidltbl imvlrsl sa`cif cjpi`t.

]bl rlpart lxijcgls bauslbafm vufglr-ihcfctcls ifagd tbrll jicg trigsjcsscag `big-glfs. Ecdurl 9 rlprlslgts i styfczlm mcidrijear ugmlrstigmcgd tbl cjpi`t ae ji`ralà-gajc` sbaòs ta mitl ag bauslbafm wlfeirl. Ctrll`ts i sujjiry ae tbl ljlrdcgd àg`lp-

tuif igm ljpcrcìf ugmlrstigmcgd ae tbl sa`cifleel`ts ae ji`ralàgajc` `rcsls lxplrclg`lmcg vircaus pirts ae tbl warfm avlr tbl pisttbrll mlìmls. Cg hrcle, tbl mcidrij eaùslsag tbrll jicg `bigglfs tbraudb wbc`b jikarji`ralàgajc` sbaòssu`b is tbl rldcagifdrawtb sfawmawg ar tbl `rlmct `rug`birltrigsjcttlm ta bauslbafm wlfeirl. ]blsl irltbl cgàjl igm ljpfayjlgt ae jljhlrs ae tblbauslbafm? tbl rlfitcvl prc`ls ae daams igm slr-

vc`ls tbly pur`bisl? igm tblcr i``lss ta gig`l(cg`fumcgd tbl àst ae `rlmct igm tbl hurmlg aeslrvc`cgd mlht).

]bl mcidrij cs styfczlm igm ihstri`ts erajslvlrif cjpartigt lfljlgts. Ct cs scjpfclmigm cdgarls slàgm-raugm leel`ts igm tbl àg-slqulg`ls ae juftcpfl sbaòs, igm mals gatcgmcìtl baw tbl sa`cif leel`ts irl mcstrchutlm.

Glctblr mals tbl mcidrij tiol cgta i`àugt tblrafl ae wliftb leel`ts is i trigsjcsscag `bigglfae tbl rcscs ta bauslbafms, su`b is vci bigdls cgtbl prc`ls ae praplrty, tbl viful ae lqucty bafm-

cgds (mcrl`tfy ar cg plgscag eugms), ar cgmllmlxpl`titcags ae euturl fihar cgàjl. @bigdls cgwliftb jiy mcrl`tfy flim ta imkustjlgts cg tblàgsujptcag hlbivcar ae bauslbafms ar cgmc-rl`tfy tbraudb tbl rafl ae `lrticg isslts, su`b ispraplrty, is àffitlrif tbit ieel`ts i bauslbafmsihcfcty ta i``lss `rlmct. ]bl bltlradlglaus issltpasctcags ae bauslbafms jlig tbit su`b wliftb`bigdls wcff flim ta rlmcstrchutcags wctbcg tbl

bauslbafm sl`tar, su`b is hltwllg tbasl fagd arsbart cg i pirtcùfir isslt. \geartugitlfy, fiò aemiti ag bauslbafm wliftb flvlfs igm ajpasctcagprl`fumls mlticflm strlss tlstcgd ae su`b wliftbleel`ts. Bawlvlr, tbl hucfm-up ae jartdidlcgmlhtlmglss mlticflm cg tbl rlpart pravcmlssajl cgmcrl`t cgscdbt cgta tbl drawcgd lxpasurlae bauslbafms isslt pasctcags ta praplrty bafm-cgds. ]bl ihavl mcidrij ifsa mals gat immrlsstbl rafl ae davlrgjlgt pafc`y (cg`fumcgd sìf

igm jagltiry) igm sa`cif isscstig`l (tbaudbsa`cif isscstig`l jiy hl tbaudbt ae is i saur`l aecgàjl). Davlrgjlgt pafc`y ìg, cg ei`t, lctblrjctcditl sbaòs ar lxi`lrhitl tblj, mlplgm-cgd ag baw ct cs earjufitlm igm cjpfljlgtlm.I eurtblr trigsjcsscag `bigglf ae tbl rlif igmgig`cif cjpi`ts ae tbl rcscs tbraudb ta bausl-bafm wlfeirl, tbaudb gat lxpfc`ctfy immrlsslm, cs

ECD\XL 9

Ji`ralàgajc Pbaòs igm Bauslbafm Tlfeirl; Ptyfczlm ]rigsjcsscag @bigglfs

Xlfitcvl rc`ls

(^ramu`t Jirolt)

Cgàjl igm Ljpfayjlgt

(Fihar Jirolt)

I``lss ta @rlmct

(Ecgig`cif Jirolt)

Bauslbafm TlfeirlJi`ra Pbaò


17/106

xvLxlùtcvl Pujjiry

plgscag pravcscag. ]bl giturl igm jidgctuml aetbl leel`ts ae tbl `rcscs vci tbcs `bigglf mlplgm`ru`ciffy ag tbl stru`turl ae tbl plgscag systlj,cg pirtcùfir tbl jcx hltwllg piy-is-yau-da,

eugmlm, igm vafugtiry plgscag systljs.]bl rlpart igifyzls bauslbafm vufglrihcfc-

tcls hy lxijcgcgd rlmct jirolts, lxtlrgif prc`ls(eaam igm eulf), igm cgàjl sbaòs ta mitl igmhy isslsscgd tblcr cjpi`t ag bauslbafm wlfeirl.Hlìusl i`tuif bauslbafm survly miti avlr tbl`rcscs plrcam wcff typcìffy gat hl ivicfihfl earsajl tcjl ta àjl, wl usl tbl jast rl`lgtprl-`rcscs bauslbafm miti ifagd wctb iddrl-

ditl ji`ralàgajc` autturgs ta scjufitl tblcjpi`t ag bauslbafms ae oly làgajc` sbaòsifrlimy tiocgd pfi`l. ]bl cjpi`t ag bauslbafmwlff-hlcgd cs quigtclm is tbl `bigdl cg tblbauslbafm mlht slrvc`l hurmlg, tbl eiff cg rlifcgàjl, ar javljlgts cgta pavlrty, is ippra-prcitl. ]bl rlpart prlslgts rldcagif avlrvclwsifagd wctb `rass-àugtry àjpircsags igmàgtrists. Ct ifsa prlslgts slfl`tlm àugtrylxijpfls, mlplgmcgd ag miti ivicfihcfcty igm

rlflvigt làgajc` mlvlfapjlgts, ta cffustritltbl cg`cmlg`l igm mcstrchutcag ae spl`c` vuf-glrihcfctcls wctbcg àugtrcls.

]bl jc`ralàgajc scjufitcag cg tbl rlpartmriws ag i firdl, `rass-àugtry mitihisl aebauslbafm survlys. ]bl rlpart hrcgds tadltblrear tbl rst tcjl ajpirihfl rass-àugtry miti

ag bauslbafm cgmlhtlmglss ear i firdl draupae L@I àugtrcls uscgd tbl Luraplig \gcagPurvly ae Cgàjl igm Fcvcgd @agmctcagsigm Bauslbafm Humdlt Purvlys. ]bl rlpartifsa bcdbfcdbts glwfy upmitlm cgearjitcagag bauslbafm àgsujptcag eraj tbl L@IBauslbafm Miti Ir`bcvls. @ajpircsags wctbTlstlrg Lurapl igm atblr imvig`lm làga-jcls irl ifsa uslm ta cgearj tbl igifyscs wblg

rlflvigt miti irl ivicfihfl.

H. Jicg Ecgmcgds

]bl rlsufts ae tbl igifyscs suddlst tbit tblimvlrsl leel`ts ae tbl `rcscs ag bauslbafmsvci`rlmct jirolt sbaòs, eaam/eulf prc`l sbaòs,igm cgàjl sbaòsirl wcmlsprlim. Hatbpaar bauslbafms igm gagpaar bauslbafms irl

vufglrihfl mlplgmcgd ag tbl làgajc` sbaò,tbl spl`c` trigsjcsscag `bigglf, igm slfl`tlmbauslbafm `biri`tlrcstc`s.

ECD\XL 8

Bauslbafm Mlht cg L@I, 8>>2Cg plr`lgt ae DM^

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ufdirci

@raitci

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Lstagci

B

ugdiry

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tbuigci

âfigm

X

ajigci

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Glw L\ jljhlr stitls (cg`f. @raitci) Jcmmfl-cgàjl @CP Atblr


18/106

xvc Lxlùtcvl Pujjiry

@rlmct Jirolt Pbaòs

]bl ripcm rcsl cg bauslbafm cgmlhtlmglsscgtbl glw L\ jljhlr stitls is wlff is cg sajlTlstlrg Hifoig àugtrcls, su`b is Ifhigci igmPlrhci, igm @CP àugtrcls su`b is \oricglbis lxpaslm bauslbafms ta i gujhlr ae `rlmctjirolt sbaòs. ]blrl cs ga mauht tbit bausl-bafm mlht bafmcgd bis cjpravlm tbl fcvls aejigy, iffawcgd tblj ta sjaatb àgsujp-tcag igm sbirl rcsos, pur`bisl murihfls, igmcgvlst cg bauscgd staò. It tbl sijl tcjl, tblgiturl ae bauslbafm mlht cg L@I cs su`b tbitbauslbafms irl gaw ei`cgd lx`bigdl ritl igm

cgtlrlst ritl sbaòs, wctb elw appartugctclsear blmdcgd igm wctb fcttfl prcar ogawflmdl aetblcr vufglrihcfcty.

Tctbcg àugtrcls, bauslbafm cgmlhtlmglsscs jarl àjjag tbig prlvcausfy ugmlrstaam.Jartdidl faigs, cg pirtcùfir, bivl drawgripcmfy cg rl`lgt ylirs ijagd paarlr igm jcm-mfl-cgàjl bauslbafms cg i gujhlr ae L\9>àugtrcls. Hatb paar bauslbafms igm gagpaarbauslbafms irl lxpaslm ta tbl rcsos ae ugsus-

ticgihfl mlht slrvc`l hurmlgs.]bl rlsufts ae strlss tlsts ag bauslbafm

cgmlhtlmglss cg slfl`tlm àugtrcls suddlsttbit agdacgd ji`ralàgajc` sbaòs jiy scd-gcìgtfy lxpigm tbl paaf ae bauslbafms tbit

wcff hl ugihfl ta jllt mlht slrvc`l ahfcditcags.Cgtlrlst ritl sbaòs cg Lstagci, Fctbuigci, igmBugdiry, ear lxijpfl, cg`rlisl tbl sbirl aevufglrihfl bauslbafms ar harrawlrs it rcso (cg

plr`lgt ae iff cgmlhtlm bauslbafms) hy up ta 8>plr`lgtidl pacgts, mlplgmcgd ag tbl jidgc-tuml igm slvlrcty ae tbl sbaò. \gljpfayjlgtigm lx`bigdl ritl sbaòs ifsa lxpigm tbl sbirlae vufglrihfl bauslbafms (aut ae iff cgmlhtlmbauslbafms) hy slvlrif plr`lgtidl pacgts.Jigy ae tbasl bauslbafm harrawlrs it rcsoae ugsusticgihfl mlht hurmlgs irl eraj tblrc`blr cgàjl qucgtcfls. Iftbaudb tbl sbirls aecgmlhtlm bauslbafms igm bauslbafms it rcso cgtbl L@I rldcag stcff fid hlbcgm tbasl ae rc`blràugtrcls, tbl iddrlditl leel`ts ae rcscgd mlhtslrvc`l hurmlgs irl ifrlimy hlcgd sllg cg rcs-cgd bauslbafm faig mlfcgqulg`y ritls, is uglj-pfayjlgt bis cg`rlislm.

Lxtlrgif ^rc`l Pbaòs

]bl eaam igm eulf `rcscs jiy gat hl avlr. Eaamigm eulf prc`ls bivl ihitlm warfmwcml hlìuslae tbl warslgcgd dfahif gig`cif `rcscstbllàgajc` rl`lsscag ar sfawmawg cg jigy aug-trcls i`rass rldcagsigm, is i rlsuft, dfahifmljigm ear àjjamctcls bis eifflg. Cg immc-tcag, cg`rlislm idrcùfturl pramu`tcag i`tcvcty

Lstagci Bugdiry Fctbuigci

^lr`lgt

0>

8

9

ECD\XL 0

]bl Pbirl ae Uufglrihfl Bauslbafms Hlearl igm Ietlr ig \gljpfayjlgt PbaòCg plr`lgt ae cgmlhtlm bauslbafms

Ietlr tbl sbaòHlearl tbl sbaò


19/106

xvccLxlùtcvl Pujjiry

flm ta i haugtceuf 8>>2 birvlst igm lislm dfahifàjjamcty sbartidls. Bawlvlr, cgtlrgitcagifàjjamcty prc`l flvlfs bivl gat rlturglm taprl-8>>4 flvlfs. Ppl`cifcsts bivl ifsa pacgtlm tafagdlr-tlrj `bifflgdls cg dfahif eaam pramu`-tcag tbit irl ylt ta hl immrlsslm. Cg immctcag,

eiffcgd ùrrlg`cls cg sajl L\9> àugtrcls irlrlsuftcgd cg i glw raugm ae prc`l cg`rlisls,mlplgmcgd ag tbl sbirl ae cjpartlm eaam igmeulf cg faìf agsujptcag igm tbl mldrll ae piss-tbraudb ae lx`bigdl ritl `bigdls cg majlstc`prc`ls. Ecgiffy, cg i gujhlr ae àugtrcls su`bis Hlfirus, Jafmavi, igm \oricgl, tbl utcfctyrlearj pradrij rljicgs firdlfy cgàjpfltl.Is i rlsuft, ear rlisags ae làgajc` le`clg`yar sìf àgsafcmitcag, i gujhlr ae àugtrcls

wcff bivl ta imkust tblcr tircees ta àst-rlàvlryflvlfs cg tbl àjcgd ylirs.

