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The creation of jobs and productive units of the Creative Economy in the Region of Corede Vale do Rio dos Sinos - CONSINOS - RS / Brazil from 2006 to 2009. New Perspective
Development.
Judite Sanson de Bem1
Nelci Maria Richter Giacomini 2
Gislaine Cristina Rech3
ABSTRACTActivities that develop in a region, using resources to be produced and generating results that affect the economy and trigger a multiplier effect on employment and income. The activities on the economy of culture have this effect on the economy, namely the impact that investments generate benefits they bring on other productive activities. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) - UN Special Body was established in 1964 as a result of demands from countries with lower levels of development, aiming to establish a permanent international court which would be based approach to development. This has pursued the implications of the importance o f activities from creative industries, cultural activities linked to a region and argues that the value generated by them is able to turn them economically as their commercial value is transferred to different areas of economic a region. From this perspective, the creative industries are large group activities can boost a city economically; therefore they are highly creative ability of the population of this region. The Corede Vale do Rio dos Sinos - CONSINOS - is a region politically instituted in the early-1990s, the State Government of RS and aims to formulate and implement regional strategies, consolidating them into regional strategic development plans. It consists of 14 municipalities, with industrial production is strongly focused on five cities: Campo Bom Canoas, Novo Hamburgo, São Leopoldo and Sapucaia. Economically, it presents a strong dependence on the leather-footwear industry and its components which have resulted in a dynamic problem for the region, because it undergoes large swings forward exchange rate issues and export entry of Chinese products, among others. The objective is to define what is meant by creative industries and verify by the number of jobs and production units, whether the region can develop in the medium term other activities that may replace the dependence of the footwear sector and, therefore, make other possibilities in the production matrix.
Keywords : Employment, Creative Economy, Creative Industries, CONSINOS
1Judite Sanson de Bem, Profª Drª - [email protected] – Rua Giordano Bruno,231 ap. 21- B.Rio Branco- P OA –
90420150 F: 51-33306392 Mini currículo: Economista, Doutora em História pela PUCRS. Prof. de Economia da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Coordenadora Curso Economia e prof. Mestrado em Memória e Bens Culturais do Centro Universitário La Salle (UNILASALLE) Rio Grande do Sul; BRASIL2
Nelci Maria Richter Giacomini, Profª Mestre - [email protected] – Av. Icaraí, 144 – B.Cristal – POA – 90810000 F: 51–32495248Mini currículo: Economista, Mestre em Economia pela UFRGS, Profª Titular e Pesquisadora do IEPE/UFRGS–(Aposentada da UFRGS), Profª de Economia do Centro Universitário La Salle (UNILASALLE) Rio Grande do Sul; BRASIL3 Gislaine Cristina de Souza Rech, Profª Mestre – [email protected] - Camino Alqueria de Gilet, 18 –Vamencia – CP 46016 - España
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1.Introduction
The Economy of Culture aims at assessing the relationship between cultural activities
and a productive region, causing reflections on employment, wages, profits, services and more.
Creativity, an important factor in creating goods and services can be a factor in improving the
performance of stagnant regions due to the exercise of activities which in the short or long term,
will be replaced partially or definitely on the agenda of the region.
The municipalities of COREDE Vale do Rio dos Sinos - CONSINOS's activities are
concentrated in the production of shoes and your entire complex. Region formed mainly by
descendants of German immigrants had on the production and export of shoes three decades of
prosperity until the early 1990s, which with the input of Chinese shoes and other Asian countries
saw their base collapse and increase levels of unemployment and violence.
This work is a first approximation of the data being worked on a research approved by
CNPq and being developed in UNILASALLE about trying to change the activities in this region
as a way to change their production profile.
Based on information from MTE / RAIS - CAGED we used data on employment, income and
number of productive units to determine, initially, the position of the municipalities of
CONSINOS compared to SR, in order to observe points of convergence or not regarding the
activities considered creative, between the years 2006 and 2009.
The work is divided into three parts: the first brings the concept and the economic
relevance of the creative industry in the second one works with the characterization of the
Regional Council of the Valley of the Bells, their regional training, the location in the state of Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil, and finally presents the detailed data regarding the distribution of
productive activities among the 14 municipalities that comprise it.
