The Copper Champs!Unique Copper Hydroxide Formulations

Champ® Dry Prill

Champ® Formula 2 Flowable

Champion® WP

Nufarm Agriculture Division

FUNGICIDE

Nothing Protects Crops Like Copper

From the moment the first crop disease was unpleasantly discovered, farmers

have tried everything to control fungal activity – all to varying degrees of success.

In 470 B.C., Democritus suggested essence of olives for blight control. In 1733,

salt brine was used to treat wheat seed. In 1755, arsenic was recommended for smut.

Copper, as an effective control for disease, had been discovered, neglected and

rediscovered through the years almost from the beginning. But it wasn’t until the

copper/lime Bordeaux mixture in the late 19th century that copper made a

long-lasting splash of disease-control relief.

In the following decades, copper secured its place as one of the most effective methods

of crop disease control with newer, cleaner formulations and substantial success

treating molds, mildews and blights for everything from almonds to grapes.

Today, copper has been further refined and remains an effective weapon in the

war on crop disease with the copper hydroxide products Champ® Dry Prill,

Champ® Formula 2 Flowable and Champion® WP from Nufarm.

Champ products provide superior broad-spectrum disease control on a wide range of

blights, mildews, rots, blotches and spots on fruits, berries, vegetables, tree crops

and field crops – to name a few. Champ products also offer some degree of frost injury

protection, providing control of the ice nucleating bacteria Pseudomonas syringae,

Erwina herbicola and Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Champ products are made of the highest quality formulations for easy mixing and

spraying, and are manufactured to produce a very fine particle size to ensure

excellent coverage.

Since the dawn of farming, copper has proven to be one of the most effective disease

control substances available for your crops. Nufarm’s family of quality Champ products –

Champ Dry Prill, Champ Formula 2 Flowable and Champion WP – provides the grower

with a choice of proven performers.

Count on a proven winner. Count on the Copper Champ. Count on Nufarm.

2

• Tomatoes contain

beneficial amounts of

vitamins A and C, folic

acid and potassium

• All tomatoes belong to

the genus Lycopersicon,

meaning "wolf peach"

• There are more than

10,000 varieties

of tomatoes

• By decision of the U.S.

Supreme Court in 1893,

the tomato is legally

considered a vegetable

• Botanically speaking,

the tomato is

considered a fruit

• The potato is a

relative of tobacco

and the tomato

• The potato is the

fourth most impor-

tant crop in the

world after wheat,

rice and corn

• Potatoes and lettuce

are the two most

popular fresh veg-

etables in the U.S.

• U.S. potato produc-

tion in 1998 was

47.5 billion pounds 3

A Brief History of Copper FungicidesThrough the Generations

As early as 1761, copper sulfate was used to combat wheat smut … but remained

unused on other crops. In 1846, a newspaper correspondent in Wales noted that

potatoes growing near a copper smelter were healthy while potatoes farther away

rotted into a stinking, putrid mess. This information was largely ignored … at the

height of the Irish Potato Famine when an estimated 1.5 million people perished.

Fortunately, the widespread advantages of copper were rediscovered just 40 years

later. The rest, as they say, is history:

1886 1st Generation. In an effort to combat downy mildew in

French grape vineyards, P.M.A. Millardet combined copper sulfate with

lime to produce an extremely effective fungicide – the Bordeaux mixture.

1917 2nd Generation. Copper carbonate dust and dry copper-lime

treatments were developed and used on a variety of crops. These and

other dry “fixed coppers” signaled a new era of copper fungicides.

1960s 3rd Generation. Copper hydroxide formulations came

into their own, improving crop protection and reducing usage rates.

In 1984, Champion WP further refined this generation of fungicides

with a wettable powder that made the practice of crop treatment easier

and more economical.

1990s 4th Generation. With the introduction of Champ Formula 2

Flowable in the ’90s, fungicides have trended toward smaller particle

sizes, less phytotoxicity and even lower usage rates.