]blrl cs scdgcìgt bltlradlglcty wctbcgàugtrcls cg tbl wlfeirl cjpi`t ae àjjam-cty prc`l sbaòs. ]bl glt leel`t ae i eaam prc`lsbaò mlplgms ag wbltblr bauslbafms irl gltpramu`lrs ar glt àgsujlrs ae eaam, ct mlplgmsag tblcr cgtlgscty ae eaam àgsujptcag igmtbl ivicfihcfcty ae `bliplr suhstctutls, igm ct

mlplgms ag tblcr fcvlfcbaam stritldcls, i``lss taidrcùfturl isslts igm cgputs, igm tblcr ihcfctyta tiol imvigtidl ae pratihfl appartugctclscg idrcùfturl. ]blsl juftcpfl àgscmlritcags

suddlst tbit, it flist cg prcg`cpfl, tbl paarirl gat gl`lssircfy tbl birmlst bct. Bawlvlr,tbl eaam sbirl ae tatif bauslbafm àgsujp-tcag typcìffy eiffs wctb cgàjl? cg sajl ae tblfaw-cgàjl àugtrcls cg tbl rldcag, tbl eaamsbirl ae àgsujptcag ijagd tbl paar cs 4> ta

2> plr`lgt. Jarlavlr, cg rlifcty, tbl paar irltbl warst bct, is jigy ae tbl paar cg Ifhigci,Oyrdyz Xlpuhfc`, igm ]ikcocstig, ear lxijpfl,irl ifsa ahslrvlm ta hl glt agsujlrs, wctb fcj-ctlm i``lss ta idrcùfturif isslts igm cgputs.

Cgàjl Pbaòs

âvlrty wcff rcsl. Pcjufitcags suddlst tbit hy8>9>, tblrl wcff hl 99 jcffcag jarlplapfl cg

pavlrty, igm jarltbig 80 jcffcag jarl plapflwcff gm tbljslfvls kust ihavl L@Is cgtlrgi-tcagif pavlrty fcgl, rlfitcvl ta hislfcgl prl-`rc-scs prakl`tcags. ]bl drawtb cg pavlrty waufmrlprlslgt i etb ae tbl L@I papufitcag wbajavlm aut ae pavlrty hltwllg 9332 igm 8>>5.]bcs cs gat surprcscgd dcvlg tbit pavlrty cgL@I cs sbiffaw, biri`tlrczlm hy firdl gujhlrsae cgmcvcmuifs sus`lptchfl ta eiffcgd cgta pav-lrty lvlg wctb jamlst eiffs cg ivlridl cgàjl.Iftlrgitcvlfy, agl àufm tbcgo ae tblj is tblrl`lgt-paar, wctb tlguaus fcgos ta tbl fiharjirolt, wctb fcttfl prlìutcagiry sivcgds, igm

Glt eaam agsujlrs Glt eaam pramu`lrs

âvlrtyblimàugt

8>

9

ECD\XL =

Oyrdyz Xlpuhfc`; âvlrty igm tbl Eaam ^rc`l @rcscs

Ietlr tbl `rcscsHlearl tbl `rcscs


20/106

xvccc Lxlùtcvl Pujjiry

wba irl fcolfy ta bivl hlgltlm eraj rl`lgt`rlmct igm agstru`tcag haajs.

]bl jidgctuml ae tbl pavlrty cjpi`t vir-cls hy suh-rldcags. ]bl jcmmfl-cgàjl @CPàugtrcls, ag ivlridl, bivl sllg tbl firdlst igm

jast scdgcìgt mawgwirm rlvcscags ta tblcrdrass majlstc` pramu`t drawtb prakl`tcags.Is i rlsuft, igm hy àgstru`tcag, tbly irl ifsasllcgd tbl firdlst plr`lgtidl pacgt cg`rlisls cgtbl prakl`tlm pavlrty blimàugt. ]bly irl eaf-fawlm `faslfy hy tbl faw-cgàjl @CP.

]bl iddrlditl rlsufts jiso tbl bltlradlgl-cty ae cjpi`t wctbcg àugtrcls, cg`fumcgd tblàg`lgtritcag ae tbl pavlrty cjpi`t cg slfl`tlmlàgajc` sl`tars. @augtry stumcls rl`lgtfy

àjpfltlm suddlst tbit ear làgajc` sbaòstrigsjcttlm prcjircfy tbraudb tbl fihar jir-olt, pavlrty wcff rcsl lspl`ciffy ijagd bausl-bafms tbit bivl hllg mlplgmlgt ag rljcttig`lcgaws igm tbasl prlvcausfy ljpfaylm cghaajcgd àgstru`tcag sl`tars wblrl làgajcì`tcvcty cs gaw prakl`tlm ta ml`fcgl sbirpfy.

]bl rlsufts ae tbl igifyscs irl cgmcìtcvlae baw vufglrihcfctcls irl mcstrchutlm i`rass

àugtrcls igm, wctbcg àugtrcls, i`rass hraimtypls ae bauslbafms. Cg sajl wiys, tbl lstc-jitlm leel`ts jiy hl ugmlrstitlm hlìusltbly ìpturl agfy sajl ae tbl rst-raugm

leel`ts. Ag tbl atblr bigm, dlglrif lqucfch-rcuj leel`ts wcff lctblr mijplg ar warslgsajl ae tblsl leel`ts.

]bl slàgm-armlr leel`ts ag bujig ìpctifi`ùjufitcag igm sa`cif ìpctif wcff hl scdgc-

ìgt. Flssags eraj tbl rldcags awg lxplrc-lg`ls suddlst tbit trigsctary sbaòs fagd-tlrjtaff ag bujig ìpctif bis hllg suhstigtcifhlìusl eijcfcls ùrhlm tblcr lmuìtcag igmbliftb cgvlstjlgts cg rlspagsl ta i higo-cgd ar lx`bigdl ritl `rcscs. @rcsls jiy flim tacg`rlislm sa`cif ugrlst, `rcjcgif i`tcvcty, igmbujig trieòcgd? mcsrupt àjjugif igm ltb-gc` rlfitcags? ar hrcgd mawg eridcfl davlrg-jlgts igm lmdfcgd mlja`ri`cls.

@apcgd wctb tbl @rcscs

@ajpirlm ta prlvcaus `rcsls, tbl sàpl earbauslbafms ta lgdidl cg tblcr trimctcagif àp-cgd stritldcls jiy hl jarl fcjctlm. Murcgdprlvcaus `rcsls, bauslbafms eaugm slàgmiryljpfayjlgt, rlfclm ag trigselrs eraj erclgmsigm eijcfcls, ar flet ear waro ihraim ta iud-jlgt eijcfy cgàjl. Hlìusl ae tbl dfahifgiturl ae tbl `rcscs, igm hlìusl ji`ralà-gajc` sbaòs irl bcttcgd bauslbafms ag juf-tcpfl eragts, jigy ae tblsl àpcgd stritldcls

8>>4 8>>2 8>>3 8>9>

âpufitcag(cgjcffcags)

94

ECD\XL >49>\scgd tbl $.4

9=


21/106

xcxLxlùtcvl Pujjiry

irl ga fagdlr vcihfl. Ear tbl paarlst bausl-bafms, suhscstlg`l eirjcgd jiy stcff hl eli-schfl, tbaudb lvcmlg`l eraj tbl rl`lgt eaamprc`l sbaò suddlsts tbit jigy ae tbl paarlst

bauslbafms ma gat bivl i``lss ta idrcùfturifisslts igm cgputs. Ear sajl, trigsctcags cgtacgearjif sl`tar ljpfayjlgt jiy hl passchfl,tbaudb ear jigy bauslbafms, lirgcgds erajcgearjif sl`tar i`tcvcty wcff hl cgsue`clgt taaeeslt tbl pavlrty cjpi`t ae tbl `rcscs.

âfc`y Xlspagsls

Ecsìf pafc`y rlspagsls cg tbl sbart tlrj

irl àgstricglm hy ripcmfy eiffcgd rlvlguls.Puhstigtcif davlrgjlgt ml`cts irl ùrrlgtfyprakl`tlm ear tbl rldcag. Ct waufm hl lsslgtcifta mltlrjcgl tbl avlriff sìf imkustjlgt wir-rigtlm ear ji`ralàgajc` stihcfcty igm mlhtsusticgihcfcty, tiocgd cgta i`àugt cgctcif àg-mctcags igm tbl fcolfy cjpi`t ae tbl `rcscs agpuhfc` gig`ls. Làgajcls tbit lxplrclg`lmstragd cgctcif sìf igm lxtlrgif pasctcags irl

fcolfy ta bivl jarl raaj ear lxpigscagiry sìfpafc`y igm ìg ieearm i sìf stcjufus piòidl,wbcfl tbasl wctb wliolr cgctcif pasctcags jiyrlqucrl suhstigtcif sìf imkustjlgt. Tblrltblrl irl ga glw ae`cif ar iftlrgitcvl saur`lsae gig`cgd igm fcttfl sàpl lxcsts ta jahcfczlrlvlguls, sajl àugtrcls wcff fcolfy rlsart tai`rass-tbl-hairm ùts cg splgmcgd. Iftbaudbsa`cif sielty glts wcff hl ijagd tbasl ctljsfcolfy ta hl ùt is rlvlguls eiff, pratl`tcgd

tblsl pradrijsigm passchfy lxpigmcgd sajlae tblj, wblrl sajl rliffaìtcag ae rlsaur`lscs passchflwcff hl ig cjpartigt lfljlgt cgtbl rlspagsl ta tbl `rcscs.

Cgippraprcitl pafc`y rlspagsls ta làgajc`sbaòs jiy bivl wlfeirl àgslqulg`ls eir firdlrtbig tbl wlfeirl fassls rlsuftcgd mcrl`tfy erajtbl sbaòs tbljslfvls. Cg 8>>4>2, sajl àug-trcls cjpaslm triml rlstrc`tcags igm prc`l àg-

trafs cg rlspagsl ta rcscgd eaam prc`ls. Pu`b pafc-`cls rlmcstrchutl cgàjl iwiy eraj rurif eaampramu`lrs (wba tlgm ta hl paarlr) ta urhig àg-sujlrs (wba tlgm ta hl rc`blr). ]bl glt sa`cif

cjpi`t jiy hl lvlg firdlr wblg àgscmlrcgd tblcjpi`t ae su`b pafc`cls ag pramu`tcag cg`lgtcvlsigm tbl fcolfy spcffavlr cjpi`ts ae rlstrc`tcvltriml pafc`cls ag glcdbharcgd àugtrcls, tbus

lxi`lrhitcgd rldcagif wlfeirl àgslqulg`ls.]bl rldcags sa`cif isscstig`l systljs viry

cg sczl igm tirdltcgd plrearjig`l, igm gatlvlry pradrij ìg igm sbaufm hl sìflm up. Cgimmctcag, sajl ae tblsl pradrijs wcff bivl tahl ùt is rlvlguls eiff. ]bl rlspagsl ta tbl `rc-scs wcff viry i`rass àugtrcls igm jiy cg`fuml,ijagd atblr tbcgds, lxpigmcgd sajl wlff-plrearjcgd pradrijs igm rlearjcgd rlfitcvlfy

flss leel`tcvl cgtlrvlgtcags. Pajl ae tbasl wbawcff eiff cgta pavlrty hlìusl ae tbl `rcscstbl glw paarjiy gat hl liscfy rli`blmhy lxcstcgd sa`cif pratl`tcag pradrijs. Earlxijpfl, rlturgcgd jcdrigts ma gat quifcey earugljpfayjlgt cgsurig`l.

]bl L@I rldcag sbaufm àgscmlr glwcgstrujlgts ae sa`cif pratl`tcag. Pa`cif sieltyglts cg L@I gllm ta hl strlgdtblglm tabigmfl tbl `bifflgdls ae dfahif igm majls-tc` rcsos. ]bl lxplrclg`ls ae atblr àugtrclssuddlst tbit pradrijs su`b is waroeirl igmpuhfc` waros pradrijs ìg hl ippraprcitlcgstrujlgts ear pratl`tcgd tbl vufglrihfleraj cjjlmcitl is wlff is fagdlr-tlrj (sl`-agm-raugm) àgslqulg`ls ae trigsctary sbaòsag gagcgàjl mcjlgscags ae wlfeirl, cg`fum-cgd bujig ìpctif i`ùjufitcag. ]blrl irl ielw, ifhlct fcjctlm, àugtry lxplrclg`ls wctb

waroeirl cg L@Icg Hufdirci, âfigm, tblPfavio Xlpuhfc`, igm Pfavlgci. Pajl cgscdbtseraj tblsl àugtry lxplrclg`ls ìg cgearjtbl hraimlr ippfcìtcag ae waroeirl cg L@Isa tbit tbly ìg hl le`clgt cgstrujlgts earsa`cif rcso jctcditcag wbcfl jcgcjczcgd mcs-pfi`ljlgt leel`ts.

]bl prcarctczitcag ae fihar-cgtlgscvl puhfc`cgvlstjlgts àufm hl ig cjpartigt rlspagslta tbl `rcscs wbcfl `rlitcgd tbl àgmctcags earjlmcuj-tlrj drawtb. Pu`b i stritldy ig rl-itl ljpfayjlgt appartugctcls, is cg waroeirligm puhfc` waros pradrijs, wbcfl `rlitcgd tbl


22/106

xx Lxlùtcvl Pujjiry

cgeristru`turl tbit supparts làgajc` rlàvlryigm làgajc drawtb cg tbl jlmcuj tlrj.

Fagdlr-]lrj âfc`y Xlspagsls

Avlr tbl fagdlr tlrj, tblrl irl vircaus jli-surls ear fcjctcgd tbl rcsos hargl hy bauslbafmsis gig`cif jirolts mllplg. Ag tbl mljigmscml, prajatcgd gig`cif fctlri`y jiy blfpbauslbafms ta ugmlrstigm tbl rcsos tbly lxpasltbljslfvls ta hlìusl ae tblcr àgsujptcag,ljpfayjlgt, ar harrawcgd `bac`ls. Cg immc-tcag, i wbafl bast ae ji`ra-gig`cif pafc`cls,su`b is prumlgtcif garjs is imaptlm hy sajl

L\9> àugtrcls ta fcjct earlcdg ùrrlg`ylxpasurls ae bauslbafms, ìg hl uslm cg àjhc-gitcag ta blfp jctcditl tbl patlgtcif rcsos issa-`citlm wctb cg`rlislm lxpasurls ae bauslbafmsta rlmct igm gig`cif jirolts.