2.Culture, Creative Economy and Creative Industries
The culture must be understood as all forms of artistic expression and all the material
and symbolic heritage of society, how memory and identity of a people.
Faria (2000, p. 19) argues that: Culture is fundamentally human development: building the values
of peace and solidarity, culturally healthy lifestyles, rich and riddled with imaginary utopias
possible and impossible, job creation and income roots values and choices, identities and open
new trends, a new world of poetry. Anyway, it's also a show that celebrates the human
community and not just the shadowy world of business.
The culture and the arts move part of the world economy.
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According to Reis (2003, p. 51): The relationship between economics and culture are
covered in great debates in the academic world. For some, if culture is understood [...] as this
gives a people their distinction (values, habits, attitudes, creations), the economy would be part of
culture itself. What interests us here, however, is how the cultural sector drives the economy of a
particular place or society. Any activity that takes place within a region, involving resources to be
generated and generating a result, affects the economy. The proposal of the economics of culture
is precisely evaluate this multiplier effect of cultural activities, namely the impact that this
investment generates, compared to what it cost.
The relationship between economy and culture is in an analytical tool, to resolve issues
related to the economic effects of cultural activity, such as those related to employment and
income generation, besides the tax expenditures that involve the industry. Therefore, multiplier
effects of cultural activities can be defined as to effective productive logic of generating income
and employment.
From the 1990s the culture started to have more emphasis as a tool for socio-economic
development of a country. Understanding this issue has been establishing itself as a challenge,
because it includes the concepts of creative industries and creative economy.
2.1 The creative industry: definitions and interpretations
Economic creativity is a dynamic process leading to technological innovation, business
practices, marketing, etc.., and is linked to achieving competitive advantages in the economy.
Creativity is a key element in defining the scope of creative industries and creative
economy. Creativity can be defined as the process by which ideas are generated, connected and
made into things that are evaluated. (UNCTAD, 2009)
2.1.1 Goods and Cultural Services versus Goods & Creative Services
The scope of the creative economy is determined by measuring the creative industries,
although there is disagreement in the literature, especially in relation to the parallel concept of
"cultural industries". Two situations occur: there is sometimes a distinction between creative
industries and cultural industries, sometimes the two terms are used interchangeably.
An alternative to the definition of "cultural goods and services" is derived from an
analysis of the value they generate. That is, these goods and services have cultural value as well
as commercial value and cultural value that can not be fully measurable in monetary terms. In
other words, the cultural activities of various types and produce goods and services that are
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valued - both by those who make as by those who consume them - and driven by social and
cultural rights can complement or transcend a purely economic evaluation. If this cultural value
may be identified by the company, it can serve as a characteristic that distinguishes them
compared with different types of commodities.
The cultural goods and services can be viewed as a subset of a broader category of
products that can be called "creative goods and services." The latter relate to products that require
a fairly high level of creativity. Thus, the category "creative goods" extends beyond the cultural
property, as defined above, to include products such as fashion and software.
2.1.2 Creative Industries x Cultural Industries
The term "culture industry" has emerged in the post-war members of the Frankfurt School
led by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer.
In UNESCO, for example, cultural industries are seen as the industries that "combine the
creation, production and commercialization of contents which are intangible and cultural in
nature. These contents are typically protected by copyright and may take the form of goods or
services. " An important aspect of the culture industry, according to UNESCO, is that they are
"central to the promotion and maintenance of cultural diversity and to ensure democratic access
to culture." (UNCTAD, 2009)
The designation of "creative industries", which has developed since then broadens the scope of
cultural industries in addition to arts and marks a change in approach for potentially commercial
activities, for these, until recently, were regarded purely or predominantly in terms uneconomic.
Different models, the classification of what is meant by industrial "core" and "peripheral"
within the creative economy in recent years were presented as a means of providing an
understanding of the structural characteristics of the creative industries.
