The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List - Statistics at UC ...partha/symbols.pdf · The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin 3 January 2008 Abstract

The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List

Scott Pakin <[email protected]>∗

3 January 2008

Abstract

This document lists ∼3086 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Some ofthese symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX 2ε system; others require fonts and packages thatmay not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fonts and packagesused to prepare this document—as well as this document itself—are freely available from the ComprehensiveTEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org/).

Contents

1 Introduction 61.1 Document Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Body-text symbols 7Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 2: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 3: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 4: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 13: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Table 14: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Table 15: phonetic Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Table 16: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 17: semtrans Transliteration Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 18: Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 19: tipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 20: extraipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 21: wsuipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 22: phonetic Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 23: metre Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 24: t4phonet Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 25: arcs Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 26: semtrans Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 27: wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 28: textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16∗The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle, with several additional tables provided by Alexander Holt.

See Section 7.7 on page 80 for more information about who did what.

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Table 29: textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 30: marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 31: wasysym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 32: eurosym Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 33: textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 34: textcomp Old-style Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 35: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 36: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3 Mathematical symbols 19Table 37: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 38: cmll Unary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 39: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 40: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 41: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 42: wasysym Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 43: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 44: mathdesign Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 45: cmll Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 46: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 47: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 48: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 49: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 50: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 51: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 52: esint Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 53: mathdesign Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 54: cmll Large Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 55: Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 56: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 57: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 58: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 59: wasysym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 60: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 61: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 62: mathtools Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 63: trsym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 64: trfsigns Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 65: cmll Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 66: Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 67: AMS Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 68: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 69: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 70: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 71: Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 72: AMS Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 73: wasysym Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 74: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 75: AMS Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 76: stmaryrd Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 77: Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 78: Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 79: textcomp Text-mode Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 80: AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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Table 81: AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 82: AMS Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 83: stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 84: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 85: chemarrow Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 86: ulsy Contradiction Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 87: Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 88: stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 89: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 90: Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 91: AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 92: Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 93: AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 94: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 95: upgreek Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 96: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 97: AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 98: Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 99: AMS Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 100: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 101: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 102: mathdesign Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 103: AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 104: stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 105: nath Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 106: Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 107: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 108: AMS Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 109: stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 110: mathdesign Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 111: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 112: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 113: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 114: metre Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 115: Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 116: AMS Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 117: yhmath Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 118: Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 119: yhmath Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 120: AMS Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 121: mathtools Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 122: esvect Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 123: undertilde Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 124: AMS Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 125: mathtools Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 126: chemarr Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 127: chemarrow Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 128: trfsigns Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 129: extarrows Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Table 130: extpfeil Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Table 131: holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Table 132: Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Table 133: AMS Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 134: wasysym Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

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Table 135: mathdots Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 136: yhmath Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 137: mathcomp Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 138: marvosym Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 139: Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 140: Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 141: Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 142: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 143: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 144: Miscellaneous marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 145: Miscellaneous mathdesign Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 146: Miscellaneous arev Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 147: Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4 Science and technology symbols 45Table 148: gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 149: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 150: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 151: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 152: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 153: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 154: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 155: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 156: wasysym APL Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 157: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 158: keystroke Computer Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 159: ascii Control Characters (CP437) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 160: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 161: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Table 162: wasysym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Table 163: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Table 164: marvosym Safety-related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Table 165: feyn Feynman Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

5 Dingbats 49Table 166: bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 167: pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 168: universal Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 169: marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 170: bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 171: pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 172: dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 173: bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 174: pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 175: dingbat Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 176: bbding Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 177: pifont Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 178: bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 179: pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 180: bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 181: pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 182: wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 183: universal Xs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 184: pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4

Table 185: wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Table 186: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Table 187: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 188: wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 189: ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 190: bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 191: pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 192: universa Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 193: universal Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 194: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 195: skull Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 196: marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Table 197: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Table 198: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Table 199: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

6 Other symbols 56Table 200: textcomp Genealogical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Table 201: wasysym General Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Table 202: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Table 203: wasysym Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Table 204: arev Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Table 205: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Table 206: marvosym Navigation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Table 207: marvosym Laundry Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Table 208: Other marvosym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Table 209: Miscellaneous universa Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Table 210: Miscellaneous universal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 211: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 212: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 213: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 214: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Table 215: epsdice Dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Table 216: skak Chess Informator Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Table 217: metre Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Table 218: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Table 219: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Table 220: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Table 221: hieroglf Hieroglyphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Table 222: dictsym Dictionary Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

7 Additional Information 637.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.2 Resizing symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.3 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667.4 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757.5 Bold mathematical symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767.6 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767.7 About this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807.8 Copyright and license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

References 81

Index 84

5

1 Introduction

Welcome to the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List! This document strives to be your primary source of LATEXsymbol information: font samples, LATEX commands, packages, usage details, caveats—everything needed to putthousands of different symbols at your disposal. All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:

1. They are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).

2. All of their symbols have LATEX 2ε bindings. That is, a user should be able to access a symbol by name,not just by \char〈number〉.

These are not particularly limiting criteria; the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List contains samples of ∼3086symbols—quite a large number. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX 2ε system;others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to beinstalled. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for help withinstalling new fonts and packages.

1.1 Document Usage

Each section of this document contains a number of font tables. Each table shows a set of symbols, with thecorresponding LATEX command to the right of each symbol. A table’s caption indicates what package needs to beloaded in order to access that table’s symbols. For example, the symbols in Table 34, “textcomp Old-Style Nu-merals”, are made available by putting “\usepackagetextcomp” in your document’s preamble. “AMS” meansto use the AMS packages, viz. amssymb and/or amsmath. Notes below a table provide additional informationabout some or all the symbols in that table.

One note that appears a few times in this document, particularly in Section 2, indicates that certain symbolsdo not exist in the OT1 font encoding (Donald Knuth’s original, 7-bit font encoding, which is the default fontencoding for LATEX) and that you should use fontenc to select a different encoding, such as T1 (a common 8-bitfont encoding). That means that you should put “\usepackage[〈encoding〉]fontenc” in your document’spreamble, where 〈encoding〉 is, e.g., T1 or LY1. To limit the change in font encoding to the current group, use“\fontencoding〈encoding〉\selectfont”.

Section 7 contains some additional information about the symbols in this document. It shows which symbolnames are not unique across packages, gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols,explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, presents a LATEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, and provides someinformation about this document itself. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List ends with an index of all thesymbols in the document and various additional useful terms.

6

http://www.ctan.org

http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles

2 Body-text symbols

This section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text, such as punctuation marks, accents,ligatures, and currency symbols.

Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters

$ \$ % \% \_ ∗ \ & \& # \# \

∗ The underscore package redefines “_” to produce an underscore in text mode (i.e., itmakes it unnecessary to escape the underscore character).

Table 2: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-mode Commands

ˆ \textasciicircum < \textless˜ \textasciitilde a ª \textordfeminine∗ \textasteriskcentered o º \textordmasculine\ \textbackslash ¶ \textparagraph∗

| \textbar · \textperiodcentered \textbraceleft∗ ¿ \textquestiondown \textbraceright∗ “ \textquotedblleft• \textbullet ” \textquotedblright

c © \textcopyright∗ ‘ \textquoteleft† \textdagger∗ ’ \textquoteright‡ \textdaggerdbl∗ r ® \textregistered$ \textdollar∗ § \textsection∗

. . . \textellipsis∗ £ \textsterling∗

— \textemdash TM ™ \texttrademark– \textendash \textunderscore∗

¡ \textexclamdown \textvisiblespace> \textgreater

Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2εprovides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makesavailable.

∗ It’s generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 because thesymbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.

Table 3: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

$ \$ \_ ‡ \ddag \¶ \P c © \copyright . . . \dots \§ \S † \dag £ \pounds


7

Table 4: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

X \checkmark r \circledR z \maltese

Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters)

a \aa Ð \DH∗ L \L ø \o ß \ss

A \AA ð \dh∗ l \l Ø \O SS \SSÆ \AE Ð \DJ∗ Ŋ \NG∗ Œ \OE Þ \TH∗

æ \ae đ \dj∗ ŋ \ng∗ œ \oe þ \th∗

∗ Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternatefont encoding, such as T1.

Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages

Ð \BD ° \mc ¤ \mf ¨ \mk » \Mt \mZ \Bd \mD \mF \mN \MT Â \TE \BH ð \Md \mG \mn º \mt â \Te§ \Bh Ð \MD ¦ \mg ª \mo \mT Å \TO· \Bt ¡ \md À \mI \mO ® \mu∗ å \To \BT \mE à \mi \mP \mU∗

\mb ¢ \me \mJ ± \mp \mY \mB \ME © \mj ¬ \ms ¯ \my \mC £ \Me \mK \mS ¶ \mz

These characters all need the T4 font encoding, which is provided by the fc package.

∗ \mv and \mV are synonyms for \mu and \mU.

Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese

Ơ \OHORN ơ \ohorn Ư \UHORN ư \uhorn

These characters all need the T5 font encoding, which is provided by the vntex pack-age.

Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1

« \guillemotleft ‹ \guilsinglleft „ \quotedblbase " \textquotedbl» \guillemotright › \guilsinglright ‚ \quotesinglbase

To get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,such as T1.