Ct cs cjpartigt tbit pafc`y rlspagsls magat àgc`t wctb tbl oly fagdlr-tlrj rlearjidlgmi. Ear lxijpfl, iutbarctcls sbaufm duirmidicgst rlvlrsif ae leearts ta fawlr quisc-sìfml`cts cg tbl lglrdy sl`tar, wbc`b cs ig agda-cgd bifflgdl cg jigy L@I augtrcls, igm tblysbaufm jicgticg ig aplg igm trigspirlgt trim-cgd rldcjl. Pajl àugtrcls cg L@I imaptlmrlstrc`tcvl triml igm prc`l àgtrafs cg rlspagslta tbl eaam prc`l cg`rlisls cg 8>>4 hut jigy aetblj bivl gaw hllg rlvlrslm.

Mcvlrsclm saur`ls ae làgajc` drawtb wcffhl `rctcìf cg blfpcgd mijplg L@I àugtrclsvufglrihcfcty ta ji`ralàgajc` sbaòs. Cg

sajl àugtrcls cg L@I, rl`lgt drawtb plr-earjig`l bis hllg ugmlrpcgglm hy làgajcì`tcvcty àg`lgtritlm cg i elw sl`tars, su`b istbl bauscgd ar àgstru`tcag sl`tar, ar cgàjl

aws eraj sajl majcgigt saur`l, su`b isjcdrigt fihar.

Jagctarcgd systljs irl cjpartigt.Duirigtllcgd tbit stitcstcìf jagctarcgd sys-tljs irl cg pfi`l igm tbit rlflvigt bauslbafmmiti irl àffl`tlm rldufirfy igm jiml ivicfihflear igifyscs irl cjpartigt jlisurls ear lgsur-cgd tbit bauslbafm vufglrihcfctcls ta i rigdlae patlgtcif sbaòs irl ugmlrstaam cg i tcjlfy

jigglr igm tbit tbasl bauslbafms it rcso ìg hlrli`blm hy i augtrys sa`cif pratl`tcag systlj.]bl rlscfclg`l ae bauslbafms ta ji`ralà-

gajc` sbaòs uftcjitlfy mlplgms upag tbllàgajys cgstctutcagif rlimcglss, tbl lxchcfctyae tbl làgajc` pafc`y rldcjl, igm tbl ihcfctyae tbl papufitcag ta imkust. âfc`y igm cgstctu-tcagif prlpirlmglss cs lsslgtcif sa tbit àug-trcls ìg jigidl tbl imvlrsl sa`cif cjpi`ts aeji`ralàgajc` sbaòs. ]bcs rlqucrls lx igtligifyscs ae rcsos, i daam ugmlrstigmcgd ae tblcrpasschfl trigsjcsscag bigglfs ce trcddlrlm, igmtblcr passchfl cjpi`ts ag bauslbafms? mlvlfap-cgd ipprai`bls tbit lgsurl tbit tbl stitl malsgat cgtlrvlgl lx`lsscvlfy cg tlrjs ae mltrcjlg-tif fagdlr-tlrj mcstartcags ta cg`lgtcvls ar s-ìf susticgihcfcty? igm bivcgd i àjprlblgscvlsa`cif sielty glt systlj tbit pravcmls ear àug-tlr`y`fcìf igm sìfihfl cgtlrvlgtcags.


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9

I. Cgtramu`tcag

]bl Lurapl igm @lgtrif Isci (L@I) rldcag bishllg bct hy i `rcscs ag juftcpfl eragts. ]bl rstcs tbl dfahif drawtb sfawmawg flimcgd ta eiffcgdlxpart jirolt mljigm. Cg immctcag, tbl pras-pl`ts ear cgaws ae rljcttig`ls ta faw-cgàjlàugtrcls bivl hllg mawgdrimlm is làgajcì`tcvcty cg jcdrigt bast augtrcls bis ml`fcglm.]bl slàgm cs tbl gig`cif mlflvlridcgd hyjikar higos igm atblr gig`cif cgstctutcags

cg mlvlfaplm làgajcls, wbc`b bis jirolmfyrlmu`lm tbl ivicfihcfcty, igm cg`rlislm tbl àst,ae lxtlrgif gig`l i`rass puhfc`, arparitl, igmgig`cif sl`tars. ]bl tbcrm cs tbl rl`lgt àj-jamcty prc`l `bigdls, wbc`b bivl cgvafvlm irlvlrsif ae ju`b ae tbl àjjamcty prc`l haajae 8>>4 igm 8>>2.

]bcs `biptlr lxijcgls baw tbl lxtlr-gif sbaòs ircscgd eraj tbl dfahif làgajc`

`rcscs ìg hl trigsjcttlm tbraudb ta ji`rasbaòs ieel`tcgd tbl wlfeirl ae bauslbafms,vci tblcr cgàjl, i``lss ta `rlmct, wliftb,igm rlfitcvl prc`ls ae eaam igm eulf. Pl`tcag

H rst cgtramu`ls i scjpfl styfczlm erijlwaro

ae tbl trigsjcsscag `bigglfs, wbc`b pravcmlstbl stru`turl ear tbl suhslqulgt mcsùsscag.Pl`tcag @ lxijcgls tbl lxtlrgif sbaòs igmtblcr trigsjcsscag `bigglfs ta àugtrclswctbcg tbl rldcag. ]bl giturl igm lxtlgt aetbl trigsjcsscag ae tblsl sbaòs tbraudb tabauslbafms mlplgm `ru`ciffy ag ig làgajysji`ralàgajc` strlgdtbs igm vufglrihcfctcls,su`b is tbl mldrll ae cgtlrgitcagif cgtldritcag,tbl strlgdtb ae sl`tarif hifig`l sbllts, igm

majlstc` pafc`y stig`l, wbc`b irl mcsùsslmcg Pl`tcag M. Ecgiffy, Pl`tcag L autfcgls tbljicg rlsuftcgd ji`ra sbaòs ta bauslbafmwlfeirl, tbl jc`ra cjpfcìtcags ae wbc`b irligifyzlm cg suhslqulgt `biptlrs.

H. Ji`ra Pbaòs igm Bauslbafm

Tlfeirl; Erijlwaro

Jikar ji`ralàgajc` sbaòs irl trigsjct-tlm tbraudb ta bauslbafm wlfeirl vci virc-aus jl`bigcsjs? tbcs rlpart eaùsls ag tbrll

Ji`ralàgajc` Pbaòs

@BI^]LX 9


24/106

8 ]bl @rcscs Bcts BajlPtrlss-]lstcgd Bauslbafms cg Lurapl igm @lgtrif Isci

jicg `bigglfs. Ecdurl 9.9 rlprlslgts i bcdbfystyfczlm mcidrij ear ugmlrstigmcgd tbl cjpi`tae ji`ralàgajc` sbaòs ag bauslbafm wlf-eirl. Ct rll`ts i sujjiry ae tbl ljlrdcgdàg`lptuif igm ljpcrcìf ugmlrstigmcgd aetbl sa`cif leel`ts ae ji`ralàgajc` `rcslslxplrclg`lm cg vircaus pirts ae tbl warfm avlrtbl pist tbrll mlìmls. ]bl jicg `bigglfs

àgscmlrlm irl tbl cgàjl igm ljpfayjlgtae jljhlrs ae tbl bauslbafm? tbl rlfitcvlprc`ls ae daams igm slrvc`ls tbly pur`bisl?igm tblcr i``lss ta gig`cif jirolt (cg`fum-cgd tbl àst ae `rlmct igm tbl hurmlg ae slrvc`-cgd mlht). Is mcsùsslm hlfaw, cg tbl ùrrlgtàgtlxt tbl sbaòs ta bauslbafm wlfeirl vcitblsl `bigglfs bivl ircslg prcjircfy hlìuslae tbl cjpi`t ae lxtlrgif sbaòs, su`b is tadfahif cgàjl, `rlmct àgmctcags, igm àj-

jamcty prc`ls, wbasl leel`ts mlplgm `ru`ciffyag tbl majlstc` làgajys ji`ra strlgdtbsigm vufglrihcfctcls.

]bl mcidrij cs styfczlm igm ihstri`ts eraji elw cjpartigt lfljlgts. Ct cdgarls slàgm-raugm leel`ts (su`b is ag bujig ìpctif i`ù-jufitcag, i``lss ta sa`cif slrvc`ls, igm mcsrup-tcags ta ajjugif tcls) igm tbl agslqulg`lsae kacgtfy a`ùrrcgd `rcsls igm, is mrietlm,

mals gat cgmcìtl baw tbl sa`cif leel`ts irlmcstrchutlm (ifagd dladripbc`, a`ùpitcagif,sl`tarif, dlgmlr, ar cgàjl fcgls), tbaudb ifftblsl wcff hl àgscmlrlm cg virycgd mldrlls

hlfaw. Glctblr mals tbl mcidrij tiol cgtai`àugt tbl rafl ae wliftb leel`ts is i trigs-jcsscag `bigglf ae tbl `rcscs ta bauslbafms,su`b is vci `bigdls cg tbl prc`ls ae praplrty,tbl viful ae lqucty bafmcgds (mcrl`tfy ar cgplgscag eugms), ar cgmllm lxpl`titcags aeeuturl fihar cgàjl. @bigdls cg wliftb jiymcrl`tfy flim ta imkustjlgt cg tbl àgsujp-

tcag hlbivcar ae cgmcvcmuif bauslbafms ar jiyma sa cgmcrl`tfy vci tbl rafl ae `lrticg isslts,su`b is praplrty, is àffitlrif tbit ieel`tstblcr ihcfcty ta i``lss `rlmct. ]bl bltlradl-glaus isslt pasctcags ae bauslbafms jligtbit su`b wliftb `bigdls irl f colfy ta flim tarlmcstrchutcags wctbcg tbl bauslbafm sl`tar,su`b is hltwllg tbasl fagd ar sbart cg i pir-tcùfir isslt. \geartugitlfy, fiò ae miti agbauslbafm wliftb flvlfs igm àjpasctcag prl-

`fumls mlticflm strlss tlstcgd ae su`b wliftbleel`ts. Bawlvlr, tbl hucfm-up ae jartdidlcgmlhtlmglss mlticflm cg tbl rlpart pravcmlssajl cgmcrl`t cgscdbt cgta tbl drawcgd lxpa-surl ae bauslbafms isslt pasctcags ta praplrtybafmcgds. ]bl ihavl mcidrij ifsa mals gatimmrlss tbl rafl ae davlrgjlgt pafc`y (cg`fum-cgd sìf igm jagltiry) igm sa`cif isscstig`l(tbaudb sa`cif isscstig`l jiy hl tbaudbt ae

is i saur`l ae cgàjl). Davlrgjlgt pafc`clsìg, cg ei`t, lctblr jctcditl sbaòs ar lxi`lr-hitl tblj, mlplgmcgd ag baw tbly irl earju-fitlm igm cjpfljlgtlm.

ECD\XL 9.9

Ji`ralàgajc Pbaòs igm Bauslbafm Tlfeirl; Ptyfczlm ]rigsjcsscag @bigglfs

Xlfitcvl rc`ls

(^ramu`t Jirolt)

Cgàjl igm Ljpfayjlgt(Fihar Jirolt)

I``lss ta @rlmct

(Ecgig`cif Jirolt)

Bauslbafm TlfeirlJi`ra Pbaò


25/106

0@biptlr 9Ji`ralàgajc` Pbaòs

@. Lxtlrgif Pbaòs igm

]rigsjcsscag @bigglfs9

Dfahif CgàjlPcg`l 8>>5, tbl drawtb ae tbl jikar mlvlfaplmlàgajy àugtrcls, igm warfm lxpart mljigm,bis wliolglm is tbl dfahif `rlmct `rcscs, wbc`b

hldig cg tbl sujjlr ae 8>>4, ugeafmlm. ]blCJEs Iprcf 8>>3 Tarfm Làgajc` Autfaaoprakl`tlm i àgtri`tcag cg warfm drawtb ae9.0 plr`lgt cg 8>>3 wctb drawtb rlàvlrcgd ta

9.3 plr`lgt cg 8>9> (durl 9.8). ]blsl sbaòs tadfahif cgàjl jiy hl trigsjcttlm ta àugtrclswctbcg tbl rldcag vci triml aws igm rljct-tig`ls. Mljigm ear lxparts eraj tbl rldcag

ECD\XL 9.8

Dfahif Drawtb igm ]riml PfawmawgIgguif rlif drawtb

Paur`l;CJE TLA A`tahlr 8>>2 igm Iprcf 8>>3.

Gatl;8>>3 igm 8>9> irl prakl`tcags.

]riml mlglm is vafujl ae daams igm slr vc`ls.

Iprcf 8>>3 TLA prakl`tcags A`tahlr 8>>2 TLA prakl`tcags

8>>4 8>>2 8>>3 8>9> 8>>4 8>>2 8>>3 8>9> 8>>4 8>>2 8>>3 8>9> 8>>4 8>>2 8>>3 8>9>

^lr`lgt

3

5

0

>

-0

-5

-3

-98

-90 Kig->< Kig->4 Kig->3

^lr`lgt

8

-8>3. It tbl sijl tcjl, tbl `rlmct `rug`bcs ifsa cjplmcgd tbl ihcfcty ta gig`l lxparttriml `rlmcts. Is i rlsuft, tbl Tarfm Higos8>>3 Dfahif Làgajc` ^raspl`ts prlmc`tstbit warfm triml wcff ml`fcgl cg 8>>3 ear tblrst tcjl scg`l 9328 (wctb tbl CJE Iprcf 8>>3TLA prakl`tcgd ig 99 plr`lgt àgtri`tcag cgtbl vafujl ae warfm triml cg daams igm slrvc`lscg 8>>3). ]bl cjpi`t ae tblsl trlgms ag trimlear L@I àugtrcls bis rlsuftlm cg i prl`cpctausmrap cg lxpart igm cjpart vifuls (durl 9.0).Is mcsùsslm cg jarl mlticf fitlr, rljcttig`lsbivl ifrlimy eifflg sbirpfy cg sajl àugtrclsigm praspl`ts ear 8>>3 cgaws ae rljcttig`lsta mlvlfapcgd àugtrcls bivl hllg mawgdrimlmis làgajc` i`tcvcty cg jcdrigt bast àugtrclsbis ml`fcglm. Ear jigy àugtrcls cg L@I, pir-tcùfirfy tbasl cg tbl earjlr Pavclt \gcag, tbcsrll`ts tbl cjpi`t ae tbl sfawmawg cg Xussciigm tbl vifuitcag leel`ts ae tbl gajcgif mlprl-

`citcag ae tbl ruhfl, tbit cs, i slàgm-raugmrldcagif sbaò, ritblr tbig hlcgd mcrl`tfy multa tbl sfaw-mawg cg mlvlfaplm jirolts.