2.1.3 The classification of creative industries – UNCTAD
The approach of UNCTAD on creative industries expands the concept of "creativity" of
artistic activities with a strong component of any economic activity "[...] producing symbolic
products with high dependence on intellectual property and a market as broad as possible
"(UNCTAD, 2009, p. 8).
UNCTAD makes a distinction between "upstream activities" (traditional cultural activities
such as performing arts and visual arts) and "downstream activities" (much closer to the market,
such as advertising, publishing or media) and argues that the second group derives its commercial
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value of its low cost and easy transfer to other economic areas. This perspective, cultural
industries are a subset of the creative industries.
To understand the development of creative industries, from the perspective of UNCTAD
(2009), are considered the following aspects of these activities:
■ involve cycles of creation, production and distribution of goods and services that use creativity
and intellectual capital as primary inputs;
■ are a set of activities based on knowledge, focused on the arts, but not limited to them,
potentially generating revenue from trade and intellectual property rights;
■ include tangible products and intangible intellectual or artist ic services with creative content,
economic value and market objectives;
■ are a cross between the artisan, service and industrial sectors, and
constitute a new dynamic sector in world trade.
The classification of creative industries UNCTAD is divided into four main groups,
namely: heritage, arts, media and functional creations. These groups are, in turn, divided into nine
subgroups.
■ The property meets the cultural aspects of history, anthropology, ethnic, aesthetic and social
points of view, is the source of a variety of goods and services to property, as well as cultural
activities. This group is divided into two subgroups:
- Traditional Cultural Expressions: arts and crafts, parties and celebrations, and
- Cultural Sites: archaeological sites, museums, libraries, exhibitions, etc..
■ Arts. This group includes the creative industries based purely on art and culture. This group is
divided into two major subgroups:
Visual Arts: painting, sculpture, photography and antiques, and
-Performing Arts: live music, theater, dance, opera, circus, puppets, etc.
■ Media. This group includes two subgroups of the media producing creative content for the
purpose of communicating with large audiences ("new media" is classified separately).
Subdivided into:
-Publishing and printed media: books, newspapers and other publications;
-Visual Aids: film, television, radio broadcasting and other derivatives.
■ Functional Creations. This group includes the creation of goods and services with functional
purposes. It is divided into the following subgroups:
- Design: Interiors, graphics, fashion, jewelry, toys;
- New media: software, video games, creative content and digitized, and
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- Creative Services: architecture, advertising, cultural, research and development (R & D),
digital and other related creative services.
The sport is not included in the classification of "creative industries" UNCTAD.
Institute for Creative Economy of Brazil (IECB) which features a creative company is its ability
to organize in order to innovate, that is, the way designs the processes, business model, and
develops talent.
In Brazil as in other Latin American countries, the topic is very recent and there is a
difficulty in the classification of activities upstream or downstream. Because of statistical
problems, this study used the classification of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
(IBGE) - National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE) as a first approximation of the
set of cultural activities for the analysis.
As Table 1 shows the classification adopted in this work, starting from the record LINS
(2011).Table 1 - Classification of Activities of Creative Industries
16 16.2 Fabricação de produtos de madeira, cortiça e material trançado, exceto móveis
17 17.4 Fabricação de produtos diversos de papel, cartolina, papelcartão e papelão ondulado
18 18.1 Atividade de impressão
18.2 Serviço de préimpressão e acabamentos gráficos18.3 Reprodução de materiais gravados em qualquer suporte