8

Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks

\ding123 \ding125 ¡ \ding161 £ \ding163| \ding124 ~ \ding126 ¢ \ding162

Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols

È \textbabygamma P \textglotstop ï \textrtailnb \textbarb ; \texthalflength ó \textrtailrc \textbarc ż \texthardsign ù \textrtailsd \textbard # \texthooktop ú \textrtailté \textbardotlessj á \texthtb ü \textrtailzg \textbarg ê \texthtbardotlessj $ \textrthookÜ \textbarglotstop Á \texthtc À \textsca1 \textbari â \texthtd à \textscbł \textbarl ä \texthtg ď \textsce8 \textbaro H \texthth å \textscgÝ \textbarrevglotstop Ê \texththeng Ë \textsch0 \textbaru Î \texthtk @ \textschwaì \textbeltl Ò \texthtp I \textsciB \textbeta Ó \texthtq ĺ \textscjò \textbullseye č \texthtrtaild Ï \textscl \textceltpal É \texthtscg ð \textscnX \textchi Ö \texthtt Œ \textscoeligÅ \textcloseepsilon ß \texthvlig ś \textscomegaÑ \textcloseomega Û \textinvglotstop ö \textscrÆ \textcloserevepsilon K \textinvscr A \textscriptaÞ \textcommatailz Ì \textiota g \textscriptg^ \textcorner ń \textlambda V \textscriptvă \textcrb : \textlengthmark Ú \textscuą \textcrd ş \textlhookt Y \textscyg \textcrg ę \textlhtlongi \textsecstressè \textcrh ű \textlhtlongy ž \textsoftsignÛ \textcrinvglotstop Ô \textlonglegr Â \textstretchcň \textcrlambda ¡ \textlptr tC \texttctclig2 \textcrtwo M \textltailm Ù \textteshligC \textctc ñ \textltailn T \textthetać \textctd ë \textltilde þ \textthornćý \textctdctzlig Ð \textlyoghlig £ \texttoneletterstemš \textctesh Í \textObardotlessj ţ \texttsligJ \textctj ŋ \textOlyoghlig 5 \textturnaő \textctn ř \textomega ŕ \textturnceligť \textctt _ \textopencorner 4 \textturnhťC \textcttctclig O \textopeno ľ \textturnkÿ \textctyogh % \textpalhook Õ \textturnlonglegrý \textctz F \textphi W \textturnm

(continued on next page)

9

(continued from previous page)

dý \textdctzlig | \textpipe î \textturnmrlegS \textdoublebaresh " \textprimstress ô \textturnr \textdoublebarpipe ĳ \textraiseglotstop õ \textturnrrtail=/ \textdoublebarslash ğ \textraisevibyi 6 \textturnscripta \textdoublepipe 7 \textramshorns Ø \textturntŞ \textdoublevertline \ \textrevapostrophe 2 \textturnvŤ \textdownstep 9 \textreve û \textturnwÃ \textdyoghlig 3 \textrevepsilon L \textturnydz \textdzlig Q \textrevglotstop U \textupsilonE \textepsilon ź \textrevyogh Ţ \textupstepS \textesh Ç \textrhookrevepsilon Š \textvertlineR \textfishhookr Ä \textrhookschwa ğ \textvibyiě \textg ~ \textrhoticity ů \textvibyyG \textgamma ¿ \textrptr ß \textwynnŮ \textglobfall ã \textrtaild Z \textyoghŰ \textglobrise í \textrtaill

tipa defines shortcut characters for many of the above. It also defines a command\tone for denoting tone letters (pitches). See the tipa documentation for more infor-mation.

Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols

" \textaolig 3 \texthtbardotlessjvar ´ \textrthooklongB \textbenttailyogh ; \textinvomega q \textscaolig. \textbktailgamma p \textinvsca r \textscdeltaD \textctinvglotstop ! \textinvscripta s \textscf2 \textctjvar I \textlfishhookrlig t \textsck% \textctstretchc # \textlhookfour w \textscm& \textctstretchcvar < \textlhookp x \textscp@ \textctturnt 1 \textlhti y \textscq) \textdblig > \textlooptoprevesh ˝ \textspleftarrowH \textdoublebarpipevar 6 \textnrleg $ \textstretchcvarG \textdoublepipevar 9 \textObullseye ˙ \textsubdoublearrowˇ \textdownfullarrow ˆ \textpalhooklong ¯ \textsubrightarrow7 \textfemale ˜ \textpalhookvar P \textthornvari5 \textfrbarn F \textpipevar Q \textthornvarii’ \textfrhookd = \textqplig R \textthornvariii( \textfrhookdvar ¨ \textrectangle S \textthornvariv? \textfrhookt ˚ \textretractingvar E \textturnglotstop- \textfrtailgamma v \textrevscl u \textturnsckT \textglotstopvari z \textrevscr \textturnscuU \textglotstopvarii \textrhooka C \textturnthreeV \textglotstopvariii * \textrhooke A \textturntwo, \textgrgamma + \textrhookepsilon 8 \textuncrfemale0 \textheng : \textrhookopeno ˘ \textupfullarrow4 \texthmlig / \textrtailhth

10

Table 13: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols

! \babygamma 8 \eng 4 \labdentalnas \schwa \barb \er / \latfric * \sci \bard M \esh 6 \legm : \scn' \bari \eth E \legr J \scr. \barl D \flapr 1 \lz \scripta< \baro b \glotstop \nialpha \scriptgA \barp \hookb \nibeta Y \scriptv+ \barsci \hookd [ \nichi W \scuX \barscu \hookg \niepsilon ] \scyT \baru $ \hookh \nigamma \slashb; \clickb % \hookheng ) \niiota \slashc \clickc \hookrevepsilon 2 \nilambda \slashdR \clickt " \hv > \niomega U \slashu? \closedniomega \inva C \niphi \taild \closedrevepsilon , \invf O \nisigma H \tailinvr \crossb d \invglotstop S \nitheta 0 \taill \crossd & \invh V \niupsilon 9 \tailn# \crossh I \invlegr 7 \nj F \tailr3 \crossnilambda 5 \invm @ \oo L \tails \curlyc G \invr = \openo P \tailtN \curlyesh K \invscr \reve _ \tailza \curlyyogh \invscripta f \reveject Q \tesh^ \curlyz \invv \revepsilon B \thorn( \dlbari Z \invw c \revglotstop - \tildel \dz \ \invy \scd ` \yoghe \ejective \ipagamma \scg

Table 14: wasysym Phonetic Symbols

D \DH k \dh l \openoÞ \Thorn U \inve þ \thorn

Table 15: phonetic Phonetic Symbols

j \barj f \flap i \ibar A \rotvara i \vari \barlambda ? \glottal c \openo w \rotw \varomegaM \emgma B \hausaB h \planck y \roty C \varopenon \engma b \hausab U \pwedge e \schwa v

˚\vod

N \enya D \hausad \revD p \thorn h \voicedh" \epsi T \hausaD \riota u \ubar x \yoghs \esh k \hausak m \rotm u \udescd \eth K \hausaK \rotOmega a \varaF \fj D \hookd r \rotr G \varg

11

Table 16: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols

\textcrd ¡ \texthtd | \textpipe§ \textcrh ¨ \texthtk ð \textrtaild¢ \textepsilon ± \texthtp » \textrtailt¬ \textesh º \texthtt ¡ \textschwa \textfjlig à \textiota ¬ \textscriptv \texthtb © \textltailn \textteshlig° \texthtc ª \textopeno ¶ \textyogh

The idea behind the t4phonet package’s phonetic symbols is to provide an interfaceto some of the characters in the T4 font encoding (Table 6 on page 8) but using thesame names as the tipa characters presented in Table 10 on page 9.

Table 17: semtrans Transliteration Symbols

\Alif \Ayn

Table 18: Text-mode Accents

Aa \"A\"a Aa \‘A\‘a A. a. \dA\da Aa \rA\ra

Aa \’A\’a ¿A¿a \|A\|a‡ Aa \GA\Ga‡ A a \tA\ta

Aa \.A\.a Aa \~A\~a Ảả \hA\ha§ Aa \uA\ua

Aa \=A\=a A¯

a¯

\bA\ba Aa \HA\Ha ¼A¼a \UA\Ua‡

Aa \Â\â Aa \cA\ca Ąą \kA\ka† Aa \vA\va

Aa \newtieA\newtiea∗ A a \textcircledA\textcircleda

∗ Requires the textcomp package.† Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate

font encoding, such as T1.‡ Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package.§ Requires the T5 font encoding, provided by the vntex package.

Also note the existence of \i and \j, which produce dotless versions of “i” and “j”(viz., “ı” and “”). These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the dot.For example, “na\"\ive” produces a correct “naıve”, while “na\"ive” wouldyield the rather odd-looking “naıve”. (“na\"ive” does work in encodings otherthan OT1, however.)

12

Table 19: tipa Text-mode Accents

Áá \textacutemacronA\textacutemacronaÁá \textacutewedgeA\textacutewedgea

Affi affi \textadvancingA\textadvancinga

A<a< \textbottomtiebarA\textbottomtiebara˘A˘a \textbrevemacronA\textbrevemacronaŻAŻa \textcircumacuteA\textcircumacuteaÂâ \textcircumdotA\textcircumdota§A§a \textdotacuteA\textdotacutea˙A ˙a \textdotbreveA\textdotbrevea˙A ˙a \textdotbreveA\textdotbrevea‚A‚a \textdoublegraveA\textdoublegraveaİAİa \textdoublevbaraccentA\textdoublevbaraccentaŽAŽa \textgravecircumA\textgravecircumađAđa \textgravedotA\textgravedotaÀà \textgravemacronA\textgravemacronaŹAŹa \textgravemidA\textgravemida

A„a„ \textinvsubbridgeA\textinvsubbridgea

Afl afl \textloweringA\textloweringaŸAŸa \textmidacuteA\textmidacutea‰A‰a \textovercrossA\textovercrossa—A

—a \textoverwA\textoverwa

Aa \textpolhookA\textpolhooka

Afi afi \textraisingA\textraisinga

Affl affl \textretractingA\textretractinga˚Aa \textringmacronA\textringmacrona“A“a \textroundcapA\textroundcapa

Aa \textseagullA\textseagulla

A›

a›

\textsubacuteA\textsubacutea

A“

a“

\textsubarchA\textsubarcha

A¯

a¯

\textsubbarA\textsubbara

A”a” \textsubbridgeA\textsubbridgea

Aˆ

aˆ

\textsubcircumA\textsubcircuma

A˙a˙

\textsubdotA\textsubdota

A‹

a‹

\textsubgraveA\textsubgravea

A– a– \textsublhalfringA\textsublhalfringa

Aff aff \textsubplusA\textsubplusa

A» a» \textsubrhalfringA\textsubrhalfringa

(continued on next page)

13

(continued from previous page)

A˚

a˚

\textsubringA\textsubringa

A«a« \textsubsquareA\textsubsquarea

A˜

a˜

\textsubtildeA\textsubtildea

A¨

a¨

\textsubumlautA\textsubumlauta

A—a— \textsubwA\textsubwa

Aˇ

aˇ

\textsubwedgeA\textsubwedgea

A&a& \textsuperimposetildeA\textsuperimposetildea

A"a"

\textsyllabicA\textsyllabicaÃã \texttildedotA\texttildedota>A>a \texttoptiebarA\texttoptiebaraĲAĲa \textvbaraccentA\textvbaraccenta

tipa defines shortcut sequences for many of the above. See the tipa documentationfor more information.