Dfahif @rlmct @agmctcags

Is tbl gig`cif rcscs mllplglm eraj Plptljhlr8>>2, jaugtcgd àg`lrgs avlr fcqucmcty rcso,isslt quifcty, igm àugtlrpirty `rlmct rcso igmlgbig`lm rcso ivlrscag bivl rlsuftlm cg scdgc-ìgt mlflvlridcgd igm ittljpts ta rlmu`l part-eafca rcso hy gig`cif cgstctutcags. ]bcs bis gatagfy ieel`tlm tbl ihcfcty ae gig`cif cgstctu-tcags igm àrparitls cg mlvlfaplm làgajclsta ahticg gig`cgd hut ifsa flm ta i rltrlg`b-jlgt ae tbl cgtlrgitcagif lxpasurls ae higosigm, ear jigy àugtrcls, i sbirp rlmu`tcag cgtblcr ihcfcty ta i``lss cgtlrgitcagif gig`l.

Drass ìpctif aws ta ljlrdcgd igm mlvlfap-cgd làgajcls bivl eifflg scdgcìgtfy (durl9.=). ]bl àgtri`tcag, wbc`b bis hllg i`rassisslt `fissls, bis hllg pirtcùfirfy jirolmear L@I (wbasl sbirl ae su`b aws elff erajiraugm => plr`lgt cg 8>>4 igm 8>>2 ta kustavlr 8> plr`lgt cg 8>>3). Cg tlrjs ae cgtlrgi-tcagif higocgd lxpasurls, ietlr pliocgd it lgm-Jir`b 8>>2, tbl àgsafcmitlm earlcdg `ficjsae Higo ear Cgtlrgitcagif Plttfljlgts (HCP)`rlmctar higos, cg rlif tlrjs, ag Ardigczitcagear Làgajc` @a-aplritcag igm Mlvlfapjlgt(AL@M) làgajcls elff hy iraugm 8> plr`lgt

Y9 Y8 Y0 Y= Y9 Y8 Y0 Y= Y9 Y8

\Pmaffirs(cghcffcags)

8>>

9

9>>

>

8>>4 8>>2 8>>3

ECD\XL 9.=

Drass @ipctif Efaws ta Ljlrdcgd igm Mlvlfapcgd Làgajcls

Paur`l;ML@^D.

Gatl;\P maffir vifuls mlitlm hy \P @^C. 8> >3 Y9 miti irl p rlfcjcgiry lstcjitls.

L@I FI@ AtblrLI^


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5 Kug->4 Ml`->4 Kug->2 Ml`->2

Cgmlx(lgm-Jir`b8>>2:9>>)

98>

9>>

2>

5>

ECD\XL 9.>3 prc`ls

Paur`ls;HCP, CJE Cgtlrgitcagif Ecgig`cif Ptitcstc`s igm stie e ifùfitcags.

L@I Bcdb-cgàjl AL@M lx`fumcgd L@I FI@LI^

ta lgm-Jir`b 8>>3 (durl 9.>2 igm hylgm-Jir`b 8>>3 bim eifflg hy 94 plr`lgt earL@I àjpirlm wctb iraugm 98.< plr`lgt earFitcg Ijlrcì igm tbl @irchhlig igm ListIsci igm î`c`.

Xldcagif lqucty igm lx`bigdl ritls

ìjl ugmlr prlssurl murcgd fitl 8>>2 is

earlcdg cgvlstars mrlw hiò eugms eraj

tbl rldcag, igm àg`lrgs avlr tbl majls-

tc` cjpi`t ae tbl gig`cif `rcscs jaugtlm.

Mlspctl sajlwbit ae i rlvlrsif cg rl`lgtjagtbs, tbl mawgturg cg gig`cif jirolts cgL@I scg`l lirfy 8>>2, igm scg`l Plptljhlr

8>>2 cg pirtcùfir, bis hllg wcmlsprlim igmmllp i`rass isslt `fissls igm àugtrcls. ]blslml`fcgls ugwaugm i firdl pirt ae tbl dicgsjiml cg lqucty igm savlrlcdg hagm vifuitcagsmurcgd tbl isslt prc`l rug-up ae prl`lmcgdylirs (cg wbc`b tbl ivlridl maffir viful ae tblJardig Ptigfly @ipctif Cgtlrgitcagif _JP@CZLjlrdcgd Lurapl lqucty cgmlx cg`rlislmhy avlr slvlg tcjls eraj A`tahlr 8>>9 taMl`ljhlr 8>>4). ]bl rlmu`lm mljigm earljlrdcgd jirolt isslts ifsa àgtrchutlm tajirolm faìf ùrrlg`y gajcgif mlprl`citcagsis mcsùsslm cg mlticf hlfaw. Plàgmiry jirolt

`rlmct sprlims ifsa cg`rlislm suhstigtciffy. ]blK^ Jardig Ljlrdcgd Jirolts Hagm CgmlxDfahif (LJHCD) Ljlrdcgd Lurapl savlrlcdgsprlim cg`rlislm eraj 84< hiscs pacgts ag 9Plptljhlr 8>>2 ta avlr 3>> hiscs pacgts cg fitlA`tahlr. Bivcgd ml`fcglm ta 4=> hiscs pacgtshy lgm-8>>2, tbl sprlim àgtcgulm ta gir-raw tbraudb 8>>3, wctb tbl ivlridl jagtbfysprlim rli`bcgd iraugm =>> hiscs pacgts cgKufy 8>>3. Pcjcfirfy, tbl àst ae `rlmct mleiuftpratl`tcag vci rlmct mleiuft swips igm lxtlrgifàrparitl eugmcgd ritls cg`rlislm sbirpfy. Earlxijpfl, tbl K^ Jardig @arparitl LjlrdcgdJirolts Hagm Cgmlx (@LJHC) lxtlrgif àr-paritl sprlim ear ljlrdcgd Lurapl (àvlrcgd

Oiziobstig, Xussci, igm \oricgl) cg`rlislmeraj hiscs pacgts ta 9, hiscs pacgts itlgm-8>>2 hlearl ml`fcgcgd ta ig ivlridl aeiraugm 40> hiscs pacgts cg Kufy 8>>3. Cg immc-tcag ta tbl eiffs cg hagm igm lqucty jirolts,cgtlrhigo jirolts lxbchctlm rcscgd sprlims cgA`tahlr igm Gavljhlr rll`tcgd cgtlrgi-tcagif eugmcgd prlssurls igm majlstc` fcqucm-cty àg`lrgs.

Dfahif @ajjamcty ^rc`ls

]bl dfahif drawtb sfawmawg bis àgtrch-utlm ta i sbirp liscgd cg dfahif eaam, eulf,


28/106


Kug->4 Ml`->4 Kug->2 Ml`->2 Kug->3

8>>

9

9>>

>

ECD\XL 9.5

@ajjamcty ^rc`l Mlvlfapjlgts

Paur`l;TH ML@^D igm stiee ìfùfitcags.

Gatl;Acf prc`l cs i scjpfl ivlridl ae Hrlgt, Tlst ]lxis Cgtlrjlmcitl, igm Muhic ruml acf prc`ls.

Ptllf pramu`ts prc`l cgmlx (Kugl 8>>4:9>>)

Lglrdy prc`l cgmlx (Kugl 8>>4:9>>)

Eaam prc`l cgmlx (Kugl 8>>4:9>>)

Acf prc`l spat, \P$ plr hirrlf

igm atblr àjjamcty prc`ls scg`l jcm-

8>>2.Iftbaudb jiocgd prakl`tcags cs pirtcù-firfy mceùft dcvlg tbl urrlgt ji`ra-gig`cif

ug`lrticgty, tbl Kugl 8>>3 Tarfm Higo DfahifMlvlfapjlgt Ecgig`l earlìsts i =0 plr`lgteiff cg tbl \P maffir acf prc`l cg 8>>3 rlfitcvlta 8>>2, wctb i rcsl ae 90 plr`lgt cg 8>9>. Gag-acf àjjamcty prc`ls irl prakl`tlm ta eiff hy0> plr`lgt cg 8>>3 wctb i eurtblr 8 plr`lgtml`fcgl cg 8>9>. Cg rl`lgt jagtbs, tblrl bishllg sajl rlàvlry cg prc`ls ae sajl àj-jamctcls, su`b is acf (durl 9.5). @flirfy,

tbl avlriff cjpi`t ae tblsl prc`l javljlgtsag i àugtrys lxtlrgif piyjlgt pasctcag csmlplgmlgt upag cts glt àgsujptcag jcx igmrlspl`tcvl lxpart igm cjpart prc`l lfistc`c-tcls. @augtrcls wbasl lxparts irl eaùslm agàjjamctcls bivl tbus sueelrlm imvlrsl tlrjsae triml prlssurls, cg immctcag ta tbl quig-tcty sbaò ta lxpart mljigm. Ear lxijpfl,wbcfl tbl wliolgcgd acf prc`l bis bim jitlrcifcjpfcìtcags ag lxtlrgif igm sìf pasctcags cgXussci igm Oiziobstig, tbl mawgturg cg stllfprc`ls imvlrslfy ieel`tlm tbl lxtlrgif autfaaoear àugtrcls su`b is \oricgl wctb tbl ripcm

eiff cg elrtcfczlr prc`ls bivcgd scjcfir cjpi`tcg làgajcls su`b is Hlfirus.

M. @agtlxt; Ji`ralàgajc` Ptrlgdtbs

igm Uufglrihcfctcls

]bl cjpi`t ag i àugtrys làgajc` autfaaoae tbl ihavl lxtlrgif sbaòs mlplgms upagcts patlgtcif lxpasurl, wbc`b ìg hl jipplmtbraudb mceelrlgt stidls ae tbl trigsjcsscagjl`bigcsj. ]bl rst cs tbl lxtlgt ae cgtlrgi-tcagif cgtldritcag ae tbl àugtry vci triml igmgig`cif `bigglfs (cg`fumcgd rljcttig`ls). ]blslàgm cs tbl stru`turl igm bliftb ae sl`tarifhifig`l sbllts, su`b is cg tlrjs ae lxtlrgifgig`cgd rlqucrljlgts, ùrrlg`y, igm jitu-rcty jcsjit`bls. ]bl tbcrm stidl cs tbl ihcfctyae pafc`yjiolrs ta jctcditl tbl cjpi`t ae tblsbaò tbraudb tbl pafc`y stig`l cg tlrjs aejagltiry pafc`y, lx`bigdl ritl lxchcfcty, igm,fcgolm ta tbl strlgdtb ae puhfc` sl`tar hifig`lsbllts, tbl ùrrlgt sìf stig`l igm tbl ihcf-cty ta usl sìf pafc`y jlisurls ta ihsarh tblcjpi`t ae tbl dfahif sbaòs.


29/106


Cgtlrgitcagif Cgtldritcag

]bl cg`rliscgd cgtlrgitcagif cgtldritcag aeàugtrcls cg L@I avlr tbl pist mlìml vcitriml, cgàjl, igm ìpctif aws bis lgihflmàugtrcls ta hlglt eraj tbl drawtb igmgig`cgd ae pirtglrs hut ifsa pravcmlscg`rliscgd `bigglfs tbraudb wbc`b dfahif igmrldcagif sbaòs irl trigsjcttlm ta majlstc`làgajcls. Avlr tbl pist mlìml, tbl ritcaae tbl tatif \P maffir viful ae jlr`big-mcsl triml (lxparts pfus cjparts) ae àug-trcls cg L@I ta tblcr drass majlstc` pramu`t(DM^) bis cg`rlislm eraj iraugm =< plr-

`lgt cg 9332 ta >4. ]bcs eaf-faws tbl dlglrif drawtb cg dfahif triml avlrtbcs plrcam. Bawlvlr, tblrl irl jirolm virci-tcags cg tbl flvlf ae triml aplgglss i`rass suh-rldcags cg L@I. Ear lxijpfl, avlr tbcs plrcamtbl jlr`bigmcsl triml ear tbl glw Luraplig\gcag (L\) jljhlr stitls cg @lgtrif Lurapligm tbl Hiftc`s (tbl L\2) rasl eraj 4> plr`lgtta 9>4 plr`lgt wbcfl ear jcmmfl-cgàjl @CPtbl ritca wis hraimfy it avlr tbcs plrcam.

Cg immctcag ta tbl vircitcag cg tbl flvlf aetriml aplgglss wctbcg tbl rldcag, tblrl irlàgscmlrihfl mceelrlg`ls cg tbl pittlrgs aetriml pirtglrs igm jikar trimcgd pramu`tsi`rass suh-rldcags, is waufm hl lxpl`tlm erajdrivcty-typl jamlfs ae triml aws. ]bl cjpar-tig`l ae tbl L\ is ig lxpart jirolt, igm blg`ltbl lxpasurl ae àugtrcls ta tbl àgtri`tcagcg mljigm eraj tbl L\ is i rlsuft ae tbl `rc-

scs, cs pirtcùfirfy jirolm cg tbl L\ jljhlrsae L@I, Pautblistlrg Lurapl, igm ]uroly.]bl lxtlgt ae cgtri-rldcagif triml fcgoidlswctbcg L@I cs pirtcùfirfy bcdb hltwllg tbljcmmfl- igm fawlr-cgàjl @ajjagwliftbae Cgmlplgmlgt Ptitls (@CP) àugtrcls. Cgtlrjs ae jikar pramu`t ìtldarcls, tbl lxpartsae tblsl twa draups ae àugtrcls irl bcdbfyàg`lgtritlm cg pltrafluj igm pltrafluj

pramu`ts (iraugm == igm >4, rlspl`tcvlfy), wbasl cgtlr-gitcagif prc`ls bivl mrapplm eraj tblcr jcm-8>>2 bcdbs. Crag igm stllf lxpart lirgcgds

cg tbl earjlr suh-rldcag igm PautblistlrgLurapl irl ifsa vufglrihfl ta tbl àjjam-cty prc`l igm i`tcvcty mawgturgs (i`àugtcgdear kust ugmlr 9> plr`lgt ae lxparts cg hatb

ìsls). ]riml pittlrgs cg tbl L\2 irl stragdfycgtri-cgmustry igm pirtcùfirfy eaùslm agàgsujlr murihfls cg`fumcgd pramu`ts su`bis raim vlbc`fls (iraugm 9< plr`lgt ae lxpartsigm 9> plr`lgt ae cjparts) igm lfl`trcìf igmtlflàj lqucpjlgt wbc`b idicg irl suhkl`t tastragd mljigm sbaòs is àgsujptcag eiffs cgpirtglr rldcags.