26 26.2 Fabricação de equipamentos de informática e periféricos26.3 Fabricação de equipamentos de comunicação26.4 Fabricação de aparelhos de recepção, reprodução, gravação e amplificação de áudio e vídeo
32 32.1 Fabricação de artigos de joalheria, bijuteria e semelhantes
32.2 Fabricação de instrumentos musicais32.3 Fabricação de artefatos para pesca e esporte32.4 Fabricação de brinquedos e jogos recreativos
33 33.1 Manutenção e reparação de máquinas e equipamentos46 46.4 Comércio atacadista de produtos de consumo nãoalimentar
46.5 Comércio atacadista de equipamentos e produtos de tecnologias de informação e 47 47.6 Comércio varejista de artigos culturais, recreativos e esportivos
47.8 Comércio varejista de produtos novos não especificados anteriormente e de produtos 58 58.1 Edição de livros, jornais, revistas e outras atividades de edição
58.2 Edição integrada à impressão de livros, jornais, revistas e outras publicaç59 59.1 Atividades cinematográficas, produção de vídeos e de programas de televisão
59.2 Atividades de gravação de som e de edição de música60 60.1 Atividades de rádio
60.2 Atividades de televisão61 61.1 Telecomunicações por fio
61.2 Telecomunicações sem fio61.3 Telecomunicações por satélite61.4 Operadoras de televisão por assinatura61.9 Outras atividades de telecomunicações
62 62.0 Atividades dos serviços de tecnologia da informação63 63.1 Tratamento de dados, hospedagem na internet e outras atividades relacionadas
63.9 Outras atividades de prestação de serviços de informação72 72.1 Pesquisa e desenvolvimento experimental em ciências físicas e naturais
72.2 Pesquisa e desenvolvimento experimental em ciências sociais e humanas73 73.1 Publicidade74 74.2 Atividades fotográficas e similares77 77.2 Aluguel de objetos pessoais e domésticos79 79.9 Serviços de reservas e outros serviços de turismo não especificados anteriormente85 85.4 Educação profissional de nível técnico e tecnológico
85.9 Outras atividades de ensino90 90.0 Atividades artísticas, criativas e de espetáculos91 91.0 Atividades ligadas ao patrimônio cultural e ambiental93 93.2 Atividades de recreação e laze
Fonte: LINS, 2011.
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It is observed that there are activities which comprise the manufacturing sector, the services
sector and trade soon, stand alongside the more traditional sectors such as handicrafts,
entertainment and the arts with the latest development, such as those related to TI (Information of
Tecnology).
There is, also, the items that all activities to a greater or lesser extent present creativity as a
production factor. These creative activities are developed at different levels local, regional, state
and national levels. The next segment features a CONSINOS Region - Regional Council of Vale
do Rio dos Sinos.
3. CONSINOS: Characterization and Its Economic
The state of Rio Grande do Sul is divided into 28 planning units, called the Regional
Development Councils (COREDE's) as territorial and cultural characteristics. The COREDES /
RS have the legal framework to Law 10283 of 17 October 1994.
The Coredem Vale do Rio dos Sinos - CONSINOS had a total population in 2008 of 1,287,805
inhabitants and an area of 1,398.5 km ². Included in this region has 14 municipalities: Araricá,
Campo Bom Canoas, Two Brothers, Estancia Velha, Pillar, Ivoti, Nova Hartz, Nova Santa Rita,
New Hamburg, Gate, São Leopoldo, Sapiranga, South Sapucaia His provision, in relation the RS,
is recorded in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Municipalities members of COREDE Bells - CONSINOS - RS
Source: FEE, 2010
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As the percentage of the 14 municipalities in nominal GDP (Table 1) of CONSINOS
stand out Canoas, São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo, representing 68.43% in 2006. The
municipalities of Sapiranga, Field Well and New Hartz showed a significant drop in GDP in the
region, because it has a strong focus on the production of footwear and its components, and has
diversified its production staff unlike other COREDES the state, as the Sierra (region
characterized by diversification of production through metal-mechanics, garment - knitting, wine,
etc.).
Moreover, the valuation of R$ against the US.$ were made with a reduction in exports
and an entry of Chinese products in the domestic market, given the lower price of competitors.