Table 20: extraipa Text-mode Accents”A”

”a” \bibridgeA\bibridgea A– »a– » \partvoicelessA\partvoicelessa

ŔA Ŕa \crtildeA\crtildea Aa \slidingA\slidinga..A..a \dottedtildeA\dottedtildea Aa \spreadlipsA\spreadlipsaÃã \doubletildeA\doubletildea A

â^

\subcornerA\subcornera

A»a» \finpartvoiceA\finpartvoicea A¯

a¯

\subdoublebarA\subdoublebara

A»a» \finpartvoicelessA\finpartvoicelessa A""

a""

\subdoublevertA\subdoubleverta

A– a– \inipartvoiceA\inipartvoicea A¡a¡

\sublptrA\sublptra

A– a– \inipartvoicelessA\inipartvoicelessa A¿a¿

\subrptrA\subrptra”A

”a \overbridgeA\overbridgea A

ŢaŢ

\whistleA\whistlea

A– »a– » \partvoiceA\partvoicea

Table 21: wsuipa Text-mode Accents

Ag ag \dentalA\dentala

Aa \underarchA\underarcha

14

Table 22: phonetic Text-mode Accents

Aa

\hillA\hilla Aa \rcA\rca A˜

a˜

\utA\uta

A˚

a˚

\odA\oda Aa \sylA\sylaA a \ohillA\ohilla A..a.. \tdA\tda

The phonetic package provides a few additional macros for linguistic accents. \acbarand \acarc compose characters with multiple accents; for example, \acbar\’aproduces “á” and \acarc\"e produces “ë”. \labvel joins two characters withan arc: \labvelmn → “_mn”. \upbar is intended to go between characters as in“x\upbary’’→ “x y”. Lastly, \uplett behaves like \textsuperscript but uses asmaller font. Contrast “p\upletth’’ → “ph” with “p\textsuperscripth’’ →“ph”.

Table 23: metre Text-mode Accents

Aa \acutusA\acutusa

Aa \breveA\breveaAa \circumflexusA\circumflexusaAa \diaeresisA\diaeresisa

Aa \gravisA\gravisaAa \macronA\macrona

Table 24: t4phonet Text-mode Accents

Aa \textdoublegraveA\textdoublegravea¿A¿a \textvbaraccentA\textvbaraccenta¼A¼a \textdoublevbaraccentA\textdoublevbaraccenta

The idea behind the t4phonet package’s text-mode accents is to provide an interfaceto some of the accents in the T4 font encoding (accents marked with “‡” in Table 18on page 12) but using the same names as the tipa accents presented in Table 19 onpage 13.

Table 25: arcs Text-mode Accents

A_

a_ \overarcA\overarca Aa \underarcA\underarca

The accents shown above scale only to a few characters wide. An optional macroargument alters the effective width of the accented characters. See the arcs documen-tation for more information.

15

Table 26: semtrans Accents

A¨

a¨

\DA\Da A˘

a˘

\UA\Ua

Aa \TA\Ta∗

\T is not actually an accent but a command that rotates its argument 180° using thegraphicx package’s \rotatebox command.

Table 27: wsuipa Diacritics

s \ain v \leftp x \overring h \stress \underwedge

k \corner n \leftt ~ \polishhook j \syllabic t \upp

u \downp q \length w \rightp r \underdots l \upt

m \downt \midtilde o \rightt y \underring

p \halflength z \open i \secstress | \undertilde

The wsuipa package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.However, it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands, which are used to com-pose diacritics with other characters. For example, \diatop[\overring|a] produces“xa”, and \diaunder[\underdots|a] produces “ra”. See the wsuipa documentationfor more information.

Table 28: textcomp Diacritics

˝ \textacutedbl ˇ \textasciicaron ¯ \textasciimacron´ \textasciiacute ¨ \textasciidieresis \textgravedbl˘ \textasciibreve ` \textasciigrave

The textcomp package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.

Table 29: textcomp Currency Symbols

฿ \textbaht $ \textdollar∗ \textguarani ₩ \textwon¢ \textcent \textdollaroldstyle ₤ \textlira ¥ \textyen \textcentoldstyle ₫ \textdong ₦ \textnaira₡ \textcolonmonetary € \texteuro \textpeso¤ \textcurrency ƒ \textflorin £ \textsterling∗

∗ It’s generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 on page 7because the symbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.

16

Table 30: marvosym Currency Symbols

¢ \Denarius e \EUR D \EURdig e \EURtm £ \Pfund \Ecommerce d \EURcr c \EURhv ¦ \EyesDollar ¡ \Shilling

The different euro signs are meant to be visually compatible with different fonts—Courier (\EURcr), Helvetica (\EURhv), Times Roman (\EURtm), and the marvosymdigits listed in Table 138 (\EURdig). The mathdesign package redefines \texteuro tobe visually compatible with one of three additional fonts: Utopia (€), Charter (€),or Garamond (€).

Table 31: wasysym Currency Symbols

¢ \cent ¤ \currency

Table 32: eurosym Euro Signs

AC \geneuro BC \geneuronarrow CC \geneurowide e \officialeuro

\euro is automatically mapped to one of the above—by default, \officialeuro—based on a eurosym package option. See the eurosym documentation for more infor-mation. The \geneuro. . . characters are generated from the current body font’s “C”character and therefore may not appear exactly as shown.

Table 33: textcomp Legal Symbols

\textcircledP c © \textcopyright \textservicemark« \textcopyleft r ® \textregistered TM ™ \texttrademark


See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms for solu-tions to common problems that occur when using these symbols (e.g., getting a “ r”when you expected to get a “®”).

Table 34: textcomp Old-style Numerals

\textzerooldstyle \textfouroldstyle \texteightoldstyle \textoneoldstyle \textfiveoldstyle \textnineoldstyle \texttwooldstyle \textsixoldstyle \textthreeoldstyle \textsevenoldstyle

Rather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commandsshown above, consider using \oldstylenums. . . to typeset an old-style number.

17

http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms

Table 35: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols

∗ \textasteriskcentered a ª \textordfeminine‖ \textbardbl o º \textordmasculine \textbigcircle ¶ \textparagraph∗

\textblank · \textperiodcentered¦ \textbrokenbar ‱ \textpertenthousand• \textbullet ‰ \textperthousand† \textdagger∗ ¶ \textpilcrow‡ \textdaggerdbl∗ ' \textquotesingle- \textdblhyphen ‚ \textquotestraightbase \textdblhyphenchar „ \textquotestraightdblbase \textdiscount \textrecipe \textestimated ※ \textreferencemark‽ \textinterrobang § \textsection∗

\textinterrobangdown \textthreequartersemdash \textmusicalnote ~ \texttildelow \textnumero \texttwelveudash \textopenbullet



Table 36: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols

h \permil

18

3 Mathematical symbols

Most, but not all, of the symbols in this section are math-mode only. That is, they yield a “Missing $inserted” error message if not used within $. . .$, \[. . .\], or another math-mode environment. Operatorsmarked as “variable-sized” are taller in displayed formulas, shorter in in-text formulas, and possibly shorter stillwhen used in various levels of superscripts or subscripts.

Table 37: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols

$ \mathdollar ¶ \mathparagraph £ \mathsterling. . . \mathellipsis § \mathsection \mathunderscore

It’s generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 on page 7because the symbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.

Table 38: cmll Unary Operators

! \oc∗ ˆ \shneg ? \wn∗

˜ \shift ´ \shpos

∗ \oc and \wn differ from “!” and “?” in terms of their math-mode spacing: $A=!B$produces “A =!B”, for example, while $A=\oc B$ produces “A = !B”.