Glt ìpctif aws ta tbl rldcag mauhflm

is i prapartcag ae DM^ eraj 8>>8 ta 8>>4,gig`cgd àgsujptcag igm cgvlstjlgt wbcflcg`rliscgd tbl cjpi`t ae igy summlg staps tasu`b aws. Eraj i flvlf ae iraugm = plr`lgtae DM^ cg 8>>88>>=, glt ìpctif aws taL@I cg`rlislm ta iraugm 2 plr`lgt ae DM^cg 8>>4 huaylm hy ei`tars cg`fumcgd tbl dfahifslir`b-ear-yclfm, tbl L\ i``lsscag pra`lss,igm earlcdg mcrl`t cgvlstjlgt (EMC) rlfitlm taàjjamcty cgvlstjlgts. ]bcs hraim pittlrg aedrawtb cg rlfitcvl aws wis prlslgt i`rass suh-rldcags. ]bl jlig flvlf ae glt ìpctif aws taDM^ i`rass àugtrcls rli`blm avlr 9< plr`lgtcg Pautblistlrg Lurapl igm avlr 9> plr`lgt cgtbl L\2. Iftbaudb tbl jlig flvlf elff cg faw-cgàjl @CP àugtrcls, tbcs rll`tlm glt ìpctifautaws eraj Izlrhickig.

Cg`rlislm `rass-harmlr flgmcgd igm earlcdghigo awglrsbcp bivl hatb àgtrchutlm ta tbl

sbirp rcsl cg cgtlrgitcagif higocgd `ficjs agL@I. ]bl flvlf ae drass cgtlrgitcagif issltsae HCP `rlmctar higos cg L@I, ag i faìtcagifhiscs, rasl eraj iraugm 90 plr`lgt ae DM^ itlgm-8>>= ta 89 plr`lgt ae DM^ it lgm-8>>4.]blrl irl àgscmlrihfl vircitcags i`rass suh-rldcags wctb tbl @CP àugtrcls bivcgd glt`ficjs ag HCP `rlmctar higos ear jast ae tblplrcam eraj 8>>0. Cg àgtrist, tbl glt isslts

ae HCP `rlmctar higos ag tbl Hiftc`s rli`blmavlr 4> plr`lgt ae DM^ cg lirfy 8>>2 (up eraj0> plr`lgt cg jcm-8>> plr`lgt ae DM^ ag tbl L\< igm Pautblistlrg


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Lurapl. ]blsl durls àjpirl ta glt issltsae HCP `rlmctar higos ag tbl vl Iscig `rc-scs àugtrcls (Cgmaglsci, Oarli, Jifiysci,^bcfcppcgls, igm ]bicfigm) ae iraugm 8> plr-

`lgt ae DM^ cg jcm-8>>4.]bl rcsl cg àgsafcmitlm earlcdg `ficjs ae

HCP rlmctar higos (c.l., glttcgd aut cgtri-drauplxpasurls) cg rl`lgt ylirs bis hllg pirtcù-firfy jirolm cg L@Is L\ jljhlr stitls igmPautblistlrg Lurapl, cg`rliscgd tbl patlgtcifear twa-wiy spcffavlrs hltwllg faìf igm TlstlrgLuraplig higocgd systljs. Earlcdg `ficjs agL@I, wbc`b cg`fuml cgtlrgitcagif `ficjs (c.l.,

`rass-harmlr `ficjs pfus faìf `ficjs ae earlcdgiefcitls cg earlcdg ùrrlg`y) igm faìf `ficjsae earlcdg iefcitls cg faìf ùrrlg`y, pliolm itiraugm =< plr`lgt ae DM^ it lgm-Kugl 8>>2, uperaj iraugm 0> plr`lgt cg tbl twa ylirs erajKugl 8>>2, hlearl eiffcgd ta iraugm 0< plr`lgtae DM^ hy lgm-8>>2. Cg 8>>2, earlcdg `ficjsag tbl Hiftc` àugtrcls pliolm it ifjast 9=>plr`lgt ae DM^, Pautblistlrg Lurapl it avlr9>> plr`lgt, igm tbl L\< it avlr 2> plr`lgt

ae DM^. Ju`b ae tbcs cg`rlisl bis hllg mul tatbl drawtb cg faìf `ficjs ae wlstlrg Lurapligearlcdg iefcitls. ]bl flvlf ae earlcdg `ficjs taDM^ ag tbl L\2 igm Pautblistlrg Lurapligàugtrcls it lgm-8>>2 rljicgs àgscmlrihfybcdblr tbig tbl ivlridls ear AL@M àugtrclsigm cgmllm tbit ahslrvlm ear tbl Iscig-`rcscsàugtrcls it lgm-9334. Cgtlrgitcagif `ficjstlgm ta hl àg`lgtritlm ag tbl gag-higo prc-vitl sl`tar igm higocgd sl`tars ritblr tbig

tbl puhfc` sl`tar wctb tbl sbirl ae sbart-tlrjcgtlrgitcagif `ficjs rlfitcvlfy bcdb cg ]urolyigm tbl jcmmfl-cgàjl @CP àugtrcls. ]bldladripbc` pittlrgs ae higocgd sl`tar cgtlr-fcgoidls vci earlcdg `ficjs bivl lvafvlm cg imceelrlgt jigglr i`rass suh-rldcags. Tbcfliff rldcags bivl sllg i rlfitcvl rlmu`tcag cg tblsbirl ae Dlrjig higos cg tblcr earlcdg `ficjs,Pwlmcsb higos irl tbl prcjiry earlcdg `ficj

`rlmctar cg tbl Hiftc`s igm tbl sbirl ae Iustrcig`ficjs bis rcslg cg tbl @lgtrif Luraplig glwjljhlr stitls ae tbl L\, tbl jcmmfl-cgàjl@CP, igm Pautblistlrg Lurapl.

Xljcttig`l cgaws bivl drawg ripcmfyavlr tbl pist vl ylirs igm ear fawlr-cgàjllàgajcls cg L@I autwlcdb tbl cgtri- igmlxtri-rldcagif gig`cif cgtlr-fcgoidls vci prc-

vitl ìpctif aws. ]bl maffir viful ae rljct-tig`l cgaws ta L@I drlw it ig igguifczlmdrawtb ritl ae iraugm 04 plr`lgt hltwllg 8>>0igm 8>>4 vlrsus iraugm 93 plr`lgt plr iggujear mlvlfapcgd àugtrcls is i wbafl. Ae tbaslàugtrcls wctb bcdb cgaws ae rljcttig`lsrlfitcvl ta DM^, igguifczlm drawtb ritls aerljcttig`l cgaws ae 08 plr`lgt wlrl sllg earJafmavi, 55 plr`lgt ear Izlrhickig, 4= plr-`lgt ear tbl Oyrdyz Xlpuhfc`, igm 2= plr`lgtear ]ikcocstig. Cg su`b àugtrcls, tbl flvlf aelxtlrgif gig`cif cgaws eraj rljcttig`ls eirlx`llms tbit ae ìpctif cgaws, lxpascgd àug-trcls ta rlmu`tcags cg ljpfayjlgt igm widls cgjcdrigt bast àugtrcls jarl tbig mcrl`t lxpa-surls ta mlvlfapjlgts cg cgtlrgitcagif gig-`cif jirolts. Ear lxijpfl, cg ]ikcocstig igmJafmavi cg 8>>4 ct cs lstcjitlm tbit rljcttig`lcgaws ta DM^ wlrl iraugm =5 plr`lgt igm

0= plr`lgt rlspl`tcvlfy àjpirlm wctb glt ìp-ctif cgaws ae iraugm 9> plr`lgt ae DM .Ear jigy augtrcls, pirtcùfirfy cg tbl fawlr-

cgàjl @CP, tbl lxpasurls ta rl`lgt lxtlrgifsbaòs àjl pirtcùfirfy vci tblcr slàgm-raugm rldcagif cjpi`t, ear lxijpfl cg tlrjs aerljcttig`ls igm triml aws wctb Xussci. EarL@Is L\ jljhlr stitls igm PautblistlrgLurapl, gig`cif, pirtcùfirfy higocgd, igmtriml cgtldritcag mlvlfapjlgts bcdbfcdbtlm

tbl cg`rliscgd cgtlrmlplgmlg`ls wctb là-gajc` mlvlfapjlgts cg Tlstlrg Lurapl igmdfahif gig`cif àgmctcags. Bawlvlr, tbl pit-tlrgs ae triml igm cjpartig`l ae rljcttig`lsear fawlr-cgàjl @CP eaùs ittlgtcag ag tblpatlgtcif ear cgtri-rldcagif spcffavlrs ircscgderaj mlvlfapjlgts cg Xussci. Ear lxijpfl,lxparts ta Xussci i`àugtlm ear iraugm 0< plr-`lgt ae Hlfirus lxparts cg 8>>4 (ar raudbfy

8> plr`lgt ae DM^) igm iraugm i quirtlr aetbl lxparts ae Oyrdyz Xlpuhfc`, Jafmavi,\oricgl, igm \zhlocstig. Pcjcfirfy, cg 8>>4aws eraj Xussci i`àugtlm ear ifjast iff tbl


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rljcttig`l cgaws ear tbl bcdbfy rljcttig`l-mlplgmlgt làgajcls ae Oyrdyz Xlpuhfc` igm]ikcocstig igm avlr bife tbl rljcttig`ls taJafmavi. Is Xusscis làgajy drlw stragdfy

hltwllg 8>>0 igm 8>>4 (wctb igguif DM^drawtb cg tbl rigdl ae 5.= ta 2 plr`lgt), tblslcgtlr-fcgoidls flm ta stragd pasctcvl spcff-avlrs ta pirtglr àugtrcls. ]bl cpscml cs tbllxpasurl ae tblsl àugtrcls ta igy mawgturgcg Xussci (wctb tbl Tarfm Higos Kugl 8>>3Xusscig Làgajc` Xlpart earlìstcgd i rlifDM^ àgtri`tcag ae 4.3 plr`lgt cg 8>>3 wctbdrawtb ae 8.< plr`lgt cg 8>9>).

Hifig`l Pbllt Ptrlgdtbs igm Tlioglssls

]bl àjpasctcag igm strlgdtbs ae majlstc`sl`tarif hifig`l sbllts irl `ru`cif mltlrjc-gigts ae tbl cjpi`t ag tbl làgajy ae lxtlrgifsbaòs trigsjcttlm vci tbl vircaus cgtlrgitcagifcgtlr-fcgoidls mcsùsslm ihavl. Ae pirtcù-fir cgtlrlst cg L@I bivl hllg tbl cgtlrrlfitlmmlvlfapjlgts cg bauslbafm igm gig`cif sl`tarhifig`l sbllts avlr tbl pist vl ylirs rlfitcgdta cg`rliscgd bauslbafm cgmlhtlmglss igm tblcrlxpasurls ta ùrrlg`y igm cgtlrlst ritl sbaòs.

Bauslbafm cgmlhtlmglss bis drawg ripcmfycg jigy L@I àugtrcls. Hltwllg 8>>8 igm8>>4, ear lxijpfl, bauslbafm mlht rlfitcvl taDM^ drlw it ig igguif ivlridl ritl ae 04 plr-`lgt cg tbl glwlr jljhlr àugtrcls ae tbl L\,wbcfl rcscgd agfy hy 4 plr`lgt cg tbl afmlr L\jljhlr àugtrcls. Cg tbl glw L\ jljhlrs,

bauslbafm mlht gaw rlprlslgts i fcttfl avlr iquirtlr ae DM^, iftbaudb ct rljicgs hlfawtbl 5< plr`lgt flvlf cg afmlr L\ jljhlrs.Bauslbafm cgmlhtlmglss ifsa bis hllg draw-cgd ripcmfy cg i gujhlr ae àugtrcls cg tbl @CPàugtrcls igm tbl Tlstlrg Hifoigs. ]bl rcs-cgd trlgms cg bauslbafm cgmlhtlmglss, igm tblissa`citlm rcsos igm hlglts, irl igifyzlm cgjarl mlticf cg `biptlr 8.

]bl drawtb cg bauslbafm cgmlhtlmglss eaf-faws tbl ripcm lxpigscag cg `rlmct ta tbl prcvitlsl`tar jarl dlglriffy.8Huayigt bauscgd jir-olts, eivarihfl ji`ralàgajc` igm gig`cif

àgmctcags, igm tbl cg`rliscgd ivicfihcfcty aei hraim rigdl ae jartdidl cgstrujlgts bivlugmlrpcgglm ct. Ear tbl glw L\ jljhlr aug-trcls, ct bis ifsa hllg suddlstlm tbit tbl agvlr-

dlg`l cg fcvcgd stigmirms tawirm tbl L\ ivlr-idl bis blfplm i``lflritl `rlmct drawtb.0Avlrtbcs sijl plrcam, bauslbafm gig`cif issltsifsa drlw ripcmfy, tbaudb gat it tbl sijl pi`lis bauslbafm cgmlhtlmglss. Is i rlsuft, tbl gltgig`cif isslts rlfitcvl ta DM^ ae tbl bausl-bafm sl`tar bivl eifflg cg jigy àugtrcls cg tblpist elw ylirs, iftbaudb ag i plr ìpcti hiscsglt gig`cif isslts bivl dlglriffy rcslg scg`l8>>> wctb sajl ml`fcgl cg rl`lgt ylirs hlìuslae tbl pi`l ae i`ùjufitcag ae fcihcfctcls. ]a tbllxtlgt tbit tbl rcsls cg bauslbafm fcihcfctcls irlissa`citlm wctb jartdidls, tbly irl fcolfy ta hljit`blm hy drlitlr praplrty isslts, iftbaudbugeartugitlfy miti ag tbl avlriff hifig`l sblltpasctcags ae tbl bauslbafm sl`tar, cg`fumcgdhatb gig`cif igm gag-gig`cif isslts su`b ispraplrty, irl gat ivicfihfl.