Table 1 - Nominal GDP in 2006 and the participation of Municipalities in RS CONSINOS
Municípios
PIB2006(R$ mil)
Participação percentual no COREDE
(valor nominal) 1997 2000 2003 2006Araricá 39.047 0,25 0,16 0,14 0,17
Campo Bom 1.099.010 6,36 6,49 5,08 4,73
Canoas 9.607.235 35,19 36,66 39,29 41,36Dois Irmãos 455.309 2,61 2,42 2,22 1,96
Estância Velha 491.285 3,37 2,54 2,55 2,12
Esteio 1.686.721 6,74 6,95 7,27 7,26Ivoti 295.221 2,17 2,18 1,38 1,27
Nova Hartz 230.556 1,95 1,33 1,00 0,99
Nova Santa Rita 217.779 0,98 1,15 0,93 0,94Novo Hamburgo 3.897.297 17,62 15,85 16,92 16,78
Portão 507.466 2,06 2,91 2,76 2,18
São Leopoldo 2.390.931 9,06 9,19 10,18 10,29
Sapiranga 840.093 5,29 4,31 3,86 3,62
Sapucaia do Sul 1.468.189 6,35 7,86 6,42 6,32CONSINOS 23.226.134 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00
Source: CONSINOS, 2010
Regarding the participation of the sectors agriculture, industry and services in GDP
generation of CONSINOS (Table 2, Figure 2), it appears that the services sector increased its
share of contribution from 39% to 63.5%, while the activities of agricultural sector reveal
insignificant portion in the context of the production of wealth in the region.
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Table 2 - Share of sectors in GDP generation of CONSINOS
Anos Agropecuária Indústria Serviços1997 0,26 60,52 39,22
1998 0,32 57,48 42,20
1999 0,34 56,27 43,39
2000 0,27 59,74 39,98
2001 0,36 59,75 39,89
2002 0,29 39,88 59,83
2003 0,29 40,51 59,20
2004 0,64 41,80 57,562005 0,25 39,27 60,49
2006 0,27 36,26 63,46
Média 0,33 49,15 50,52 Source: CONSINOS, 2010
Figure 2 - Share of sectors in GDP generation of CONSINOS - AverageSource: CONSINOS, 2010
Some factors may explain these structural issues:
- Moving companies in the sector service of Porto Alegre - POA (capital of Rio Grande do Sul)
to the surrounding counties, because of the stranglehold of its capacity for growth;
- Search by reducing costs for these companies to settle in these towns, as spending on labor,
rents, and others are reduced;
- Problems with transport, logistics costs, preventing the maintenance and growth of enterprises
and other counties in PA and moving these businesses to the axis of the BR 116 - federal
highway running through the country (Brazil) from north to south and is one of main routes of
transportation of production of the RS, cutting the entire length of the region CONSINOS.
Participação dos setores na geração do PIB do
COREDE Vale do Rio dos Sinos - Média
0,33%
49,15%
50,52%
Agropecuária Indústria Serviços
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- With the reduction or even abandonment of footwear this labor, in the quest for survival, we
sought an occupation in the service sector, opening up many times their own business or
outsourced to a company officer;
- Tax incentives for municipalities;
- Formalization of companies operating illegally.
The GDP per capita of COREDE Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Table 3) is superior to that of
Rio Grande do Sul in all years of the series. In some years, like 1997 and 2000, this difference
has exceeded 31.5%. However, gradually, this difference decreases and, in 2006, equivalent to
18.4%. In the period, namely, the Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc) of RS rose
104.24%, and 71.3% CONSINOS.
Table 3: GDP per capita CONSINOS and Rio Grande do Sul
Ano Vale do Rio dos Sinos RS
1997 10.237,43 7.006,34
1998 9.587,03 7.062,83
1999 10.129,65 7.440,68
2000 12.094,16 8.301,52
2001 12.763,33 9.071,21
2002 13.028,93 10.056,79
2003 14.778,32 11.741,68
2004 16.826,33 12.850,07
2005 16.981,29 13.298,02
2006 17.538,33 14.309,91
Fonte: CONSINOS, 2010
Regarding exports of municipalities (Table 4) Canoes, and Novo Hamburgo, Campo Bom
had the largest share in value terms, the region of CONSINOS.
The main products exported by the region are: leather footwear c soled leather, plastics, rubber,
parts of footwear, insoles, spats, leggings, piston engines, compression ignition of petroleum oils
obtained from bituminous minerals, diamonds / skins , hair, cattle / horses ready.
Compared to SR, the region has been losing ground since 2003, although Canoas and San
Leopoldo had increased this share over the period. The period showed a negative mean changes
for the cases of the municipalities of Novo Hamburgo (footwear and its components), Sapucaia,
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Ivoti, and above all, New Hartz (-17.9%). These declines are associated with the appreciation of
U.S. dollar (USD) against the real (R $).