Today 5th Generation. Champ Dry Prill, a dustless dry prill formula-

tion that uses MLP (Moisture Leveling Polymer) technology, was introduced

in 2000. Offering efficient control, superior handling characteristics,

greater surface coverage and excellent rainfastness, Champ Dry Prill is the

most advanced copper fungicide ever developed. It requires the least

amount of copper per acre of any fixed-copper on the market – and is as

effective as Champ Formula 2 Flowable for disease control.

FUNGICIDE

How do Champ products work? Every Champ product contains the active ingredient copper hydroxide, a multi-site

inhibitor and protectant fungicide. The copper ions in copper hydroxide stop the

germination of fungal spores and kill bacteria, protecting plants from infection.

But to understand how copper works, we have to first understand how fungi and

bacteria infect plants.

How fungi and bacteria infect plantsFungi are spread by microscopic spores that consist of a protoplasm of chemical

complexes, including enzymes, bound together by a cell wall and membrane.

Plant pathogenic bacteria are similar, but spread as individual cells. These enzymes

control all cell functions for fungi and bacteria, including growth and reproduction.

When fungal spores land on a susceptible host under favorable environmental conditions,

they germinate and infect plants, cause disease, reproduce and continue the cycle.

Bacteria reproduce on and within plants, cause disease and spread throughout the

crop. If untreated with copper hydroxide, fungi and bacteria can spread until the

whole crop is infected – good for the fungi and bacteria, bad for crops.

How copper worksCopper hydroxide particles need moisture (dew, rain and leaf transpiration) to release

effective doses of copper ions. These copper ions, dissolved in the water layer on the

plant surface, become translocatable – this enables the copper ions to be carried to the

site of the spore or bacteria where they can be absorbed through the cell membrane.

Now the copper ion is able to enter the cell protoplasm of fungi and bacteria.

Once inside the cell, the copper ion destroys the ability of many enzymes to function.

This multi-site effect also makes it difficult for fungi to develop resistance to copper

fungicides. Without these enzymes at work, fungal spores are unable to germinate

and bacteria are killed – bad for fungi and bacteria, good for crops.

How Champ Controls Disease

4

• The peach originated

in China, but was

botanically named

after Persia

• The Chinese believed

eating peaches would

make one immortal

• Curiously, the peach

tree itself is very short-

lived, about 20 years

• Brought to the

Americasby Spaniards,

the peach was favored

by Native Americans,

who began growing

them before the

colonists did

• Georgia, the Peach

State, is the largest

producer of peaches

in the U.S.

How can I determine the efficacy of a copper product?There are a number of ways to measure the effectiveness of a copper product – not the

least of which is the result at harvest time. Factors such as particle size, product

distribution on the leaf surface, and resistance to rain wash-off all combine to

determine the final effectiveness of a copper fungicide and bactericide.

In addition, there is a test that measures

the concentration of lethal copper ions

within a product called the Bio-availability

Index. As the chart shows, Champ Dry

Prill has the highest value and

therefore the best bio-availability

of all the copper products listed.

How does particle size affect the copper product’s ability to fight disease?As paradoxical as it sounds, the smaller the particle size, the more effective the

copper is. How is this possible?

Here’s an example: Take one large particle of copper hydroxide and apply it to a leaf.

Do the same with several smaller particles of copper. The total amount of active copper

is the same for both samples. The large particle releases copper ions at a very slow rate.

It takes more time for a large particle to completely cover the leaf surface. In the meantime,

fungi and bacteria can still get through to the unprotected areas.

5

• California produces 80%

of the world's almond

supply

• 40 percent of the world’s

almonds are used by

chocolate makers

• Almonds are among the

earliest cultivated foods

• Almonds are mentioned

in the Old Testament of

the Bible

• Almonds are actually

stone fruits related to

cherries, plums and

peaches

• In Sacramento,

California, the world's

largest almond factory

processes 2 million

pounds of almonds daily

• It takes 1,000 pounds of

almonds to make 1 pint

of almond oil

Champ® Dry Prill

Kocide® 2000

NuCop® 50DF

Kocide® 101

85 ppm

63 ppm

31 ppm

1.1 ppm

Champ Dry Prill has the highest level of

ionic copper of any DF and WP formulation.