Table 39: Binary Operators

q \amalg ∪ \cup ⊕ \oplus × \times∗ \ast † \dagger \oslash / \triangleleft© \bigcirc ‡ \ddagger ⊗ \otimes . \triangleright5 \bigtriangledown \diamond ± \pm E \unlhd∗

4 \bigtriangleup ÷ \div B \rhd∗ D \unrhd∗

• \bullet C \lhd∗ \ \setminus ] \uplus∩ \cap ∓ \mp u \sqcap ∨ \vee· \cdot \odot t \sqcup ∧ \wedge \circ \ominus ? \star o \wr

∗ Not predefined in LATEX 2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

Table 40: AMS Binary Operators

Z \barwedge \circledcirc ᵀ \intercal \boxdot \circleddash h \leftthreetimes \boxminus d \Cup n \ltimes \boxplus g \curlyvee i \rightthreetimes \boxtimes f \curlywedge o \rtimese \Cap > \divideontimes r \smallsetminus \centerdot u \dotplus Y \veebar~ \circledast [ \doublebarwedge

19

Table 41: stmaryrd Binary Operators

\baro 9 \interleave \varoast \bbslash 2 \leftslice \varobarN \binampersand ! \merge \varobslashO \bindnasrepma \minuso \varocirclei \boxast \moo \varodotk \boxbar ` \nplus 5 \varogreaterthan \boxbox : \obar 4 \varolessthanj \boxbslash @ \oblong \varominus \boxcircle ; \obslash \varoplus \boxdot = \ogreaterthan \varoslash \boxempty < \olessthan \varotimesl \boxslash > \ovee 6 \varovee. \curlyveedownarrow ? \owedge 7 \varowedge/ \curlyveeuparrow 3 \rightslice " \vartimes' \curlywedgedownarrow \sslash \Ydown& \curlywedgeuparrow 8 \talloblong \Yleft) \fatbslash , \varbigcirc \Yright# \fatsemi \varcurlyvee \Yup( \fatslash \varcurlywedge

Table 42: wasysym Binary Operators

C \lhd # \ocircle \RHD D \unrhd \LHD B \rhd E \unlhd

Table 43: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators

V \circledbar T \circledwedge \medcircW \circledbslash M \invamp \sqcapplusU \circledvee \medbullet | \sqcupplus

Table 44: mathdesign Binary Operators

_ \dtimes ] \udtimes ^ \utimes

The mathdesign package additionally provides versions of each of the binary operatorsshown in Table 40 on the previous page.

Table 45: cmll Binary Operators

` \parr & \with∗

∗ \with differs from “&” in terms of its math-mode spacing: $A \& B$ produces“A&B”, for example, while $A \with B$ produces “A&B”.

20

Table 46: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators

\odplus

Table 47: Variable-sized Math Operators⋂ ⋂\bigcap

⊗⊗\bigotimes

∧ ∧\bigwedge

∏∏\prod⋃ ⋃

\bigcup⊔ ⊔

\bigsqcup∐∐

\coprod∑∑

\sum⊙⊙\bigodot

⊎ ⊎\biguplus

∫ ∫\int⊕⊕

\bigoplus∨ ∨

\bigvee∮ ∮

\oint

Table 48: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators

∫∫ ∫∫\iint

∫∫∫ ∫∫∫\iiint

∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫\iiiint

∫·· ·∫ ∫

· · ·∫

\idotsint

Table 49: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators

em\bigbox

g o\biginterleave

\bigsqcap

bj\bigcurlyvee

\bignplus

`h\bigtriangledown

ck\bigcurlywedge

f n\bigparallel

ai\bigtriangleup

Table 50: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators

r w\int†

! "\iint

# $\iiint

r w\varint∗

u z\varoint∗

\oiint

None of the preceding symbols are defined when wasysym is passed the nointegralsoption.∗ Not defined when wasysym is passed the integrals option.† Defined only when wasysym is passed the integrals option. Otherwise, the default

LATEX \int glyph (as shown in Table 47) is used.

21

Table 51: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators

\bigsqcapplus

\ointclockwise

\bigsqcupplus

\ointctrclockwise

> ?\fint

R S\sqiiint

' (\idotsint

P Q\sqiint

% &\iiiint

\sqint

# $\iiint

F G\varoiiintclockwise

! "\iint

N O\varoiiintctrclockwise

L M\oiiintclockwise

B C\varoiintclockwise

D E\oiiintctrclockwise

J K\varoiintctrclockwise

) *\oiiint

- .\varointclockwise

H I\oiintclockwise

+ ,\varointctrclockwise

@ A\oiintctrclockwise

\varprod

\oiint

22

Table 52: esint Variable-sized Math Operators

¯ ˙\dotsint

ı \ointclockwise

ffl \fint

‰\ointctrclockwise

ˇ ˘\iiiint

” „\sqiint

˝ ˚\iiint

› “\sqint

˜ ¨\iint

! "\varoiint

% &\landdownint

ff fi\varointclockwise

# $\landupint

fl ffi\varointctrclockwise

‚ ‹\oiint

Table 53: mathdesign Variable-sized Math Operators

\intclockwise

\ointclockwise

\oiiint

\ointctrclockwise

\oiint

The mathdesign package provides three versions of each integral—in fact, of everysymbol—to accompany different text fonts: Utopia (

∫

), Garamond (∫

), and Char-

ter (∫

).

Table 54: cmll Large Math Operators

˙\bigparr

˘\bigwith

23

Table 55: Binary Relations

≈ \approx ≡ \equiv ⊥ \perp ^ \smile \asymp _ \frown ≺ \prec \succ./ \bowtie Z \Join∗ \preceq \succeq \cong | \mid ∝ \propto ` \vdasha \dashv |= \models ∼ \sim \doteq ‖ \parallel ' \simeq

∗ Not predefined in LATEX 2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

Table 56: AMS Binary Relations

u \approxeq P \eqcirc v \succapprox \backepsilon ; \fallingdotseq < \succcurlyeqv \backsim ( \multimap % \succsimw \backsimeq t \pitchfork ∴ \therefore∵ \because w \precapprox ≈ \thickapproxG \between 4 \preccurlyeq ∼ \thicksimm \Bumpeq - \precsim ∝ \varproptol \bumpeq : \risingdotseq \Vdash$ \circeq p \shortmid \vDash2 \curlyeqprec q \shortparallel \Vvdash3 \curlyeqsucc a \smallfrown+ \doteqdot ` \smallsmile

Table 57: AMS Negated Binary Relations

\ncong / \nshortparallel 3 \nVDash- \nmid / \nsim \precnapprox∦ \nparallel \nsucc \precnsim⊀ \nprec \nsucceq \succnapprox \npreceq 2 \nvDash \succnsim. \nshortmid 0 \nvdash

Table 58: stmaryrd Binary Relations

A \inplus B \niplus

Table 59: wasysym Binary Relations

\invneg \leadsto \wasyproptoZ \Join \logof

24

Table 60: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations

S \circledgtr X \lJoin ] \opentimesR \circledless \ \lrtimes y \Perp \colonapprox ( \multimap \preceqq \Colonapprox \multimapboth \precneqqD \coloneq \multimapbothvert Y \rJoinH \Coloneq \multimapdot K \strictfiF \Coloneqq \multimapdotboth J \strictifB \coloneqq∗ \multimapdotbothA L \strictiff \Colonsim \multimapdotbothAvert \succeqq \colonsim \multimapdotbothB \succneqqI \Eqcolon \multimapdotbothBvert ∥ \varparallelE \eqcolon \multimapdotbothvert \varparallelinvC \eqqcolon \multimapdotinv \VvDashG \Eqqcolon \multimapinvh \eqsim [ \openJoin

∗ As an alternative to using txfonts/pxfonts, a “:=” symbol can be constructed with“\mathrel\mathop:=”.

Table 61: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations

6 \napproxeq $ \npreccurlyeq 5 \nthickapprox- \nasymp 9 \npreceqq h \ntwoheadleftarrow* \nbacksim \nprecsim g \ntwoheadrightarrow+ \nbacksimeq ; \nsimeq \nvarparallel( \nbumpeq 8 \nsuccapprox \nvarparallelinv) \nBumpeq % \nsucccurlyeq 1 \nVdash. \nequiv : \nsucceqq7 \nprecapprox \nsuccsim

Table 62: mathtools Binary Relations

::≈ \Colonapprox :− \coloneq −:: \Eqcolon:≈ \colonapprox :∼ \colonsim =: \eqqcolon:= \coloneqq ::∼ \Colonsim =:: \Eqqcolon::= \Coloneqq :: \dblcolon::− \Coloneq −: \eqcolon

Similar symbols can be defined using mathtools’s \vcentcolon, which produces acolon centered on the font’s math axis:

=:= vs. =:=“=:=” “=\vcentcolon=”

25

Table 63: trsym Binary Relations

\InversTransformHoriz \TransformHoriz

\InversTransformVert \TransformVert

Table 64: trfsigns Binary Relationsc ........... \dfourier ........... c \Dfourierc \fourier c \Fourierc s \laplace s c \Laplacec ........... s \ztransf s ........... c \Ztransf

Table 65: cmll Binary Relations

¨ \coh ˝ \scoh˚ \incoh ˇ \sincoh

Table 66: Subset and Superset Relations

@ \sqsubset∗ w \sqsupseteq ⊃ \supsetv \sqsubseteq ⊂ \subset ⊇ \supseteqA \sqsupset∗ ⊆ \subseteq

∗ Not predefined in LATEX 2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

Table 67: AMS Subset and Superset Relations

* \nsubseteq j \subseteqq % \supsetneqq+ \nsupseteq ( \subsetneq \varsubsetneq# \nsupseteqq $ \subsetneqq & \varsubsetneqq@ \sqsubset c \Supset ! \varsupsetneqA \sqsupset k \supseteqq ' \varsupsetneqqb \Subset ) \supsetneq

Table 68: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations

D \subsetplus E \supsetplusF \subsetpluseq G \supsetpluseq

Table 69: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations

@ \sqsubset A \sqsupset

26

Table 70: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations

a \nsqsubset A \nsqsupseteq ? \nSupset@ \nsqsubseteq > \nSubsetb \nsqsupset " \nsubseteqq

Table 71: Inequalities

≥ \geq \gg ≤ \leq \ll , \neq

Table 72: AMS Inequalities

1 \eqslantgtr m \gtrdot Q \lesseqgtr \ngeq

0 \eqslantless R \gtreqless S \lesseqqgtr \ngeqq

= \geqq T \gtreqqless ≶ \lessgtr \ngeqslant

> \geqslant ≷ \gtrless . \lesssim ≯ \ngtr

≫ \ggg & \gtrsim ≪ \lll \nleq

\gnapprox \gvertneqq \lnapprox \nleqq

\gneq 5 \leqq \lneq \nleqslant

\gneqq 6 \leqslant \lneqq ≮ \nless

\gnsim / \lessapprox \lnsim

' \gtrapprox l \lessdot \lvertneqq

Table 73: wasysym Inequalities

? \apprge > \apprle

Table 74: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities

4 \ngg ! \ngtrsim \nlesssim# \ngtrapprox " \nlessapprox 3 \nll& \ngtrless ' \nlessgtr