According to Table 4, Canoes is the first municipality in the export volume of COREDE
Vale do Rio dos Sinos, obtaining an average growth rate higher than the other cities of similar
size in the region. Good field due to the crisis that befell the footwear industry had a meager
share in the period considered, but has not presented a negative variation as New Hamburg,
averaged and compared disparate indicators.
Among the main products exported by Canoes are: gasoline, fuel oil, tractors and parts for
tractors and vehicles, totaling around 70% of the total. The city of Campo Bom exported during
the period considered, other footwear of leather, other footwear of leather covering the ankle,
other footwear of leather and outer soles of leather, other parts of footwear, etc.. other materials,
other footwear rubber / plastic covering the ankle. These products account for more than 80% of
its exports.
Table 4 - Exports 2008 and participation of municipalities in RS and Export CONSINOS
Municípios
Exportações (2008)
Participação percentual dos Municípios
Participação percentual no Estado
Taxa média de
crescimento (%)
2003-2008US$(FOB) 2003 2005 2007 2008 2003 2005 2007 2008
Canoas1.411.095.9
54 26,61 34,42 40,61 44,39 6,26 8,04 7,52 7,64 22,9
São Leopoldo 348.938.935 6,54 7,20 10,72 10,98 1,54 1,68 1,85 1,89 23,1Sapiranga 278.314.275 9,00 7,95 8,26 8,75 2,12 1,86 1,73 1,51 10,3
Campo Bom 267.249.024 13,69 12,09 9,92 8,41 3,22 2,82 2,60 1,45 0,7Novo Hamburgo 260.849.296 14,75 12,69 9,28 8,21 3,47 2,96 2,64 1,41 -1,3
Dois Irmãos 163.036.252 7,57 6,46 5,44 5,13 1,78 1,51 1,26 0,88 2,7
Portão 119.351.644 5,53 4,66 4,35 3,75 1,30 1,09 1,04 0,65 2,7Estância Velha 108.615.406 4,57 4,49 3,28 3,42 1,08 1,05 0,99 0,59 4,7
Esteio 96.604.520 3,82 3,04 2,97 3,04 0,90 0,71 0,60 0,52 6,0
Sapucaia do Sul 69.511.397 3,80 3,24 2,74 2,19 0,89 0,76 0,45 0,38 -0,6Ivoti 33.589.220 2,05 2,28 1,33 1,06 0,48 0,53 0,48 0,18 -2,8
Nova Hartz 13.837.504 1,96 1,35 0,86 0,44 0,46 0,31 0,26 0,07 -17,9
Nova Santa Rita 7.336.786 0,11 0,15 0,21 0,23 0,03 0,03 0,04 0,04 28,4
Araricá 643.006 0,00 0,00 0,02 0,02 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 140,5Corede Vale Sinos
3.178.973.219
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00 23,54 23,35 21,46 17,22 11,0
Fonte: CONSINOS, 2010
Regarding the indicator of economic and social development - IDEs CONSINOS between
2000 and 2007, this is superior to that of Rio Grande do Sul and in both cases is increasing. In
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blocks sanitation, education and households, the value of CONSINOS is less than the RS, and
blocks in income and health is superior to the state, giving it a sum greater than the general
indicator of the state.
According to the data previously worked, one can see that there is a productive
specialization of this region, being the same heavily dependent on foreign market fluctuations.
The search for alternatives, considering the existing industrial park or redirection to other
activities is the subject of the next subsection.
4. Production units, employment and income generation of creative activities. An
Alternative Development for CONSINOS
There are at least two decades Region CONSINOS seeking alternatives to keep the labor
and productive capital in it and, above all the development indicators met by your current
specialization. In the counties Canoas, Pillar, and to a degree Sapucaia São Leopoldo and Nova
Santa Rita have a more diversified productive structure or in other words, less dependent on the
footwear sector. Canoes have a park linked to the chemical industry, engineering, transport to
Nova Santa Rita, among others.