Ionic copper bio-availability(parts per million)

FUNGICIDE

6

How Champ Controls Disease cont.

Smaller copper hydroxide particles are able to release more copper ions to quickly form

a protective layer over the leaf’s surface. In other words, the finer the particle size,

the less time it takes to completely cover and protect the leaf’s surface.

Particle size is often measured in

micrometers (commonly called

microns or µm). For comparison’s

sake, 1 micron is 1/25,000 of an inch,

100 microns equal one human hair,

300 microns equal one toothbrush bris-

tle. The particle size for Champ Dry Prill is

0.15 µm. In fact, the particle size for every

Champ product is consistently very fine.

How does rainfall affect copper’s effectiveness?Heavy rainfall will have an adverse effect on all copper fungicides, especially if it occurs

right after application. But Champ products have been formulated to be more tenacious

than other copper fungicides. They will

establish and maintain a protective

barrier on the plant surface that is still

effective, even after heavy rainfall.

Champ Dry Prill, in particular, is incredibly

effective with its one-of-a-kind MLP

(Moisture Leveling Polymer) technology

that provides weather-responsive

protection. This technology improves

water retention, enhances the release

of copper ions and minimizes the

adverse effects of weather extremes.

Champ® Formula 2 Kocide® 4.5LF

• More than 40 million

tons of apples are

produced worldwide

each year

• There are more than

7,000 varieties of apples

• The U.S. grows 100

varieties commercially

• The average American

eats almost 20 pounds

of fresh apples each year

• The U.S. is the world’s

second largest apple

producer; China is first

• Washington state

produces more apples

than any other state

Copper Tenacity Test

The copper tenacity test visually demonstrates how well a

product resistsrain wash-off. A spray solution containing

a concentration of copper, consistent with field spray

application rates, is painted on a plexiglass surface. It is

then air dried. Water is then applied using a spray bottle

at a rate equal to one inch of rain. The surface is again air

dried. The results speak for themselves.

Surface Area Comparison (m2/g)Charles H. Bendheim Memorial

Laboratories, 1998

Champ® Dry Prill 80 m2/g

Kocide® 2000 35-45 m2/g

Kocide® 101 35-45 m2/g

m2/g = meters2 per gram

Champ Dry Prill provides two times the surface

area coverage as competitive products.

According to the Tomato Leaf Coverage Comparison graphic, Champ Dry Prill

covers 225% of the leaf’s surface. How is this possible? It’s like applying

multiple coats of paint to a house. The many layers protect the house

through weathering. In the same way, Champ Dry Prill protects crops.

One half inch of rainfall may bring the leaf coverage percentage down to

140%, but that is still more than enough to protect the plant from fungal

activity. In fact, Champ Dry Prill is still effective after two inches of rainfall.

How good are Champ products?Champ products are convenient, easy-to-use formulations that

optimize the effectiveness of copper. Champ products are

manufactured with technologically advanced processes. These

processes produce formulations that have a consistent particle

size, crystalline structure and bulk density from batch to batch.

In addition, Champ products are manufactured using some of

the purest copper materials available – copper that is highly

refined and of the highest quality.

Higher bio-availability, finer particle size, better tenacity, greater

surface area coverage, superior handling characteristics … no

matter how you look at it, from Champ Dry Prill to Champ Formula 2 Flowable

to Champion WP, Champ products have what it takes to get the job done!

For superior disease control, count on Nufarm – The Copper Champ!

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Kocide®

2000

0 inches of rainfall .5 inches of rainfall 2 inches of rainfall

Champ®

Dry Prill 225% of leaf coverage 140% of leaf coverage 110% of leaf coverage

49% of leaf coverage 13% of leaf coverage 10% of leaf coverage

Tomato Leaf Coverage ComparisonABC Laboratories, Inc. 1999

• California produces 98%

of the U.S. walnut crop

• California produces

two-thirds of the

world's walnuts

• The walnut is the official

state nut of Missouri

• American Indian tribes are

known to use black walnut

husks as a laxative

• Walnuts may be the oldest

tree food known to man –

dating back to about

7000 B.C.

Virgin copper wire and recycled copper wire.