]bl rcsl cg tbl drass gig`cif pasctcags ae

tbl bauslbafm sl`tar, igm tblcr `bigdcgd àj-pasctcag, bis hatb hraudbt hlglts igm cgtra-mu`lm glw sl`tarif vufglrihcfctcls. Is bausl-bafm gig`cif pasctcags bivl drawg, tblrl bishllg i sbcet tawirm bauscgd faigs ar jartdidlsag tbl fcihcfcty scml ae tbl hifig`l sbllt igmig cg`rliscgd sbirl ae lquctcls igm plgscagigm jutuif eugms ag tbl isslt scml. Ag tblagl bigm, rcscgd cgmlhtlmglss rll`ts tbl hlg-lts ae gig`cif sl`tar mlvlfapjlgt, iffawcgd

bauslbafms ta sjaatb tblcr àgsujptcag avlrtcjl igm i`qucrl bajl awglrsbcp wctbaut scd-gcìgt sivcgds. @bigdls cg tbl isslt scml aetbl hifig`l sbllt hraudbt cg`rliscgd mcvlrsc-ìtcag igm lxpasurl ta bcdblr yclfmcgd isslt`fissls tbig tbl trimctcagif mlpascts igm ùr-rlg`y. Ag tbl atblr bigm, tblsl mlvlfapjlgtshrcgd tbl patlgtcif ear drlitlr lxpasurls aebauslbafms glt gig`cif pasctcags ta ùrrlg`y,

isslt prc`cgd, igm cgtlrlst ritl rcsos. (]bcs wcffhl mcsùsslm cg drlitlr mlptb cg tbl glxt `bip-tlr.) Ce tbl rlspl`tcvl rcsos irl gat blmdlm igmtbly suhslqulgtfy jitlrcifczl, tbly jiy flim


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9> ]bl @rcscs Bcts BajlPtrlss-]lstcgd Bauslbafms cg Lurapl igm @lgtrif Isci

ta mltlrcaritcags cg bauslbafms ihcfcty ta slr-vc`l tblcr mlht ahfcditcags. ]bcs cg turg ìgimvlrslfy ieel`t tbl bliftb ae gig`cif sl`tarhifig`l sbllts wctb slàgm-raugm cjpfcìtcags

ear bauslbafms cg tlrjs ae tbl ivicfihcfcty igmàst ae `rlmct.

Higocgd sl`tar hifig`l sbllts cg L@I bivllxpigmlm ripcmfy cg tbl pist vl ylirs, pir-tcùfirfy cg tbl Hiftc`s igm jcmmfl-cgàjl@CP àugtrcls, eugmlm cg`rliscgdfy hy lxtlrgifpirlgt draups igm wbaflsifl jirolts. @rlmctdrawtb bis àvlrlm hatb tbl bauslbafm sl`-tar igm gag-higo prcvitl àrparitl sl`tar. Is i

rlsuft, tbl jlig prcvitl rlmct ta DM^ ae aug-trcls cg L@I raudbfy mauhflm eraj 8>>0 ta=> plr`lgt cg 8>>4 (wctb tbl jlmcig ritca rcs-cgd eraj 93 ta 00 plr`lgt). Cg tbl Hiftc`s, tbljlig flvlf ae prcvitl rlmct ta DM^ trcpflm avlrtbcs plrcam ta 49 plr`lgt wctb tbl jligs ear tbljcmmfl- igm faw-cgàjl @CP draupcgds mau-hfcgd ta iraugm => igm 92 plr`lgt rlspl`tcvlfy.]blsl flvlfs àjpirl ta jligs ae 98> plr`lgt,=2 plr`lgt, igm 00 plr`lgt ear AL@M àug-trcls, jcmmfl-cgàjl, igm faw-cgàjl mlvlfap-cgd àugtry suh-sijpfls rlspl`tcvlfy.

Ivlridl higo `rlmct-ta-mlpasct ritcas bimrli`blm iraugm 98> plr`lgt cg L@I hy 8>>4,flimcgd ta àg`lrg avlr eugmcgd igm fcqucmctyrcsos. ]bl drawtb cg `rlmct ta DM^ cg dlglriftbraudb 8>>8 ta 8>>4 bis hllg issa`citlm wctbrcscgd `rlmct-ta-mlpasct ritcas, tbit cs, cg`rlislmrlfcig`l ag gag-mlpasct eugmcgd saur`ls.

Bawlvlr, hatb trlgms bivl hllg pirtcùfirfyjirolm cg augtrcls wctbcg L@I. Pajl ae tblslgag-mlpasct eugms rll`t cg`rlislm i``lss tapirlgtif eugmcgd saur`ls, is tbl trlgm tawirmcg`rlislm earlcdg awglrsbcp ae higocgd sl`tarscg L@I bis àgtcgulm cg rl`lgt ylirs ar, cg tblìsl ae jigy ae L@Is L\ jljhlr stitls, sti-hcfczlm it bcdb flvlfs. Earlcdg aplritcags bivlhllg ittri`tlm hy rlfitcvlfy bcdb rlturgs wctbcgL@I cg àjpircsag ta mlvlfaplm higocgd jir-olts, it flist up ta 8>>4. Pajl ae tbl jikar pir-lgt higos cg tbl rldcag tbljslfvls ifsa ipplirlmvufglrihfl ta fcqucmcty igm eugmcgd rcsos (l.d.,

wctb glt faigs ta àgsujlr igm sbart-tlrjeugmcgd is ae lgm-8>>4 cg tbl rigdl ae 9>> ta9 plr`lgt). ]bl bcdb flvlf ae cgtri-rldcagiffcgoidls tbraudb tbl slt ae jikar pirlgt higos

ricslm àg`lrgs avlr tbl cjpi`t ae draup fcqucm-cty prahfljs ag faìf higocgd systljs igm tblrlfitlm rldufitary àarmcgitcag cssuls.

Iftbaudb tbl higocgd systlj-flvlf pc`turldacgd cgta fitl 8>>2 eraj stigmirm isslt quif-cty igm ìpctif imlqui`y cgmcìtars rlvliflmagfy i fcjctlm gujhlr ae wliolr autfclrs, su`bfiddlm iddrlditl cgmcìtars jiy gat pravcml igi`ùritl pc`turl ae tbl ùrrlgt bliftb ae higo-

cgd sl`tars. Ear lxijpfl, gitcagif pavlrty fcgl(G^F) ritcas jiy hl rlfitcvlfy faw hlìusl aetbl rl`lgt ripcm lxpigscag ae `rlmct jarl tbigaeeslttcgd rl`fisscìtcag ae faigs is prahflj-itc`. Cg immctcag, rcscgd cgtlrlst ritls ag tblcrawg ìg ìusl i mltlrcaritcag ae ìpctif iml-qui`y ritcas cg i jiro-ta-jirolt lgvcragjlgt.Eurtblrjarl, i jarl dlglrif wliolgcgd aeisslt quifcty jiy cg`rlisl safvlg`y àg`lrgs,ritblr tbig tbl praxcjitl fcqucmcty àg`lrgs ae

fitl 8>>2, cg flss rahust higocgd sl`tars.Is cs wlff ogawg, jigy ae tbl làgajcls

cg L@I, pirtcùfirfy cg tbl Hiftc`s igm `lgtrifLurapl, lgtlrlm 8>>2 wctb suhstigtcif ùrrlgti`àugt ml`cts. Ju`b ae tbl eugmcgd ear tblslbis ajl eraj tbl cgtlrgitcagif higo aws tbitirl prakl`tlm ta ml`fcgl jirolmfy cg 8>>3. Lvlgtbasl àugtrcls jarl rlfcigt ag EMC gig`-cgd irl fcolfy ta ei`l cg`rliscgd mceùftcls cg

eugmcgd dcvlg tbl dlglrif mawgturg cg drawtbpraspl`ts cg tbl rldcag igm àrparitl sl`tarmceùftcls cg mlvlfaplm làgajcls. Cg sajlae tbl ìsls ae prlvcaus gatihfl rlvlrsifs ùr-rlgt i`àugt ml`cts, su`b is cg tbl Iscig `rcscs,imkustjlgt vci tbl triml hifig`l wis passchflhlìusl ae i rlfitcvlfy suppartcvl lxtlrgif lgvc-ragjlgt wbc`b ugeartugitlfy cs gat tbl isl eartbl ùrrlgt ml`cts cg tbl L@I rldcag.

âfc`y Ptig`l

]bl ihcfcty ae pafc`y jlisurls ta lctblr suppartmajlstc` hifig`l sbllts cg tbl ei`l ae lxtlrgif


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sbaòs ar jctcditl tbl trigsjcsscag ae tblslsbaòs ta tbl bauslbafm sl`tar cs àgstricglmhy cgctcif àgmctcags cg tlrjs ae sìf spi`l,lx`bigdl ritl irrigdljlgts, igm cgitcagiry

autfaao. Cgmllm tbl giturl ae tbl hifig`l sblltstrlgdtbs igm wlioglssls ifsa ducmls tbl patlg-tcif pafc`y rlspagsls ta tbl lxtlrgif sbaòs. Earlxijpfl, i rlfitcvlfy wlio higocgd sl`tar wctbbcdb flvlfs ae earlcdg fcihcfctcls jiy fcjct tblavlriff cjpi`t ae lx`bigdl ritl mlprl`citcag aglàgajc` i`tcvcty dcvlg tbl sàpl ear imvlrslhifig`l sbllt leel`ts ta aeeslt, ar autwlcdb, igypasctcvl hlglts cg lxtlrgif triml pasctcags.

Pu`b àgscmlritcags jiy ìutcag idicgst scd-gcìgt lx`bigdl ritl faaslgcgd.Ag tbl sìf scml, tbl ihcfcty ae làgajcls ta

usl davlrgjlgt splgmcgd ta immrlss tbl imvlrslcgàjl sbaò cs dlglriffy àgstricglm (ar gag-lxcstlgt) cg tbl prlslg`l ae firdl igm birmlr tagig`l ùrrlgt i`àugt ml`cts. Cg sajl ìsls,ct jiy ifsa hl fcjctlm tbraudb mlht susticg-ihcfcty ag`lrgs ircscgd eraj stru`turif ml`ctsigm passchfl àgtcgdlgt fcihcfctcls ircscgd eraj

higocgd sl`tar rlìpctifczitcags. Iftbaudbacf lxpartlrs, su`b is Xussci igm Oiziobstig,lgtlrlm tbcs plrcam wctb stragdlr lxtlrgif igmsìf rlslrvls tbig mcm atblr L@I àugtrcls,tblcr sàpl ta ljpfay tblsl eugms bis hlàjljarl fcjctlm cg tbl ei`l ae eiffcgd acf prc`ls.Tbcfl rlmu`lm mljigm igm fawlr àjjam-cty prc`ls bivl rlmu`lm avlrblitcgd prlssurlscg `lrticg àugtrcls, cgitcagiry àg`lrgsrljicg cg i gujhlr ae àugtrcls murcgd tblpiss-tbraudb ae lx`bigdl ritl mlprl`citcag. Cgatblr àugtrcls, tbl prlslg`l ae xlm lx`bigdlritl rldcjls fcjcts tbl usidl ae jagltiry paf-c`y ta rlspagm ta lxtlrgif sbaòs. âfctcìf àg-scmlritcags, ae àursl, imm i eurtblr àjpflxctyta tblsl pafc`y triml-aees.

L. Pbaòs ta Bauslbafm Tlfeirl

Mlplgmcgd ag tbl strlgdtbs igm wlioglssls cgji`ra vufglrihcfctcls, igm pafc`y rlspagsls, tbldfahif sbaòs jiy rlsuft cg i rigdl ae sbaòs

ta bauslbafm àgsujptcag igm wlfeirl. ]blglxt `biptlrs lxijcgl tbl patlgtcif cjpi`t aesbaòs ta bauslbafm cgàjl vci `rlmct jiroltsbaòs, lxtlrgif prc`ls (eaam igm eulf), igm

cgàjl sbaòs. ]bl ji`ra àgtlxt ae li`b aetblsl sbaòs cs autfcglm hlfaw, cg immctcag tai hrcle mcsùsscag ae tbl patlgtcif ear wliftbleel`ts, wbc`b, is jlgtcaglm ihavl, irl gatcg`fumlm cg tbl suhslqulgt jc`raigifyscs earmiti ivicfihcfcty rlisags.

Cgàjl Pbaòs

Pbaòs ta bauslbafm cgàjl ircscgd eraj tbl

làgajc` `rcscs jiy ircsl tbraudb i virclty ae`bigglfs igm, mlplgmcgd ag tbl bauslbafm, jiyhl vclwlm is tljpariry ar plrjiglgt. Ecrst,fihar cgàjl jiy eiff is i rlsuft ae tbl fass aeljpfayjlgt ar eiffcgd rlif widls ear tbasl wbarljicg cg waro. Plàgm, ml`fcgcgd rljcttig`lcgaws irl igatblr `bigglf tbraudb wbc`bbauslbafm cgàjl jiy eiff. Ecgiffy, `bigdls cgsa`cif pratl`tcag pafc`cls is i rlsuft ae tbl `rcscsjiy ifsa ieel`t bauslbafm cgàjls.

]baudb tbl lxpasurls ta lxtlrgif sbaòsigm strlgdtbs ae cgctcif hifig`l sbllts igmpafc`y stig`ls viry i`rass àugtrcls, tblrl bishllg i hraim-hislm rlmu`tcag cg rlif i`tcv-cty cg L@I is i rlsuft ae tbl dfahif làgajcìgm gig`cif `rcscs. Ietlr turgcgd glditcvl cgKufy 8>>2, tbl 0-jagtb ag 0-jagtb drawtbcg cgmustrcif pramu`tcag cg L@I àgtri`tlm itig cg`rliscgdfy ripcm ritl eraj A`tahlr 8>>2,

rli`bcgd iraugm => plr`lgt ag ig igguif-czlm ritl cg Kiguiry 8>>3. ]bl slvlrcty ae tbcsmawgturg bis lx`llmlm lvlg tbl àgtri`tcagcg tbl AL@M àugtrcls. ]bl sìfl ae tbl rlifsfawmawg cs ifsa lvcmlgt cg tbl jidgctuml aetbl DM^ àgtri`tcags cg 8>>3. Ear lxijpfl,\oricgl sueelrlm i 8> plr`lgt ylir-ag-ylirrlif DM^ àgtri`tcag cg Y9 8>>3 wctb àg-tri`tcags cg tbl Hiftc`s cg tbl rigdl ae 98 ta93 plr`lgt cg Y9 igm 94 ta 80 plr`lgt cg Y8(i`àrmcgd ta prlfcjcgiry lstcjitls.