Table 75: AMS Triangle Relations

J \blacktriangleleft 5 \ntrianglelefteq E \trianglelefteq C \vartriangleleftI \blacktriangleright 7 \ntriangleright , \triangleq B \vartriangleright6 \ntriangleleft 4 \ntrianglerighteq D \trianglerighteq

27

Table 76: stmaryrd Triangle Relations

P \trianglelefteqslant Q \trianglerighteqslantR \ntrianglelefteqslant S \ntrianglerighteqslant

Table 77: Arrows

⇓ \Downarrow ←− \longleftarrow \nwarrow↓ \downarrow ⇐= \Longleftarrow ⇒ \Rightarrow← \hookleftarrow ←→ \longleftrightarrow → \rightarrow→ \hookrightarrow ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow \searrow \leadsto∗ 7−→ \longmapsto \swarrow← \leftarrow =⇒ \Longrightarrow ↑ \uparrow⇐ \Leftarrow −→ \longrightarrow ⇑ \Uparrow⇔ \Leftrightarrow 7→ \mapsto l \updownarrow↔ \leftrightarrow \nearrow† m \Updownarrow

∗ Not predefined in LATEX 2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

† See the note beneath Table 118 for information about how to put a diagonal arrow

across a mathematical expression (as in “* 0

∇ · ~B ”) .

Table 78: Harpoons

\leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown \rightleftharpoons \leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup

Table 79: textcomp Text-mode Arrows

↓ \textdownarrow → \textrightarrow← \textleftarrow ↑ \textuparrow

Table 80: AMS Arrows

\circlearrowleft ⇔ \leftleftarrows \rightleftarrows \circlearrowright \leftrightarrows ⇒ \rightrightarrowsx \curvearrowleft ! \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrowy \curvearrowright W \Lleftarrow \Rshc \dashleftarrow " \looparrowleft \twoheadleftarrowd \dashrightarrow # \looparrowright \twoheadrightarrow \downdownarrows \Lsh \upuparrows \leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail

28

Table 81: AMS Negated Arrows

: \nLeftarrow < \nLeftrightarrow ; \nRightarrow8 \nleftarrow = \nleftrightarrow 9 \nrightarrow

Table 82: AMS Harpoons

\downharpoonleft \leftrightharpoons \upharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \upharpoonright

Table 83: stmaryrd Arrows

^ \leftarrowtriangle ⇐\ \Mapsfrom \shortleftarrow- \leftrightarroweq ←[ \mapsfrom \shortrightarrow] \leftrightarrowtriangle ⇒ \Mapsto \shortuparrow \lightning 1 \nnearrow % \ssearrow⇐=\ \Longmapsfrom 0 \nnwarrow $ \sswarrow←− [ \longmapsfrom _ \rightarrowtriangle=⇒ \Longmapsto \shortdownarrow

Table 84: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows

\boxdotLeft \circleddotright \Diamondleft \boxdotleft \circleleft \Diamondright \boxdotright \circleright \DiamondRight \boxdotRight e \dashleftrightarrow f \leftsquigarrow \boxLeft \DiamonddotLeft t \Nearrow \boxleft \Diamonddotleft v \Nwarrow \boxright \Diamonddotright V \Rrightarrow \boxRight \DiamonddotRight u \Searrow \circleddotleft \DiamondLeft w \Swarrow

Table 85: chemarrow Arrows

A \chemarrow

Table 86: ulsy Contradiction Symbols

\blitza \blitzb \blitzc \blitzd \blitze

Table 87: Extension Characters

− \relbar = \Relbar

29

Table 88: stmaryrd Extension Characters

Y \Arrownot \ \Mapsfromchar \MapstocharX \arrownot [ \mapsfromchar

Table 89: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters

\Mappedfromchar \Mmappedfromchar \Mmapstochar \mappedfromchar \mmappedfromchar \mmapstochar

Table 90: Log-like Symbols

\arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min \sinh\arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr \sup\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec \tan\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin \tanh

Calling the above “symbols” may be a bit misleading.1 Each log-like symbol merelyproduces the eponymous textual equivalent, but with proper surrounding spacing.See Section 7.4 for more information about log-like symbols. As \bmod and \pmod arearguably not symbols we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00]for samples.

Table 91: AMS Log-like Symbols

inj lim \injlim lim−→ \varinjlim lim \varlimsup

proj lim \projlim lim \varliminf lim←− \varprojlim

Load the amsmath package to get these symbols. See Section 7.4 for some additionalcomments regarding log-like symbols. As \mod and \pod are arguably not symbolswe refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for samples.

1Michael J. Downes prefers the more general term, “atomic math objects”.

30

Table 92: Greek Letters

α \alpha θ \theta o o τ \tauβ \beta ϑ \vartheta π \pi υ \upsilonγ \gamma ι \iota $ \varpi φ \phiδ \delta κ \kappa ρ \rho ϕ \varphiε \epsilon λ \lambda % \varrho χ \chiε \varepsilon µ \mu σ \sigma ψ \psiζ \zeta ν \nu ς \varsigma ω \omegaη \eta ξ \xi

Γ \Gamma Λ \Lambda Σ \Sigma Ψ \Psi∆ \Delta Ξ \Xi Υ \Upsilon Ω \OmegaΘ \Theta Π \Pi Φ \Phi

The remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. Thesymbol “M”, for instance, is used for both an uppercase “m” and an uppercase “µ”.See Section 7.5 for examples of how to produce bold Greek letters.

Table 93: AMS Greek Letters

z \digamma κ \varkappa

Table 94: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters

α \alphaup θ \thetaup π \piup φ \phiupβ \betaup ϑ \varthetaup $ \varpiup ϕ \varphiupγ \gammaup ι \iotaup ρ \rhoup χ \chiupδ \deltaup κ \kappaup % \varrhoup ψ \psiupε \epsilonup λ \lambdaup σ \sigmaup ω \omegaupε \varepsilonup µ \muup ς \varsigmaupζ \zetaup ν \nuup τ \tauupη \etaup ξ \xiup υ \upsilonup

31

Table 95: upgreek Upright Greek Letters

α \upalpha θ \uptheta π \uppi φ \upphiβ \upbeta ϑ \upvartheta ϖ \upvarpi ϕ \upvarphiγ \upgamma ι \upiota ρ \uprho χ \upchiδ \updelta κ \upkappa ρ \upvarrho ψ \uppsiε \upepsilon λ \uplambda σ \upsigma ω \upomegaε \upvarepsilon µ \upmu σ \upvarsigmaζ \upzeta ν \upnu τ \uptauη \upeta ξ \upxi υ \upupsilon

Γ \Upgamma Λ \Uplambda Σ \Upsigma Ψ \Uppsi∆ \Updelta Ξ \Upxi Υ \Upupsilon Ω \UpomegaΘ \Uptheta Π \Uppi Φ \Upphi

upgreek utilizes upright Greek characters from either the PostScript Symbol font(depicted above) or Euler Roman. As a result, the glyphs may appear slightly differentfrom the above. Contrast, for example, “Γ∆Θαβγ” (Symbol) with “Γ∆Θαβγ” (Euler).

Table 96: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters

1 \varg 3 \varv 4 \varw 2 \vary

Pass the varg option to txfonts/pxfonts to replace g, v, w, and y with 1, 3, 4, and 2 inevery mathematical expression in your document.

Table 97: AMS Hebrew Letters

i \beth ג \gimel k \daleth

\aleph (ℵ) appears in Table 139 on page 42.

Table 98: Letter-like Symbols

⊥ \bot ∀ \forall ı \imath 3 \ni > \top` \ell ~ \hbar ∈ \in ∂ \partial ℘ \wp∃ \exists = \Im \jmath < \Re

Table 99: AMS Letter-like Symbols

k \Bbbk \complement ~ \hbarr \circledR ` \Finv \hslashs \circledS a \Game @ \nexists

32

Table 100: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols

¢ \mathcent £ \mathsterling∗ < \notin = \notni


Table 101: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols

e \e j \im

Table 102: mathdesign Letter-like Symbols

∈ \in 3 \owns6∈ \notin \smallin \notsmallin \smallowns \notsmallowns

The mathdesign package additionally provides versions of each of the letter-like sym-bols shown in Table 99 on the previous page.

Table 103: AMS Delimiters

p \ulcorner q \urcornerx \llcorner y \lrcorner

Table 104: stmaryrd Delimiters

P \Lbag Q \Rbag N \lbag O \rbagV \llceil W \rrceil T \llfloor U \rrfloorL \llparenthesis M \rrparenthesis

Table 105: nath Delimiters

\niv \vin

33

Table 106: Variable-sized Delimiters

↓y \downarrow ⇓

ww \Downarrow [[

[ ]]

]

〈⟨

\langle 〉⟩

\rangle |∣∣∣ | ‖

∥∥∥ \|

d⌈

\lceil e⌉

\rceil ↑x \uparrow ⇑

~ww \Uparrow

b⌊

\lfloor c⌋

\rfloor lxy \updownarrow m

~w \Updownarrow

((

( ))

)

\

\

//

/ \∖

\backslash

When used with \left and \right, these symbols expand to the height of the en-closed math expression. Note that \vert is a synonym for |, and \Vert is a synonymfor \|.