But as for the creative activities municipalities are performing as follows:
- In considering the number of establishments the most relevant activities in number of
businesses are retail trade of cultural items, entertainment and sports, education level professional
technical and technological as well as other educational activities, rental of personal and
household goods (figure 3 ). The statistics, which follow on establishments, employment,
income, refer to Table 1 of the legends of economic activities in the Creative Industries.
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Figure 3 - Number of Establishments in the Activities of Creative Industries in the Region CONSINOS, RS in the period 2006 to 2009Source:AuthorsFDB: MTE – RAIS/CAGED, 2011
You can measure the importance of certain activities by their socio-economic indicators.
Among them may be mentioned those related to the labor market.
The labor market is processed so that labor is a commodity and the price of work is
represented by wages. This paper used the concepts of the Ministry of Labor and Employment,
the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), among others.
The number of jobs in a given period is the total employment relationships hired. The number of
jobs differs from the number of people employed, since the individual may be accumulating at
the reference date, more than one job. (IBGE, 2011)
It is understood by employment contracts, employment relations, established whenever
there is paid work. Bonds are considered the working relationship of the CLT, the statutory
workers covered by temporary contracts for a certain period, and employees loose when hired by
unions. (IBGE, 2011)
Average monthly minimum wage in the average earnings-monthly minimum wage is
defined as the arithmetic mean of individual remuneration in the reference month, converted in
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minimum wages, prevailing during the base year. Within that pay salaries, wages and salaries,
fees, benefits, extras, bonuses, etc.. Is excluded from the remuneration of the 13th salary.
Salaries and wages - is the result of the product between the average earnings of employees in
December and the number of existing jobs in 31 days of that month. In this indicator, information
is provided in minimum wages in effect at the time or par value (the currency of the time) from
the base year 1999.
Figure 4 shows the evolution of the different activities of the creative industry in the
region of CONSINOS composed of 14 municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul. The number of jobs
absorbed in these activities exposes the possibility of their expansion, since the region presents an
inventory of manpower. Except for activities with more than 500 employees which are: 85, 58,
62, 18, 47 the others have low momentum, although there is an increasing function in 46 and 26.
One can see that the activity 77 - Rent from personal and household goods (as classified
page 7) is not representative of the generation of jobs as opposed to his cooperation as the
variable number of establishments.
These activities are complementary, they revolve around the graphics (impressão.etc.)
Figure 4 - Number of Jobs in the Activities of Creative Industries in the Region CONSINOS, RS in the period 2006 to 2009Source: AuthorsFDB: MTE - RAIS / CAGED, 2011
15
Figure 5 shows the income generated by the creative activities in the Valley of the Bells.
In this economic indicator can be seen that there is a change in relation to previous studies, with
the exception of activity 85 (professional education in technical and technological) activity 47
(retail trade of cultural items, entertainment and sports) comes as little relevance as well as a
reduction in income-generating activity of 18 (activities of printing and finishing graphics). A
strong rise in activity is number 62 (Information Technology - Park of Sao Leopoldo and Novo
Hamburgo). This indicator can be seen that occurs in some cases the following contradiction: the
higher revenues generated are not the same activities that require the greatest number of people or
number of establishments. The highest salaries are in activities with lower number of individuals
with greater expertise.
Figure 5 - - Income Activities in the Region of the Creative Industries CONSINOS, RS in the period 2006 to 2009Source: AuthorsFDB: MTE - RAIS / CAGED, 2011
The number of sites in the RS (Figure 6) concerning the exercise of creative activity is
concentrated in 47 activities (retailing of cultural articles) and 85 (technical and technological
education).