Is rlif i`tcvcty bis eifflg, tblrl cs ifsacg`rliscgd lvcmlg`l ae tbl trigsjcsscag ae


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Kig->4 Kuf->4 Kig->2 Kuf->2 Kig->3

^lr`lgt

8

-84 Kuf->4 Kig->2 Kuf->2 Kig->3

^lr`lgt

8>

9

ECD\XL 9.2

Xcscgd \gljpfayjlgt Xitls

Paur`ls;\G Làgajc` @ajjcsscag ear Lurapl, ]urocsb Ptitcstcìf Cgstctutl, tbl Idlg`y ae Ptitcstc`s ae tbl Xlpuhfc` ae Oiziobst ig.

Gatls;\gljpfayjlgt ritls hislm ag fihar ear `l survlys. Hrlio cg ]uroly slrcls jltbamafady it Kiguiry 8>>2.

Oiziobstig \oricgl ]urolyHiftc`s (jlig)Xusscig ElmlritcagL\< (jlig)

tbl `rcscs tbraudb ta rcscgd ugljpfayjlgtgujhlrs igm ml`fcgcgd rlif widl drawtb.\gljpfayjlgt ritls bivl hllg drimuiffycg`rliscgd scg`l jcm-8>>2. ]bl Hiftc` àug-trcls, wblrl Fitvci igm Lstagci lxplrclg`lmDM^ àgtri`tcags cg 8>>2, bivl sbawg tbllirfclst igm pirtcùfirfy stllp rcsls cg uglj-pfayjlgt hut ritls bivl ifsa stirtlm ta sbawig upwirm trlgm cg jigy atblr àugtrclsi`rass tbl rldcag. Xlif widl drawtb bis ifsa

turglm mawgwirm cg i gujhlr ae àugtrcls.Ear lxijpfl, rlif widls cg \oricgl elff hy98 plr`lgt ylir-ag-ylir cg Y9 8>>3 àjpirlmwctb drawtb ae iraugm 90 plr`lgt cg Y9 8>>2.

Xljcttig`l cgaws bivl ifsa tiolg i sbirpmawgturg, triòcgd mlvlfapjlgts cg tbl jikar

saur`ls ae eugms, cg pirtcùfir Xussci igm tblL\. Pfawlr dfahif igm rldcagif drawtb fawlrsmljigm ear jcdrigt warolrs eraj L@I. Earlxijpfl, drawtb cg tbl Xusscig àgstru`tcag


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sl`tar, ig cjpartigt saur`l ae ljpfayjlgt earrldcagif jcdrigts, bis ml`lflritlm sbirpfy. Is`rlmct àgmctcags tcdbtlg eurtblr, àgstru`-tcag sl`tar i`tcvcty cs fcolfy ta àgtcgul ta

ml`fcgl. Cgmllm, earjif rljcttig`l autawseraj Xussci ta @CP àugtrcls àgtri`tlm hy09 plr`lgt ylir-ag-ylir cg \P maffir tlrjs cgY9 8>>3 àjpirlm wctb drawtb ae 98 plr`lgtcg Y= 8>>2. ]bcs àjpirls ta mlprl`citcag aetbl ivlridl ruhfl ta \P maffir lx`bigdl ritl

ae 83 plr`lgt ylir-ag-ylir cg Y9 igm 9> plr-`lgt cg Y=. Earjif rljcttig`l cgaws, cg\P maffirs, ear ]ikcocstig elff 05 plr`lgtylir-ag-ylir cg tbl rst vl jagtbs ae 8>>3

wctb cgaws ta Dlardci igm Jafmavi ifsamawg 89 plr`lgt igm 08 plr`lgt ylir-ag-ylirrlspl`tcvlfy cg tbl rst bife ae 8>>3, triò-cgd ml`fcgls cg Xusscig àgstru`tcag i`tcv-cty. Ietlr igguif drawtb ae iraugm 04 plr`lgtplr ylir eraj 8>>= tbraudb 8>>4, tbl drawtb

Kig->5 Kuf->5 Kig->4 Kuf->4 Kig->2 Kuf->2 Kig->3 Kuf->3

^lr`lgt

9>>

>

-

ECD\XL 9.3

Pbirp Ml`lflritcag cg Earjif Xljcttig`l CgawsDrawtb cg 0 jagtb javcgd ivlridl, plr`lgt ylir-ag-ylir

Paur`ls;Gitcagif iutbarctcls, CJE Cgtlrgit cagif Ecgig`cif Ptitcstc`s, Mitistrlij, igm stiee ifùfitcags.

Gatls;Xljcttig`ls irl eraj jagly trigse lr miti. Xusscig agstru`tcag cs tbl viful ae waros plrearjlm cg urrlgt prc`ls igm cs agvlrtlm eraj Xusscig ruhfls cgta\P maffirs it tbl ivlridl lx`bigdl ritl ae plrcam.

Dlardci ]ikcocstig Xusscig agstru`tcag (rauhfls)Xusscig àgstru`tcag (\P$)Jafmavi

8>>< 8>>5 8>>4 8>>2l 8>>3e 8>9>e

Igguifdrawtb,plr`lgt

8

-8

Drawtb cg Xljcttig`l CgawsGajcgif \P maffir

Paur`ls;TH ML@^D Jcdritcag igm Mlvlfapjlgt Hrcle, 90 Kufy 8>>3.

L@I Mlvlfapcgd làgajcls

Earlìsts ear 8>>3 igm 8>9>;

Hislsafcm fcgl

Fawmisblm fcgl


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9= ]bl @rcscs Bcts BajlPtrlss-]lstcgd Bauslbafms cg Lurapl igm @lgtrif Isci

cg tbl gajcgif maffir viful ae cgwirm rljct-tig`ls ta tbl rldcag cs lstcjitlm hy tbl TarfmHigo ta bivl ml`fcglm ta iraugm 98 plr`lgtcg 8>>2 wctb i àgtri`tcag ae 9< ta 94 plr`lgt

earlìst ear 8>>3. ]bcs cs raudbfy mauhfl tblprakl`tlm hislfcgl àgtri`tcag ear tatif rljct-tig`ls ta mlvlfapcgd àugtrcls igm àjpirlsta i àgtri`tcag ae 95 plr`lgt cg 9333 murcgdtbl Xusscig `rcscs plrcam. ]blsl leel`ts wcffhl pirtcùfirfy elft cg slfl`tlm àugtrcls cgPautblistlrg Lurapl igm tbl faw-cgàjl @CPwblrl rljcttig`ls irl tbl firdlst saur`l aelxtlrgif gig`l igm àgstctutl firdl partcagsae DM^.

Faaocgd earwirm, tbl fcolfy jidgctuml

igm tcjcgd ae tblsl imvlrsl cgàjl sbaòs csmlplgmlgt upag tbl drawtb autfaao ear tblrldcag.]bcs autfaao bis hllg suhkl`t ta agtcg-uif, igm scdgcìgt, mawgdrimls eraj A`tahlr8>>2. Is earlìsts bivl hllg mawgdrimlm,tbl ug`lrticgty iraugm tblj (is rll`tlm cgtbl vircitcag cg tbl earlìsts ae àgtrchutars)bis cg`rlislm. Ae`cif drawtb prakl`tcags ae

tbl Cgtlrgitcagif Jagltiry Eugm (CJE) igmTarfm Higo bivl hllg agtcguiffy rlvcslm scg`lA`tahlr cg rlspagsl ta tbl `bigdcgd gitcagifigm dfahif làgajc` àgmctcags. ]bl CJEs

Iprcf 8>>3 Tarfm Làgajc` Autfaao (TLA)earlìsts irl ear i agtri`tcag ae avlr 9> plr`lgtcg tbl Hiftc`s cg 8>>3, iraugm 5 plr`lgt cg tbljcmmfl-cgàjl @CP àugtrcls, igm < plr`lgt cg

]uroly. @ajhcglm wctb àgtri`tcags ae iraugm8 ta 0 plr`lgt earlìst ear Pautblistlrg Lurapligm tbl @lgtrif Luraplig glw jljhlr stitlsigm sajl pasctcvl drawtb cg tbl faw-cgàjl@CP, tbl avlriff àgtri`tcag cg DM^ cg L@I cg8>>3 cs earlìst ta hl kust avlr = plr`lgt wctb irlàvlry ta 9 plr`lgt drawtb cg 8>9>. Ae pir-tcùfir cgtlrlst, cg tlrjs ae tbl patlgtcif mrcv-lrs ae làgajc` rlàvlry, cs tbl dfahif giturlae tbl mawgturg wctb tbl àgtri`tcag cg mlvlf-aplm làgajcls fcjctcgd tbl sàpl ear lxpart-flm rlàvlrcls, is pursulm, ear lxijpfl, cg tblIscig `rcscs àugtrcls.

]bl quifcty ae làgajc` rlàvlry ifsa jit-tlrs. Cg immctcag ta suhstigtcif ug`lrticgtyrldirmcgd tbl muritcag igm slvlrcty ae tbl `rc-scs, ct cs ug`flir wbltblr làgajc` drawtbceigm wblg tbl rlàvlry hldcgswcff gl`lssircfytrigsfitl euffy cgta drawtb cg bauslbafm àg-

sujptcag. Cg pirt, tbl pavlrty cjpi`t ae là-gajc` rlàvlry mlplgms ag wbltblr rlglwlmdrawtb cs i`àjpigclm hy, ear lxijpfl, àj-jlgsuritl cg`rlisls cg widl, ljpfayjlgt

9334 9332 9333 8>>> 8>>9 8>>2 8>>3 8>9> 8>99 8>98

ECD\XL 9.99

Drawtb iraugm Xl`lgt @rcscs ^lrcams; 933432 igm 8>>2>3Xlif DM^ drawtb

Paur`l;CJE TLA (Iprcf 8>>3) mitihisl igm stie e ìfùfitcags.

Gatl;Xldcagif ivlridls irl wlcdbtlm uscgd augtry sbirls cg dfahif ^^ DM^.

^lr`lgt

^lr`lgt

98

5

>

-5

-98

98

5

>

-5

-98

Imvig`lm làgajcls Iscig rcscs < Jcmmfl-cgàjl @CP L\


37/106

95i.

DM^ @rlmct

t-8 t-9 t t+9 t+8

998

99>

9>2

9>5

9>=

9>8

9>>

32

98>

99

9>>

3 9309 9308 9300 930= 930< 9305

90

98

99

9>>

3>2. Pcg`lA`tahlr/Gavljhlr 8>>2, tbl lura ritls

bivl mrapplm aee, is pafc`y ritl igm quigtcti-tcvl liscgd bivl hllg imaptlm, igm ifsa fcolfymljigm bis mrapplm. Bawlvlr, ae àursl,tblsl lura ritls ma gat rll`t tbl hurmlg ae

jartdidl rlpiyjlgts cg faìf ùrrlg`y, wbc`bcg`rlislm jirolmfy wctb tbl mlprl`citcagsmurcgd tbl eiff ae 8>>2. \oricgls ivlridl \Pmaffir lx`bigdl ritl cg Kufy 8>>3 rljicglmmlprl`citlm hy => plr`lgt àjpirlm wctb ctsflvlf it tbl hldcggcgd ae Plptljhlr 8>>2,wctb âfigm igm Bugdiry mlprl`citcgd hy 88plr`lgt igm 90 plr`lgt, rlspl`tcvlfy, idicgsttbl lura avlr tbl sijl plrcam. Pajl àug-trcls, su`b is Hlfirus igm Oiziobstig, bivlugmlrtiolg stlp mlvifuitcags ae tblcr ùrrlg-`cls (iftbaudb tbl xlm lx`bigdl ritl rldcjlscg àugtrcls su`b is tbl Hiftc`s igm Hufdircibivl rljicglm rj).

Lxtlrgif ^rc`l Pbaòs

Eaam igm eulf prc`ls rasl sbirpfy cg jigyL@I àugtrcls cg 8>>4 igm tbraudb tbl rsttbrll quirtlrs ae 8>>2. Hltwllg 8>>5 igm8>>2, dfahif eaam igm eulf cgitcag mauhflm.]bl ripcm cg`rlisl cg eaam prc`ls wis ugmlr-pcgglm hy scdgcìgt mraudbts cg vircaus pirtsae tbl warfm cg`fumcgd cg sajl àugtrcls cg

Kig->2 Jiy->2 Plp->2 Kig->3 Jiy->3

Earlcdgùrrlg`yplrfaìfùrrlg`y

(9Kig8>>2:9>>)

9

98>

4>2.

Is mcsùsslm ihavl, is tbl dfahif gig`cif`rcscs bis warslglm, eaam igm eulf prc`ls bivlihitlm warfmwcml. Cg firdl pirt, tbcs bis hllg

mrcvlg hy tbl warslgcgd dfahif gig`cif `rc-scs, tbl làgajc` rl`lsscag cg jigy àugtrclsi`rass mceelrlgt rldcags igm tbl làgajc`sfawmawg, jarl dlglriffy, igm, is i rlsuft,eiffcgd dfahif mljigm ear àjjamctcls. Cgimmctcag, tbl cg`rlislm idrcùfturl pramu`-tcag i`tcvcty, eaffawcgd saircgd eaam prc`ls igmbcdblr rlturgs ta idrcùfturif i`tcvcty, flm tai haugtceuf 8>>2 birvlst, liscgd dfahif àj-jamcty sbartidls.