ε-TEX provides a \middle analogue to \left and \right. \middle can be used, forexample, to make an internal “|” expand to the height of the surrounding \left and\right symbols. (This capability is commonly needed when typesetting adjacent brasand kets in Dirac notation: “〈φ|ψ〉”). A similar effect can be achieved in conventionalLATEX using the braket package.

Table 107: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters \lmoustache \rmoustache

\lgroup \rgroup

\arrowvertww wwwww \Arrowvert

\bracevert

These symbols must be used with \left and \right. The mathabx package, however,redefines \lgroup and \rgroup so that those symbols can work without \left and\right.

Table 108: AMS Variable-sized Delimiters

|∣∣∣ \lvert |

∣∣∣ \rvert

‖∥∥∥ \lVert ‖

∥∥∥ \rVert

According to the amsmath documentation [AMS99], the preceding symbols are in-tended to be used as delimiters (e.g., as in “|−z|”) while the \vert and \Vert symbols(Table 106) are intended to be used as operators (e.g., as in “p|q”).

34

Table 109: stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters

~

\llbracket

\rrbracket

Table 110: mathdesign Variable-sized Delimiters

Ð

Ð

Ð

Ð

Ð

\leftwave Ð

Ð

Ð

Ð

Ð

\rightwave

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

\leftevaw Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

\rightevaw

The definitions of these symbols include a preceding \left or \right. It is thereforean error to specify \left or \right explicitly. The internal, “primitive” versions ofthese symbols are called \lwave, \rwave, \levaw, and \revaw.

Table 111: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double)

〈〈⟨⟨

\lAngle 〉〉⟩⟩

\rAngle

[[[[

\lBrack ]]]]

\rBrack

dd⌈⌈

\lCeil ee⌉⌉

\rCeil

bb⌊⌊

\lFloor cc⌋⌋

\rFloor

||∣∣∣∣∣∣ \lVert∗ ||

∣∣∣∣∣∣ \rVert∗

∗ nath redefines all of the above to include implicit \left and \right commands.Hence, separate \lVert and \rVert commands are needed to disambiguate whether“|” is a left or right delimiter.

All of the symbols in Table 111 can also be expressed using the \double macro. Seethe nath documentation for examples and additional information.

35

Table 112: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple)

〈〈〈⟨⟨⟨

\triple< 〉〉〉⟩⟩⟩

\triple>

[[[[[[

\triple[ ]]]]]]

\triple]

|||∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣ \ltriple|∗ |||

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣ \rtriple|∗

∗ Similar to \lVert and \rVert in Table 111, \ltriple and \rtriple must be usedinstead of \triple to disambiguate whether “|” is a left or right delimiter.

Note that \triple—and the corresponding \double—is actually a macro that takesa delimiter as an argument.

Table 113: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters

⟨ \textlangle ⟩ \textrangle〚 \textlbrackdbl 〛 \textrbrackdbl⁅ \textlquill ⁆ \textrquill

Table 114: metre Text-mode Delimiters

\alad \Alad † \crux † \Crux \alas \Alas ]] \quadrad ]] \Quadrad〉 \angud 〉 \Angud [[ \quadras [[ \Quadras〈 \angus 〈 \Angus

Table 115: Math-mode Accents

a \acutea a \checka a \gravea a \tildeaa \bara a \ddota a \hata ~a \vecaa \brevea a \dota a \mathringa

Also note the existence of \imath and \jmath, which produce dotless versions of “i”and “j ”. (See Table 139 on page 42.) These are useful when the accent is supposedto replace the dot. For example, “\hat\imath” produces a correct “ ı ”, while“\hati” would yield the rather odd-looking “ i ”.

36

Table 116: AMS Math-mode Accents...a \dddota

....a \ddddota

These accents are also provided by the mathabx and accents packages and are redefinedby the mathdots package if the amsmath and amssymb packages have previously beenloaded. All of the variations except for the original AMS ones tighten the spacebetween the dots (from

...a to ˙a). The mathabx and mathdots versions also function

properly within subscripts and superscripts (x˙a instead of x...a ) .

Table 117: yhmath Math-mode Accents

a \ringa

This symbol is largely obsolete, as standard LATEX 2ε has supported \mathring sinceJune, 1998 [LAT98].

Table 118: Extensible Accents›abc \widetildeabc∗ ”abc \widehatabc∗

←−abc \overleftarrowabc†

−→abc \overrightarrowabc†

abc \overlineabc abc \underlineabc︷︸︸︷abc \overbraceabc abc︸︷︷︸ \underbraceabc

√abc \sqrtabc‡

As demonstrated in a 1997 TUGboat article about typesetting long-division prob-lems [Gib97], an extensible long-division sign (“ )abc ”) can be faked by putting a“\big)” in a tabular environment with an \hline or \cline in the preceding row.The article also presents a piece of code (uploaded to CTAN as longdiv.tex) thatautomatically solves and typesets—by putting an \overline atop “\big)” and thedesired text—long-division problems. See also the polynom package, which automat-ically solves and typesets polynomial-division problems in a similar manner.

∗ These symbols are made more extensible by the MnSymbol package and even moreextensible by the yhmath package.

† If you’re looking for an extensible diagonal line or arrow to be used for canceling orreducing mathematical subexpressions (e.g., “x+−x” or “:

53 + 2 ”) then consider

using the cancel package.

‡ With an optional argument, \sqrt typesets nth roots. For example,“\sqrt[3]abc” produces “ 3√

abc ” and “\sqrt[n]abc” produces “ n√abc ”.

37

Table 119: yhmath Extensible Accents

abc \wideparenabc Èabc \widetriangleabc

˚abc \wideringabc

Table 120: AMS Extensible Accents

←→abc \overleftrightarrowabc abc←→ \underleftrightarrowabc

abc←− \underleftarrowabc abc−→ \underrightarrowabc

Table 121: mathtools Extensible Accents︷︸︸︷abc \overbraceabc abc︸︷︷︸ \underbraceabc

abc \overbracketabc∗ abc \underbracketabc∗

∗ \overbracket and \underbracket accept optional arguments that specify thebracket height and thickness. See the mathtools documentation for more informa-tion.

Table 122: esvect Extensible Accents# ”

abc \vvabc with package option a# „

abc \vvabc with package option b# «

abc \vvabc with package option c# »

abc \vvabc with package option d# –

abc \vvabc with package option e# —

abc \vvabc with package option f#

abc \vvabc with package option g# ‰

abc \vvabc with package option h

esvect also defines a \vv* macro which is used to typeset arrows over vector variableswith subscripts. See the esvect documentation for more information.

Table 123: undertilde Extensible Accents

abc› \utildeabc

Because \utilde is based on \widetilde it is also made more extensible by theyhmath package.

38

Table 124: AMS Extensible Arrows

abc←−− \xleftarrowabcabc−−→ \xrightarrowabc

Table 125: mathtools Extensible Arrowsabc←−− \xhookleftarrowabc

abc−−−− \xleftrightharpoonsabc

abc−−→ \xhookrightarrowabc

abc7−−→ \xmapstoabcabc⇐== \xLeftarrowabc

abc==⇒ \xRightarrowabcabc−− \xleftharpoondownabc

abc−− \xrightharpoondownabcabc−− \xleftharpoonupabc

abc−− \xrightharpoonupabcabc←−→ \xleftrightarrowabc

abc−−−− \xrightleftharpoonsabc

abc⇐=⇒ \xLeftrightarrowabc

Table 126: chemarr Extensible Arrowsabc−−−− \xrightleftharpoonsabc

Table 127: chemarrow Extensible Arrows

abcDGGGGGGG

def\autoleftarrowabcdef

abcGGGGGGGA

def\autorightarrowabcdef

abcEGGGGGGGGGGGGGGC

def\autoleftrightharpoonsabcdef

abcGGGGGGGBFGGGGGGG

def\autorightleftharpoonsabcdef

In addition to the symbols shown above, chemarrow also provides \larrowfill,\rarrowfill, \leftrightharpoonsfill, and \rightleftharpoonsfill macros.Each of these takes a length argument and produces an arrow of the specified length.

Table 128: trfsigns Extensible Arrows

a \dfta a \DFTa

39

Table 129: extarrows Extensible Arrowsabc⇐=⇒ \xLeftrightarrowabc

abc⇐==⇒ \xLongleftrightarrowabcabc←−→ \xleftrightarrowabc

abc←−−→ \xlongleftrightarrowabcabc==== \xlongequalabc

abc==⇒ \xLongrightarrowabcabc⇐== \xLongleftarrowabc

abc−−→ \xlongrightarrowabcabc←−− \xlongleftarrowabc

Table 130: extpfeil Extensible Arrows

abc==== \xlongequalabcabc7−−→ \xmapstoabc

abc−−−− \xtwoheadleftarrowabc

abc−−−− \xtwoheadrightarrowabc

The extpfeil package also provides a \newextarrow command to help you define yourown extensible arrow symbols. See the extpfeil documentation for more information.

Table 131: holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols

abcdef

\holterabcdefabcdef

\polterabcdef

Table 132: Dots

· \cdotp : \colon∗ . \ldotp... \vdots†

· · · \cdots. . . \ddots† . . . \ldots

∗ While “:” is valid in math mode, \colon uses different surrounding spacing. SeeSection 7.4 and the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for more information onmath-mode spacing.

† The mathdots package redefines \ddots and \vdots to make them scale properly withfont size. (They normally scale horizontally but not vertically.) \fixedddots and\fixedvdots provide the original, fixed-height functionality of LATEX 2ε’s \ddots and\vdots macros.

40

Table 133: AMS Dots

∵ \because∗ · · · \dotsi ∴ \therefore∗

· · · \dotsb · · · \dotsm. . . \dotsc . . . \dotso

∗ \because and \therefore are defined as binary relations and therefore also appearin Table 56 on page 24.