Champ Dry Prill provides complete coverage of tomato leaf surfaces with

a weather-responsive film of protection ... even after significant rainfall.

FUNGICIDE

8

Champ Dry Prill is the only dry prill copper product on the market. Unlike dry flowable

formulations, Champ Dry Prill is made using a unique polymer process that forms particles

that are resistant to attrition – so Champ Dry Prill is virtually dust-free. This unique formulation

makes Champ Dry Prill easy to measure and more

efficient to handle. Plus, it mixes fast and easily.

In addition, Champ Dry Prill’s MLP technology

controls a reservoir of copper ions that are

constantly released, even under varying weather

conditions. As a result, Champ Dry Prill’s efficiency

offers highly effective disease control with reduced

levels of active ingredient per acre.

This, in turn, leads to less product used per

acre than any other formulation. Add in greater

bulk density, and Champ Dry Prill requires only

one-fifth to one-half of the shipping and storage

space on a per acre basis as other products.

Features and Benefits• Lowest dose rate of metallic copper of any

copper hydroxide product available

• Smaller particles deliver greater surface

area coverage for better protection

• Strong tenacity provides excellent rainfastness

• Dust-free formulation

• Mixes fast and easily, and will not clog spray rigs

• Unique MLP technology provides a weather

responsive film of protection

• More efficient – reduces handling and loading characteristics

• Highly effective disease control

• Highest “bio-availability” index of any copper hydroxide product

Champ® Dry PrillActive Ingredient: Copper Hydroxide

Champ Dry Prill’s lower use rates, coupled with

higher bulk density, significantly reduce handling,

storage and loading issues.

0 1 2 3 4 5

Kocide® 101

NuCop® 50DF

Kocide® 2000

Champ®

Dry Prill

Dry Flowable particles often break down in

shipping and handling, resulting in dust

problems when mixing and loading.

cubic ft

Warehouse Storage SpaceComparison (on a per treated acre basis)

• Oranges do not ripen

after they are picked,

but lemons do

• Citrus fruits have

been cultivated for

over 4,000 years

• Almost 40% of the

U.S. orange crop is

used for frozen

concentrates

• Brazil is the world’s

largest orange

producer

• Third century Romans

believed that the

lemon was an antidote

for all poisons

• Florida produces

more grapefruit than

the rest of the world

combined

Champ® Dry Prill vs. Kocide® 2000

30.5%

7.8%

6.2%

% of fruit infected

Application MethodsChamp Dry Prill can be applied using most types of spraying equipment.

The volume per acre will differ depending on the crop and the equipment

used. Please consult label for specific application information.

Crops Protected*

Champ Dry Prill offers excellent disease protection for the following crops:

• Apple – Anthracnose, European Canker, Blossom Blast, Shoot Blast, Fireblight, Scab

• Grapes – Black Rot, Phomopsis, Powdery Mildew, Downy Mildew

• Almonds – Blossom Brown Rot, Dead Bud, Bacterial Blast

• Citrus – Melanose, Scab, Algal Spot, Greasy Spot, Pink Pitting, Brown Rot

• Walnut – Walnut Blight

• Potato – Early Blight, Late Blight

• Tomato – Early Blight, Late Blight, Bacterial Spot, Anthracnose, Gray Leaf Mold,

Septoria Leaf Spot

*Consult label for a complete list of diseases Champ Dry Prill controls and the crops they affect.

• Grape growing is the largest

food industry in the world

• There are more than 8,000

varieties of grapes

• The average person eats eight

pounds of grapes a year

• The best selling table grape in

the U.S. is the Thompson

Seedless

• Botanically, grapes are berries

• There are about 25 million

acres of grapes worldwide

• The world production of grapes

is over 72 million tonsCitrus Scab Control Trials

1998 University of Florida, IFAS

Champ Dry Prill offers very good

disease control at lower dose rates.