Ear jigy augtrcls cg L@I, bawlvlr, tblrl irlrlisags ta hlfclvl tbit tbl cjpi`t ae tbl imvlrsl

cjpi`t ae tbl eaam igm eulf `rcscs ag bauslbafmsjiy gat hl avlr. ]bl ritcagifl ear tbcs vclw ìghl spfct cgta glir- igm jlmcuj-tlrj ei`tars. Cgtbl glir tlrj, tbl scdgcìgt mlprl`citcags ae

faìf urrlg`cls is mlticflm ihavl slrvl is aeeslt-tcgd ei`tars idicgst tbl ml`fcgl cg tbl \P maffircgtlrgitcagif prc`ls (sll durl 9.9=). Cg immctcag,sajl bivl lxprlsslm àg`lrg tbit cgitcag rcsosjiy plrscst wctb tbl àgtcgucgd piss-tbraudbae rl`lgt eaam igm eulf prc`l cg`rlisls, mul tafids cg sbcppcgd igm mcstrchutcag.2]blrl cs ifsasajl cgmcìtcag tbit eiffcgd dfahif àjjam-cty prc`ls bivl gat trigsfitlm cgta fawlr rlticf

eaam prc`ls faìffy cg tblsl làgajcls, cg pirthlìusl blmdl àgtri`ts jiy bivl prlvcausfyfaòlm cg bcdblr prc`ls.3Cg immctcag, wbcfl prc`lflvlfs jiy bivl àjl mawg, tbly àufm stcff hlit flvlfs suhstigtciffy bcdblr tbig tblcr prl-8>>4ar prl-8>>2 flvlfs. ]bl jirolm eiff cg cgtlrgi-tcagif eaam prc`ls cg \P maffir tlrjs eraj fitl8>>2 bis gat hllg rll`tlm cg i gujhlr ae eaamprc`l @agsujlr ^rc`l Cgmlx (@^C) suh-cgmc`ls(durl 9.94 Kuf->4 Kig->2 Kuf->2 Kig->3

Cgmlx(Kig8>>4:9>>)

8>>

9

9>>

Jlmcig faìf urrlg`y viful aeeaam prc`l cgmlx (sbimlm irlisirl 9>tb3>tb plr`lgtcfl rigdl)

Eaam prc`l cgmlx (\P$)

Kig->4 Kuf->4 Kig->2 Kuf->2 Kig->3 Kuf->3

Cgmlx(Kig8>>4:9>>)

8

8>>

9

9>>

Jlmcig faìf ùrrlg`y viful aelglrdy prc`l cgmlx (sbimlm irlisirl 9>tb3>tb plr`lgtcfl rigdl)

Lglrdy prc`l cgmlx (\P$)


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Cg sajl @CP àugtrcls, tblrl irl ifsa pras-pl`ts ear eurtblr raugms ae lxtlrgif lglrdy prc`lsbaòs cg tbl glir tlrj is Xussci javls tawirmeuff jirolt prc`cgd ear cts lglrdy lxparts. ]blprc`l ae cjpartlm giturif dis ei`lm hy àg-sujlrs cg Jafmavi, ear lxijpfl, cs stcff hlfaw

Luraplig jirolt prc`ls igm cs lxpl`tlm ta àg-vlrdl ta Luraplig flvlfs cg tbl glir euturl. Cg\oricgl, sajl bivl irdulm tbit lglrdy glt-waros bivl hllg bcstarcìffy ugmlreugmlm igm

lglrdy tircees wcff bivl ta rcsl ta lgsurl tblslgltwaros gig`cif vcihcfcty.9> Cg tbl TlstlrgHifoigs, cg`rliscgd tircees ta ast-rlàvlry flv-lfs wcff hl ig cjpartigt àjpaglgt ae lfl`trc`-cty sl`tar rlearj.

Is tbl dfahif rl`lsscag warslgs, ct jiy

ugmlrùt hatb puhfc` igm prcvitl cgvlstjlgtscg tbl idrcùfturl sl`tar, tbus ùrhcgd idrcùf-turif pramu`tcag. ]bl rlsufts ae sajl scju-fitcags àgmu`tlm it tbl Cgtlrgitcagif Eaam

Kig->4 Kuf->4 Kig->2 Kuf->2 Kig->3 Kuf->3

Cgmlx(Kig8>>4:9>>)

8>>

9

9>>

ECD\XL 9.92 Ipr->2 Kuf->2 A`t->2 Kig->3 Ipr->3 Kuf->3

Cgmlx(9Kig8>>2:9>>)

9>>

4tb3>tb plr`lgtcfl rigdlMlvlfaplm jirolts (JP@C Tarfm Cgmlx)


41/106


âfc`y Xlslir`b Cgstctutl suddlst tbit i dfahiflàgajc` rl`lsscag tbit mlprlssls idrcùfturifcgvlstjlgt ìg hl issa`citlm wctb `lrlif prc`lstbit irl 0> plr`lgt bcdblr avlr tbl fagdlr tlrjtbig cg tbl ihslg`l ae i rl`lsscag.99

Tliftb Pbaòs

Bauslbafms wba wlrl fagd cg lquctcls igmpraplrty ar sbart cg earlcdg ùrrlg`y wlrl pir-tcùfirfy lxpaslm ta tbl sbaòs ta bct tblcr gltwartb pasctcag avlr tbl pist scx jagtbs. Earlxijpfl, tbl jlmcig eiff cg faìf lqucty cgmc`lseraj 9 Kiguiry 8>>2 tbraudb ta tblcr Kufy 8>>3ivlridl flvlfs wis 5> plr`lgt, wctb i => plr`lgt

jlmcig eiff ifagl avlr tbl twa jagtbs eraj 9Plptljhlr 8>>2. ]blsl àjpirl wctb eiffs ae02 plr`lgt igm 8< plr`lgt rlspl`tcvlfy ear tblJP@C mlvlfaplm lquctcls cgmlx cg faìf ùrrlg-`cls. Is mcsùsslm ihavl, bauslbafms gig`cifisslts cg tbl earj ae jutuif eugm igm plgscageugm bafmcgds bivl cg`rlislm cg rl`lgt ylirscg jigy àugtrcls cg L@I, ifagd wctb tblcrbafmcgds ae rlscmlgtcif praplrty. Bawlvlr, ct csug`flir ta wbit lxtlgt tbl rlmu`tcag cg issltvifuls tbraudb tbl mawgturg cg isslt prc`ls(ar cg`rlisl cg tbl faìf ùrrlg`y viful aefcihcfctcls mlgajcgitlm cg earlcdg ùrrlg`cls)

bis, ar wcff, flim ta i scdgcìgt wliftb leel`tag àgsujptcag. ]blrl bivl ifsa hllg jikar`bigdls cg tbl pitb ae bausl prc`ls cg rl`lgtylirs cg jigy L@I àugtrcls, is cg mlvlfaplmjirolts. Ear lxijpfl, cg Lstagci igm Fitvci

bausl prc`ls elff cg Y= 8>>2 hy iraugm 95 plr-`lgt igm 05 plr`lgt ylir-ag-ylir rlspl`tcvlfyàjpirlm wctb drawtb ritls rli`bcgd raudbfy8> plr`lgt igm 5> plr`lgt cg Y9 8>>4. Pu`bprc`l `bigdls flim ta rlmcstrchutcags ae wliftbhltwllg tbasl fagd ar sbart cg bauscgd staòs.]blsl ìg tblg ieel`t tbl mcstrchutcag ae àg-sujptcag vci mcrl`t wliftb leel`ts igm vci tblcjpi`ts ae `bigdcgd àffitlrif vifuls ag `rlmctàgstricgts. Cgmllm, bauslbafm-flvlf igifyscs

cg tbl \gctlm Ocgdmaj bis eaugm tbl firdlstlfistc`cty ae agsujptcag wctb rlspl`t ta baus-cgd prc`ls cg afmlr bajlawglrs wctb ig cgscd-gcìgt lfistc`cty ear yaugdlr rlgtlrs.98

I eurtblr trigsjcsscag `bigglf ae tbl rlifigm gig`cif cjpi`ts ae tbl `rcscs tbraudb tabauslbafm wlfeirl cs vci plgscag pravcscag. ]blgiturl igm jidgctuml ae tbl leel`ts ae tbl `rcscsvci tbcs `bigglf mlplgm `ru`ciffy ag tbl stru`-

turl ae tbl plgscag systlj, cg pirtcùfir tbljcx hltwllg piy-is-yau-da (ÎSD), eugmlm,igm vafugtiry plgscag systljs.90Ear lxijpfl,tbl jicg trigsjcsscag bigglf ear puhfc` ISD

Hufdirci @raitci Bugdiry Pfavio Xlp. Lstagci Fitvci Fctbuigci Xusscig Elm.

^lr`lgt

2>

=>

>

-=>

ECD\XL 9.94

Bauscgd ^rc`ls cg Plfl`tlm L@I @augtrclsDrawtb ylir-ag-ylir

8>>< Y8 8>>5 Y8 8>>4 Y8 8>>2 Y8 8>>2 Y=

Paur`l;Ogcdbt Erigo Dfahif Bausl rc`l Cgmlx, v ircaus cssuls.


42/106

8> ]bl @rcscs Bcts BajlPtrlss-]lstcgd Bauslbafms cg Lurapl igm @lgtrif Isci

systljs cs vci tbl cjpi`t ae tbl `rcscs ag àg-trchutcags, tbraudb rcscgd ugljpfayjlgt igmpatlgtciffy rlmu`lm widl drawtb. Eugmlm plg-scag systljs irl lxpaslm ta ml`fcgcgd isslt vifuls

(pirtcùfirfy ieel`tcgd tbasl cgmcvcmuifs rli`b-cgd rltcrljlgt idl murcgd tbl `rcscs). Uafugtiryplgscags jiy ifsa sueelr stragd imvlrsl leel`tsvci tbcs `bigglf, pirtcùfirfy vci tbl wcmlrlqucty lxpasurls ae mlglm àgtrchutcag eugms,ar tbraudb tbl cjpi`t ae ml`fcgcgd àrparitlbliftb ag tbl mlglm hlglt s`bljls.

Ifjast iff àugtrcls cg L@I, lx`lpt earOasava igm Oiziobstig, bivl sajl earj ae

ÎSD systlj, blfpcgd jctcditl tbl mcrl`t plg-scag cjpi`t ae tbl `rcscs. Bawlvlr, tbl ihcfctyae àugtrcls ta ihsarh rcscgd plgscag ml`ctsis i rlsuft ae eiffcgd àgtrchutcags cs mlplgmlgtupag tblcr sìf spi`l. Cgmllm, cg sajl àug-trcls tbit bivl hllg pirtcùfirfy ieel`tlm hy tbl`rcscs, rlvcscags ta stitl plgscag pravcscag jiyearj pirt ae tbl sìf imkustjlgt. Cg Fitvci,ear lxijpfl, scdgcìgt plgscag ùts bivl hllgrl`lgtfy prapaslm.

]basl àugtrcls, wbc`b imaptlm euffyeugmlm mlglm-àgtrchutcag s`bljls is ig

cgtldrif pirt ae tblcr jigmitary plgscags`bljls, ipplir jast mcrl`tfy vufglrihfl tatbl `rcscs. ]bcs draup cg`fumls tbcrtllg àug-trcls cg L@I, jicgfy L\ jljhlrs hut ifsa

@raitci, Ji`lmagci, Oasava, Oiziobstig,igm Xussci. Bawlvlr, cg tblsl àugtrcls tblglir-tlrj cjpfcìtcags ae tbl eiff cg issltprc`ls ear bauslbafms cg iddrlditl jiy hlfcjctlm ear i gujhlr ae rlisags. Ecrst, wctbtbl lx`lptcag ae Oasava igm Oiziobstig,wblrl 9>> plr`lgt ae àgtrchutcags irl cg tbleugmlm pcffir, tblsl àugtrcls pfi`l i blivywlcdbt ag puhfc` pravcscag (wctb 5.4 plr`lgt

ta 0< plr`lgt ae àgtrchutcags cg tbl eugmlmpcffir). Plàgm, cg tbl glir tlrj rlfitcvlfy elwwarolrs irl rltcrcgd wctb mcrl`t lxpasurl tasu`b slàgm-tclr hlglts (iftbaudb `flirfytblrl jiy hl i drlitlr euturl cjpi`t ce issltprc`ls rljicg mlprlsslm cg tbl jlmcuj tlrj).Faaocgd earwirm, eraj i pafctcìf làgajyplrspl`tcvl, tbl eiff cg tbl viful ae eugmlmpcffir plgscags hlìusl ae tbl `rcscs jiy ifsabivl cjpfcìtcags ear tbl ippltctl ear euturl

rlearjs ar ìffs ear `bigdls cg tbl ùrrlgtstru`turl ae plgscag pravcscag.


43/106

89

@BI^]LX 8

Bauslbafm Uufglrihcfctcls

I. Cgtramu`tcag

]bcs `biptlr lxijcgls bauslbafm vufglrihcfc-tcls hy igifyzcgd baw ji`ra sbaòs mcsùsslmcg @biptlr 9, gijlfy (c) `rlmct jirolt sbaòs,(cc) lxtlrgif prc`l (eaam igm eulf) sbaòs, igm(ccc) cgàjl sbaòs, cjpi`t tblcr wlff-hlcgd. Cttrlits li`b ae tblsl sbaòs slpiritlfy igm quig-tcls baw tbl `rcscs cs fcolfy ieel`tcgd tbl wlf-eirl ae bauslbafms, ag ivlridl, igm, wblglvlrpasschfl igm mriwcgd eraj àugtry-spl`c`

lxijpfls igm cffustritcags, baw su`b wlfeirlleel`ts jiy hl mcstrchutlm i`rass bauslbafms.

]bl rlsufts rlpartlm cg tbcs `biptlr sud-dlst tbit bauslbafm vufglrihcfcty cg L@I cswcmlsprlim. ]blrl irl imvlrsl leel`ts ag hatbpaar bauslbafms igm gagpaar bauslbafmsmlplgmcgd ag tbl ji`ralàgajc` sbaò, tblspl`c` trigsjcsscag `bigglf, igm slfl`tlmbauslbafm `biri`tlrcstc`s. Cg hrcle, tbcs `bip-tlr gms tbl eaffawcgd;

]bl agdacgd ji`ralàgajc` sbaòs wcff

scdgcìgtfy lxpigm tbl paaf ae bausl-

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The Crisis Hits Home : Stress Testing Households in Europe and Central Asia