The AMS \dots symbols are named according to their intended usage: \dotsbbetween pairs of binary operators/relations, \dotsc between pairs of commas, \dotsibetween pairs of integrals, \dotsm between pairs of multiplication signs, and \dotsobetween other symbol pairs.

Table 134: wasysym Dots

∴ \wasytherefore

Table 135: mathdots Dots

. ..

\iddots

Table 136: yhmath Dots

. .. \adots

Table 137: mathcomp Math Symbols

\tccentigrade Ω \tcohm ‰ \tcperthousandµ \tcmu ‱ \tcpertenthousand

Table 138: marvosym Digits

0 \MVZero 2 \MVTwo 4 \MVFour 6 \MVSix 8 \MVEight1 \MVOne 3 \MVThree 5 \MVFive 7 \MVSeven 9 \MVNine

41

Table 139: Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Math Symbols

ℵ \aleph ^ \Diamond∗ ∞ \infty ′ \prime6 \angle ♦ \diamondsuit f \mho∗ ] \sharp\ \backslash ∅ \emptyset‡ ∇ \nabla ♠ \spadesuit \Box∗,† [ \flat \ \natural

√\surd

♣ \clubsuit ♥ \heartsuit ¬ \neg 4 \triangle

∗ Not predefined in LATEX 2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym. Note, however, that amsfonts and amssymb define\Diamond to produce the same glyph as \lozenge (“♦”); the other packages pro-duce a squarer \Diamond as depicted above.

† To use \Box—or any other symbol—as an end-of-proof (Q.E.D.) marker, considerusing the ntheorem package, which properly juxtaposes a symbol with the end of theproof text.

‡ Many people prefer the look of AMS’s \varnothing (“∅”, Table 140) to that ofLATEX’s \emptyset.

Table 140: Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols

∠ \angle H \blacktriangledown f \mho8 \backprime \diagdown ^ \sphericalangleF \bigstar \diagup \square \blacklozenge ð \eth O \triangledown \blacksquare ♦ \lozenge ∅ \varnothingN \blacktriangle ] \measuredangle M \vartriangle

Table 141: Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols

2 \Box 3 \Diamond f \mho∗ \varangle

∗ wasysym also defines an \agemO symbol, which is the same glyph as \mho but isintended for use in text mode.

Table 142: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols

_ \Diamondblack n \lambdaslash r \varheartsuit \Diamonddot p \varclubsuit s \varspadesuito \lambdabar q \vardiamondsuit

42

Table 143: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols

° \textdegree∗ ½ \textonehalf† ¾ \textthreequarters†

÷ \textdiv ¼ \textonequarter† ³ \textthreesuperior⁄ \textfractionsolidus ¹ \textonesuperior × \texttimes¬ \textlnot ± \textpm ² \texttwosuperior− \textminus √ \textsurd

∗ If you prefer a larger degree symbol you might consider defining one as“\ensuremath^\circ” (“”).

† nicefrac (part of the units package) can be used to construct vulgar fractions like “1/2”,“1/4”, “3/4”, and even “c/o”.

Table 144: Miscellaneous marvosym Math Symbols

W \Anglesign ÷ \Squaredot P \Vectorarrowhigh= \Corresponds p \Vectorarrow

Table 145: Miscellaneous mathdesign Math Symbols∟ \rightangle

Table 146: Miscellaneous arev Math Symbols

\steaming ♦ \vardiamond \varspade \varclub ♥ \varheart

43

Table 147: Math Alphabets

Font sample Generating command Required package

ABCdef123 \mathrmABCdef123 noneABCdef123 \mathitABCdef123 noneABCdef \mathnormalABCdef123 noneABC \mathcalABC noneABC \mathscrABC mathrsfs

or \mathcalABC calrsfsABC \mathcalABC euscript with the mathcal option

or \mathscrABC euscript with the mathscr optionABCdef123 \mathpzcABCdef123 none; manually defined∗

ABC \mathbbABC amsfonts,amssymb, txfonts, or pxfonts \varmathbbABC txfonts or pxfontsABCdef123 \mathbbABCdef123 bbold or mathbbol†

ABCdef12 \mathbbmABCdef12 bbmABCdef12 \mathbbmssABCdef12 bbmABCdef12 \mathbbmttABCdef12 bbmABC1 \mathdsABC1 dsfontABC1 \mathdsABC1 dsfont with the sans optionABCdef123 \mathfrakABCdef123 eufrakABCdef123 \textfrakABCdef123 yfonts‡

ABCdef123 \textswabABCdef123 yfonts‡

ABCˇf123 \textgothABCdef123 yfonts‡

∗ Put “\DeclareMathAlphabet\mathpzcOT1pzcmit” in your docu-ment’s preamble to make \mathpzc typeset its argument in Zapf Chancery.As a similar trick, you can typeset the Calligra font’s script “r ” (or othercalligraphic symbols) in math mode by loading the calligra package andputting “\DeclareMathAlphabet\mathcalligraT1calligramn”in your document’s preamble to make \mathcalligra typeset itsargument in the Calligra font. (You may also want to specify“\DeclareFontShapeT1calligramn<->s*[2.2]callig15” to setCalligra at 2.2 times its design size for a better blend with typical body fonts.)

† The mathbbol package defines some additional blackboard bold characters: parenthe-ses, square brackets, angle brackets, and—if the bbgreekl option is passed to matb-bol—Greek letters. For instance, “<[( )]>” is produced by “\mathbb\Langle\Lbrack\Lparen\bbalpha\bbbeta\bbgamma\Rparen\Rbrack\Rangle”.

mbboard extends the blackboard bold symbol set significantly further. It supportsnot only the Greek alphabet—including “Greek-like” symbols such as \bbnabla—but also all punctuation marks, various currency symbols such as \bbdollar and\bbeuro, and the Hebrew alphabet.

‡ As their \text. . . names imply, the fonts provided by the yfonts package are actuallytext fonts. They are included in Table 147 because they are frequently used in amathematical context.

44

4 Science and technology symbols

This section lists symbols that are employed in various branches of science and engineering.

Table 148: gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

\celsius µ \micro ‰ \perthousand° \degree Ω \ohm

Table 149: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols

: \AC @ \VHF :::: \photon F \HF QPPPPPPR \gluon

Table 150: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols

! \FallingEdge ' \LongPulseLow % \PulseLow " \ShortPulseHigh& \LongPulseHigh $ \PulseHigh \RaisingEdge # \ShortPulseLow

In addition, within \textifsym. . ., the following codes are valid:

l l m m h h d d < < > >

L L M M H H D D = << ? >>

This enables one to write “\textifsymmm<DDD>mm” to get “mm<DDD>mm” or“\textifsymL|H|L|H|L” to get “L|H|L|H|L”. See also the timing package, whichprovides a wide variety of pulse-diagram symbols within an environment designedspecifically for typesetting pulse diagrams.

Finally, \textifsym supports the display of segmented digits, as would appear on anLCD: “\textifsym-123.456” produces “-123.456”. “\textifsymb” outputsa blank with the same width as an “8”.

Table 151: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol

A \AR

Table 152: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols

\textcelsius \textmho µ \textmu Ω \textohm

45

Table 153: wasysym Astronomical Symbols

' \mercury \earth X \jupiter Z \uranus \ \pluto \venus \mars Y \saturn [ \neptune

\astrosun # \fullmoon $ \leftmoon \newmoon % \rightmoon

\aries _ \cancer a \libra e \aquarius] \taurus \leo b \scorpio d \capricornus^ \gemini ` \virgo c \sagittarius f \pisces

\ascnode \descnode V \conjunction W \opposition \vernal

Table 154: marvosym Astronomical Symbols

Â \Mercury Ê \Earth Å \Jupiter Ç \Uranus É \PlutoÃ \Venus Ä \Mars Æ \Saturn È \Neptune

Á \Moon À \Sun

à \Aries ã \Cancer æ \Libra é \Capricorná \Taurus ä \Leo ç \Scorpio ê \Aquariusâ \Gemini å \Virgo è \Sagittarius ë \Pisces

Note that \Aries . . . \Pisces can also be specified with \Zodiac1 . . . \Zodiac12.

Table 155: wasysym APL Symbols

~ \APLbox ÷~ \APLinv E \APLstar \APLcomment p \APLleftarrowbox \APLupF \APLdown \APLlog n \APLuparrowboxo \APLdownarrowbox − \APLminus \− \notbackslash \APLinput q \APLrightarrowbox /− \notslash

Table 156: wasysym APL Modifiers

\APLcirc ∼ \APLnot | \APLvert

Table 157: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols

Í \ComputerMouse Ñ \ParallelPort Î \SerialInterfaceÏ \Keyboard Ò \Printer Ð \SerialPort

46

Table 158: keystroke Computer Keys

Alt \Alt Enter \Enter∗ PrtSc \PrtSc∗

AltGr \AltGr Esc \Esc∗ → \RArrow

Break \Break∗ Home \Home∗ ← \Return

7−→ \BSpace† Ins \Ins∗ Scroll \Scroll∗

Ctrl \Ctrl∗ ← \LArrow Shift ⇑ \Shift∗

↓ \DArrow Num \NumLock \Spacebar

Del \Del∗ Page ↓ \PgDown∗ −−→−−→ \Tab†

End \End∗ Page ↑ \PgUp∗ ↑ \UArrow

∗ Changes based on the language option passed to the keystroke package. For example,the german option makes \Del produce “ Entf ” instead of “ Del ”.

† These symbols utilize the rotating package and therefore display improperly in mostDVI viewers.

The \keystroke command draws a key with an arbitrary label. For example,“\keystrokeF7” produces “ F7 ”.

