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The Congress of Berlin (1878):Bismarck sought to keep the peace in Europe after 1871
“The Triple Alliance” (German
cartoon, 1883):Germany,
Austria, & Italy have left France and Russia out
in the cold
Serbs & Romanians gained national
self-determinationin 1878, but other peoples remained
“prisoners”
The revival of fierce
competition for overseas
colonies also undermined the peace of Europe
EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM: THE FIRST WAVE, 1500-1750
The English fort at Bombay [Mumbai], 1672(headquarters of the British East India Company)
Sepoy Grenadiers, ca. 1800. The Company recruited them from both Muslim warrior families and high-caste Hindu Brahmins and Rajputs
The European Presence in Asia, 1914
Vegetation Zones of Africa:
Quinine was introduced in the 1850s to
control malaria
Dr. David Livingstone
(1813-1873), who sought to open Africa to “Christianity,
Commerce, and Civilization”
Livingstone’s horrifying discovery:Slaves in central Africa, 1861,
captured by Arab-African raiders from Zanzibar
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” (Henry Stanley “finds” Livingstone in November 1871)
Stanley’s 999-day Congo expedition, 1874-1877, commissioned by King Leopold II of Belgium
The Berlin “Congo Conference” of 1884, where Leopold II won
recognition of his “Congo Free State”
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869:Engineered by Ferdinand de Lesseps but financed by
the Khedive of Egypt
The Khedive of Egypt, crippled by debt, ignores European offers of assistance (Punch, 1879)
British troops in Egypt establish a protectorate in 1882
and seize the Suez Canal
“The Partition of the DarkContinent” (Berlin, 1884)
“Captain Marchand, Crossing Africa” (Paris,
1898)
The Partition of Africa:
The Marginal European presence
in 1878 and the colonial empires of
1914 (p. 742 of your
textbook)
The brash young Kaiser Wilhelm II
dismissed Bismarck in 1890, cancelled his secret nonaggression pact with Russia, and
then launched a naval arms race with
Great Britainin 1898
Franco-Russian Military Convention of 1894
If France is attacked by Germany or by Italy supported by Germany, Russia will employ all its available forces to attack Germany. If Russia is attacked by Germany or by Austria supported by Germany, France will employ all its available forces to combat Germany. In case the forces of the Triple Alliance or of one of its members begin to mobilize, France and Russia will immediately and simultaneously mobilize all of their forces and deploy them as close to their borders as possible, as soon as the enemy mobilization is announced….The forces available for deployment against Germany will amount to 1,300,000 men on the part of France, and 700-800,000 men on the part of Russia. These forces are dedicated to combating Germany simultaneously from the East and West in the most effective manner possible.The military general staffs of the two countries will deliberate together to prepare and execute the measures outlined above….France and Russia will not conclude a separate peace. This convention will have the same duration as the Triple Alliance.
“Official Visit by the Russian Monarchs to France in 1901”
(Nicholas II seeks to popularize the Franco-Russian alliance of 1894)
The “Schlieffen Plan” of 1905 vs. the French “Plan XVII”
In 1898 Germany announced a plan to build battleships until its navy was as large as Britain’s. Wilhelm
II: “Germany must wield Neptune’s trident as well as Jupiter’s scepter.”
In response Britain launched the H.M.S.
Dreadnought in 1906, which made
every existing battleship obsolete
THE BALANCE OF INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH BETWEEN
GERMANY AND BRITAIN SWUNG SHARPLY IN THE 1890s:
Annual steel production (1000s of metric tons)
YEAR United Kingdom
Germany France Russia
1880 1,317 690 389 307
1900 4,980 6,461 1,565 2,216
1913 7,787 17,609 4,687 4,918
BUT GREAT BRITAIN REMAINED THE WORLD LEADER IN COMMERCE AND
FINANCE:Shares of World Foreign Trade
YEAR U.K. Germany France USA
1880 23% 10% 11% 10%
1900 20% 13% 9% 11%
1913 17% 13% 8% 11%
GERMANY’S ONLY RELIABLE ALLY SUFFERED FROM GRAVE
ETHNIC TENSIONS:
Proportion of Germans in
Austria: 33%.
Proportion of Magyars in
Hungary: 54%.
The Second Pan-Slav Congress, Moscow, 1867:Czechs, Bulgars, Serbs, & Croats gravitate to
Russia
Russia forged the closest ties with Serbia
The borders drawn after the Second Balkan
War in 1913
Rival nationalisms in the Balkans
Franz Ferdinand and his wife leave for the hospital to visit their wounded aide, Sarajevo, June 28, 1914
The chauffeur made a
wrong turn on the way to the hospital and stopped
to turn around, next
to Gavrilo Princip
CHRONOLOGY OF THE JULY CRISIS OF 1914
June 28 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo
July 5/6 Germany issues a “blank check” to Austria
July 9/12 Austria resolves to attack Serbia but waits for its wheat harvest
July 23 Austrian ultimatum to Serbia
July 28/29
Austria declares war on Serbia and then bombards Belgrade
July 30 Russia orders general mobilization
July 31 Germany issues 12-hour ultimatum to Russia
Aug 1 Schlieffen Plan implemented
The actual German
advance by September
5, 1914, when the French
counter-attacked on the Marne
THE CENTRAL POWERS VS. THE ALLIES IN WORLD WAR I
But the German punch landed short, and four years of
trench warfare ensued…