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The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Russia[claimed authority over the Orthodox
Christians in the Ottoman Empire]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia
Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French
April 30, 1849
Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French
April 30, 1849
• 1848-1849 Liberal national 1848-1849 Liberal national idealists defeated in efforts to idealists defeated in efforts to unite Italy unite Italy
Camillo Cavor Camillo Cavor
• Premier of Piedmont Premier of Piedmont under King Victor under King Victor Emmanuel IIEmmanuel II
• Liberal who wants to Liberal who wants to united northern Italy as united northern Italy as a constitutional a constitutional monarchy monarchy
Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections:1820-1821
Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections:1820-1821
• Nationalist movements
• “Neither pope nor king” should rule Italy
Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the CrimeaStep #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea
Effort to gain favor from
France and GB for help to
defeat Austrians
Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at
Plombières, 1858
Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at
Plombières, 1858
Deals at Plombières
• France helps Piedmont against Austria– Italy gets
Lombardy and Venetia
– France gets Nice and Savoy
Step #4: War against AustriaStep #4: War against Austria
• Piedmont/French forces defeat Austria• Napoleon III makes peace with Austria (Piedmont gets Lombardy, but Austria keeps Venetia) • Cavour resigns• Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna, Papal states want to unite…Cavour returns• France doesn’t put up with a fight if they get Nice and Savoy
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War
1866
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War
1866
• Prussia promises Italy Venetia if they remain neutral in Prussia/Austrian fight
• Venetia is annexed to Italy.
Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour
Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour
• Revolution breaks out in Sicily against Bourbon ruler • Red Shirts set off to Sicily• Francis II flees
Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Complete Unification
A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!
Right Leg in the Boot at Last
Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.
Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834
• Customs union that reduced tariffs and other trade barriers between German states
• Customs union that reduced tariffs and other trade barriers between German states
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will
provoke the next war
Step #1: The Danish War
[1864]
Step #1: The Danish War
[1864]• Schleswig and Holstein
• Danish king annexes Schleswig angers German nationalists
• Prussia and Austria align against Denmark
• Bismarck makes sure other countries will remain neutral
• Schleswig and Holstein
• Danish king annexes Schleswig angers German nationalists
• Prussia and Austria align against Denmark
• Bismarck makes sure other countries will remain neutral
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
PrussiaPrussia
AustriaAustria
• Prussia accuses Austria of violating Convention of Gastein
• Prussia defeats Austria
• Treaty of Prague Prussia gets Schleswig and
Holstein (also other northern German states)
German Confederation dissolved
• Prussia accuses Austria of violating Convention of Gastein
• Prussia defeats Austria
• Treaty of Prague Prussia gets Schleswig and
Holstein (also other northern German states)
German Confederation dissolved
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867
Bismarck establishes Northern German Confederation with Austria excluded
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king
France protested & his name was withdrawn; Kaiser agrees
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to guarantee Hohenzollern candidacy would not be renewed . Kaiser refuses and has report sent to Bismarck.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
Step #5: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
Step #5: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]Napoleon III captured; Second Republic falls; Third Republic established
Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].