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FUNGICIDE

10

Champ® Formula 2 FlowableActive Ingredient: Copper Hydroxide

Champ Formula 2 Flowable is an advanced copper hydroxide

formulation that is easy to handle and offers superior

mixing characteristics. Champ Formula 2 Flowable provides

broad-spectrum disease control, excellent tenacity and plant

protection efficacy.

Champ Formula 2 Flowable is a liquid formulation that

features a unique needle-shaped crystal structure that

offers greater surface area coverage, as well as layers

of protective coverage.

Features and Benefits• Fine particle size ensures excellent surface area coverage

• Unique crystal particles layer for greater protection

• Excellent tenacity

• Superior broad-spectrum disease control

• High quality formulations that are easy to mix and spray

Application MethodsChamp Formula 2 Flowable can be applied using most types of spraying equipment.

The volume per acre will differ depending on the crop and the equipment used. Please

consult label for specific application information.

Crops Protected*

Champ Formula 2 Flowable offers excellent disease protection for the following crops:

• Apple – Anthracnose, European Canker, Blossom Blast, Shoot Blast, Fireblight, Scab, Crown Rot

• Grapes – Black Rot, Phomopsis, Powdery Mildew, Downy Mildew

• Almonds – Blossom Brown Rot, Dead Bud, Bacterial Blast

• Citrus – Melanose, Scab, Algal Spot, Brown Rot

• Dry Beans – Brown Spot, Bacterial Blight, Downy Mildew

• Carrots – Alternaria Leaf Spot, Carrot Blight

• Onions – Purple Blotch, Downy Mildw, Bacterial Blight

*Consult label for a complete list of diseases Champ Formula 2 Flowable controls and the crops they affect.

• Colonists brought the

carrot to the New World

• Carrots are native to

Afghanistan

• Unlike most other

vegetables, carrots

are more nutritious

when eaten cooked

than eaten raw

• Vitamin A is very

important for good

health, especially for

your eyes; Carrots are

one of the best sources

of Vitamin A

Ordinary copper hydroxide crystals

Champ Formula 2 Flowable

copper hydroxide crystals

Champion® WP Active Ingredient: Copper Hydroxide

Champion WP is an effective copper hydroxide formulation that is easy and efficient

to use. As a wettable powder, this formulation offers superior surface area coverage

and fungicidal protection. Plus, it won’t clog equipment so the applicator can cover

more acres per day.

Features and Benefits• Complex crystalline structure ensures excellent surface area coverage

• Excellent broad-spectrum disease control

• Easy and efficient to use

• Won’t clog equipment

• No pre-harvest interval

Application MethodsChampion WP can be applied using most types of spraying equipment.

The volume per acre will differ depending on the crop and the equip-

ment used. Please consult label for specific application information.

Crops Protected*

Champion WP offers excellent disease protection for the following crops:

• Apple – Anthracnose, European Canker, Blossom Blast, Shoot Blast

• Grapes – Black Rot, Phomopsis, Powdery Mildew, Downy Mildew

• Almonds – Blossom Brown Rot, Dead Bud, Bacterial Blast

• Pepper – Bacterial Spot

• Blueberry – Bacterial Canker

• Peach – Leaf Curl, Bacterial Canker, Bacterial Blast, Bacterial Spot

*Consult label for a complete list of diseases Champion WP controls and the crops they affect.

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• Early American colonists

made gray paint by boiling

blueberries in milk

• The strawberry is the

most popular berry in

the U.S., the blueberry

is number two

• Over 200 million pounds

of blueberries are grown

commercially each year

• Blueberries may help pro-

tect against heart disease

FUNGICIDE

Nufarm Americas Inc.1333 Burr Ridge Parkway • Suite 125A

Burr Ridge, IL 60527-0866Phone: 708.754.3330 • Fax: 708.754.0314

E-Mail: www.nufarm.comCB.1002.047© 2002 Nufarm Americas Inc.

Champ® is a registered trademark of Nufarm Americas Inc.Champion® is a registered trademark of Nufarm Americas Inc.Kocide® is a registered trademark of Griffin LLC.NuCop® is a registered trademark of MicroFlo Corp.