16
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2006 2007 2008 2009
Número de Estabelecimen tos - Rio Grande do Sul - Período 2006 a 200916
17
18
26
32
33
46
47
58
59
60
61
62
63
72
73
74
77
79
85
90
91
93
Figure 6 - Number of Establishments in the Activities of Creative Industries in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in the period 2006 to 2009Source: AuthorsFDB: MTE - RAIS / CAGED, 2011
The state of Rio Grande do Sul (Figure 7) configuration has a partly similar to the region
of CONSINOS: editions of books, magazines and stationery, etc. .., retail trade with regard to
creative activities, research and experimental development on natural sciences and beyond the
social sciences and humanities (as a result of the higher education institutions - HEIs large that
exist in the state). But there is another range of activities which makes it uneven in terms of
employment, the development and licensing of customizable computer programs or not,
development of custom computer programs, consulting on information technology (software),
and radio activity broadcast television, data processing, service providers and application hosting
services on the Internet, portals, ISPs, etc.., programs and activities related to pay television.
17
Número de Empregos - Rio Grande do Sul - Período 2006 a 2009
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2006 2007 2008 2009
1 6
1 7
1 8
2 6
3 2
3 3
4 6
4 7
5 8
5 9
6 0
6 1
6 2
6 3
7 2
7 3
7 4
7 7
7 9
8 5
9 0
9 1
9 3
Figure 7 - Number of Jobs in the Activities of Creative Industries in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in the period 2006 to 2009Source: AuthorsFDB: MTE - RAIS / CAGED, 2011
As the average income paid in creative activities (Figure 8) differs from the order, being
better paid ones (in addition to research and development) related to area of telecommunications,
wireless and satellite operation activities related to television Signature / cable, activities related
to licensing of software programs and consulting and information technology (IT), data
processing, service providers and application hosting services on the Internet and its aftermath.
18
Renda - Rio Grande do Sul - Período 2006 a 2009
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
2006 2007 2008 2009
16
17
18
26
32
33
46
47
58
59
60
61
62
63
72
73
74
77
79
85
90
91
93
Figure 8 - Income from Activities Creative Industries in the State of Rio Grande do Sul -the period from 2006 to 2009Source: AuthorsFDB: MTE - RAIS / CAGED, 2011
Concluding Remarks
Since culture is understood as all forms of artistic expression and all the material and
symbolic assets of the company, this set is essential for memory and identity of the country.
Culture is not just something that gives pleasure, it entertains the human being, but also the
means of building values, identities to which individuals and society can enjoy a life of
intellectual, moral and emotional, to the extent that the activities cultural stimulate the
imagination, self-esteem, sensitivity and critical and creative capacities.
One dimension of culture, through which all of society benefits, is economic.
Cultural activities such as crafts, festivals, dining, concerts, shows, cinema, among others,
promote a positive economic impact to the location where they are held. To run the cultural
activities it is necessary actions, like being a legal activity, contract labor, make expenditures,
such as leasing, restoration or construction of buildings, purchase equipment, hire of services,
among others.
19
The designation of "creative industries", this article works has been developed s ince the
1980s, expanding what was previously known as cultural industries and arts in addition to
marking a shift in approach for potentially commercial activities, as these by recently, were
regarded purely or predominantly on non-economic terms. Creativity is the driving force behind
these creative activities. As his main work factor is the ability of a human to be recycled,
studying to increase their knowledge, these activities can change the performance of a region. In
this sense, the regions with growth can reflect on creativity and the activities associated with it as
a way to change their opportunities.
In the Region CONSINOS it appears that some activities are already developed, such as
those related to education, Printing, Publishing, Retail Trade of cultural items and some activities
related to Information Technology. On the other hand have yet to be explored. Na Region
CONSINOS it appears that some activities are already developed, such as those related to
education, Printing, Publishing, Retail Trade of cultural items and some activities related to
Information Technology. On the other hand have yet to be explored
The state of Rio Grande do Sul include a greater diversity in the exercise of creative
activities primarily in relation to Information Technology, Communications, providers of hosting
services on the Internet. These activities and are more capital intensive have a better pay
compared to traditional activities such as publishing, printing etc.
As a result of major higher education institutions are in the region or near the region of
Vale do Rio dos Sinos evidence to its potential as a major area of training of professionals in the
creative industry.
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BRASIL. MINISTÉRIO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO INDÚSTRIA E COMÉRCIO – MDIC. Estatísticas de Comércio Exterior. Available at: http://aliceweb.desenvolvimento.gov.br/Acessed: 20 de fevereiro de 2011.
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