Table 159: ascii Control Characters (CP437)

\SOH \BS \SI \SYN \GS \STX \HT \DLE \ETB \RS \ETX \LF \DCa \CAN \US \EOT \VT \DCb \EM \ENQ \FF \DCc \SUB \ACK \CR \DCd \ESC \BEL \SO \NAK \FS

\DEL \NBSP \NUL ¦ \splitvert

Code Page 437 (CP437), which was first utilized by the original IBM PC, uses thesymbols \SOH through \US to depict ASCII characters 1–31 and \DEL to depict ASCIIcharacter 127. The \NUL symbol, not part of CP437, represents ASCII character 0.\NBSP, also not part of CP437, represents a nonbreaking space. \splitvert is merelythe “|” character drawn as it was on the IBM PC.

Table 160: marvosym Communication Symbols

k \Email t \fax v \Faxmachine E \Lightning A \Pickup

z \Emailct u \FAX B \Letter H \Mobilefone T \Telefon

47

Table 161: marvosym Engineering Symbols

" \Beam l \Force ‘ \Octosteel \RoundedTTsteel# \Bearing ’ \Hexasteel ˜ \Rectpipe — \Squarepipe› \Circpipe & \Lefttorque ” \Rectsteel “ \Squaresteel• \Circsteel L \Lineload ' \Righttorque œ \Tsteel% \Fixedbearing $ \Loosebearing Ÿ \RoundedLsteel∗ š \TTsteel– \Flatsteel ™ \Lsteel \RoundedTsteel∗

∗ \RoundedLsteel and \RoundedTsteel seem to be swapped, at least in the2000/05/01 version of marvosym.

Table 162: wasysym Biological Symbols

\female \male

Table 163: marvosym Biological Symbols

~ \Female … \FemaleMale \MALE \Neutral \FEMALE \Hermaphrodite | \Male„ \FemaleFemale \HERMAPHRODITE ƒ \MaleMale

Table 164: marvosym Safety-related Symbols

h \Biohazard C \CEsign ` \Explosionsafe j \Radioactivityn \BSEfree J \Estatically a \Laserbeam ! \Stopsign

Table 165: feyn Feynman Diagram Symbols

! \bigbosonloop \feynfu \feyngvs h \feynh

a \feyna \feynfv \feyngv l \feynms

c \feync f \feynf g \feyng m \feynm

\feynfd w \feynglu \feynhd p \feynp

n \feynfl o \feyngl i \feynhs x \feynx

e \feynfs \feyngu \feynhu \smallbosonloop

All other arguments to the \feyn command produce a “?” symbol.

The feyn package provides various commands for composing the preceding symbolsinto complete Feynman diagrams. See the feyn documentation for examples andadditional information.

48

5 Dingbats

Dingbats are symbols such as stars, arrows, and geometric shapes. They are commonly used as bullets initemized lists or, more generally, as a means to draw attention to the text that follows.

The pifont dingbat package warrants special mention. Among other capabilities, pifont provides a LATEXinterface to the Zapf Dingbats font (one of the standard 35 PostScript fonts). However, rather than name eachof the dingbats individually, pifont merely provides a single \ding command, which outputs the character thatlies at a given position in the font. The consequence is that the pifont symbols can’t be listed by name in thisdocument’s index, so be mindful of that fact when searching for a particular symbol.

Table 166: bbding Arrows

y \ArrowBoldDownRight z \ArrowBoldRightShort x \ArrowBoldUpRight

\ArrowBoldRightCircled w \ArrowBoldRightStrobe

Table 167: pifont Arrows

Ô \ding212 Ý \ding221 æ \ding230 ï \ding239 ù \ding249Õ \ding213 Þ \ding222 ç \ding231 ñ \ding241 ú \ding250Ö \ding214 ß \ding223 è \ding232 ò \ding242 û \ding251× \ding215 à \ding224 é \ding233 ó \ding243 ü \ding252Ø \ding216 á \ding225 ê \ding234 ô \ding244 ý \ding253Ù \ding217 â \ding226 ë \ding235 õ \ding245 þ \ding254Ú \ding218 ã \ding227 ì \ding236 ö \ding246Û \ding219 ä \ding228 í \ding237 ÷ \ding247Ü \ding220 å \ding229 î \ding238 ø \ding248

Table 168: universal Arrows

\bauarrow \bauwhitearrow

Table 169: marvosym Scissors

s \Cutleft q \Cutright S \Leftscissorsr \Cutline R \Kutline Q \Rightscissors

Table 170: bbding Scissors

\ScissorHollowLeft \ScissorLeftBrokenTop

\ScissorHollowRight \ScissorRight

\ScissorLeft \ScissorRightBrokenBottom

\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom \ScissorRightBrokenTop

49

Table 171: pifont Scissors

! \ding33 " \ding34 # \ding35 $ \ding36

Table 172: dingbat Pencils

W \largepencil P \smallpencil

Table 173: bbding Pencils and Nibs

\NibLeft \PencilLeft \PencilRightDown

\NibRight \PencilLeftDown \PencilRightUp

\NibSolidLeft \PencilLeftUp

\NibSolidRight \PencilRight

Table 174: pifont Pencils and Nibs

. \ding46 / \ding47 0 \ding48 1 \ding49 2 \ding50

Table 175: dingbat Fists

R \leftpointright L \rightpointleft N \rightpointrightD \leftthumbsdown d \rightthumbsdownU \leftthumbsup u \rightthumbsup

Table 176: bbding Fists

\HandCuffLeft \HandCuffRightUp \HandPencilLeft

\HandCuffLeftUp \HandLeft \HandRight

\HandCuffRight \HandLeftUp \HandRightUp

Table 177: pifont Fists

* \ding42 + \ding43 , \ding44 - \ding45

50

Table 178: bbding Crosses and Plusses

* \Cross + \CrossOpenShadow & \PlusOutline

- \CrossBoldOutline , \CrossOutline ) \PlusThinCenterOpen

4 \CrossClowerTips ' \Plus

. \CrossMaltese ( \PlusCenterOpen

Table 179: pifont Crosses and Plusses

9 \ding57 ; \ding59 = \ding61 ? \ding63: \ding58 < \ding60 > \ding62 @ \ding64

Table 180: bbding Xs and Check Marks

! \Checkmark # \XSolid % \XSolidBrush

" \CheckmarkBold $ \XSolidBold

Table 181: pifont Xs and Check Marks

3 \ding51 5 \ding53 7 \ding554 \ding52 6 \ding54 8 \ding56

Table 182: wasysym Xs and Check Marks

2 \CheckedBox \Square 4 \XBox

Table 183: universal Xs

\baucross

51

Table 184: pifont Circled Numbers

¬ \ding172 ¶ \ding182 À \ding192 Ê \ding202 \ding173 · \ding183 Á \ding193 Ë \ding203® \ding174 ¸ \ding184 Â \ding194 Ì \ding204¯ \ding175 ¹ \ding185 Ã \ding195 Í \ding205° \ding176 º \ding186 Ä \ding196 Î \ding206± \ding177 » \ding187 Å \ding197 Ï \ding207² \ding178 ¼ \ding188 Æ \ding198 Ð \ding208³ \ding179 ½ \ding189 Ç \ding199 Ñ \ding209´ \ding180 ¾ \ding190 È \ding200 Ò \ding210µ \ding181 ¿ \ding191 É \ding201 Ó \ding211

pifont (part of the psnfss package) provides a dingautolist environment which resem-bles enumerate but uses circled numbers as bullets.2 See the psnfss documentationfor more information.

Table 185: wasysym Stars

C \davidsstar A \hexstar B \varhexstar

Table 186: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

N \Asterisk P \FiveFlowerPetal 2 \JackStar

A \AsteriskBold 8 \FiveStar 3 \JackStarBold

B \AsteriskCenterOpen ; \FiveStarCenterOpen O \SixFlowerAlternate

X \AsteriskRoundedEnds ? \FiveStarConvex U \SixFlowerAltPetal

C \AsteriskThin 7 \FiveStarLines M \SixFlowerOpenCenter

D \AsteriskThinCenterOpen 9 \FiveStarOpen Q \SixFlowerPetalDotted

0 \DavidStar : \FiveStarOpenCircled L \SixFlowerPetalRemoved

/ \DavidStarSolid < \FiveStarOpenDotted [ \SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal

Z \EightAsterisk = \FiveStarOutline G \SixStar

S \EightFlowerPetal > \FiveStarOutlineHeavy K \SixteenStarLight

Y \EightFlowerPetalRemoved @ \FiveStarShadow ` \Snowflake

H \EightStar 1 \FourAsterisk ^ \SnowflakeChevron

I \EightStarBold V \FourClowerOpen _ \SnowflakeChevronBold

F \EightStarConvex W \FourClowerSolid ] \Sparkle

E \EightStarTaper 5 \FourStar \ \SparkleBold

R \FiveFlowerOpen 6 \FourStarOpen J \TwelweStar

2In fact, dingautolist can use any set of consecutive Zapf Dingbats symbols.

52

Table 187: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

A \ding65 J \ding74 S \ding83 \ \ding92 e \ding101B \ding66 K \ding75 T \ding84 ] \ding93 f \ding102C \ding67 L \ding76 U \ding85 ^ \ding94 g \ding103D \ding68 M \ding77 V \ding86 _ \ding95 h \ding104E \ding69 N \ding78 W \ding87 ` \ding96 i \ding105F \ding70 O \ding79 X \ding88 a \ding97 j \ding106G \ding71 P \ding80 Y \ding89 b \ding98 k \ding107H \ding72 Q \ding81 Z \ding90 c \ding99I \ding73 R \ding82 [ \ding91 d \ding100

Table 188: wasysym Geometric Shapes

7 \hexagon 8 \octagon D \pentagon 9 \varhexagon

Table 189: ifsym Geometric Shapes

% \BigCircle T \FilledBigTriangleRight E \SmallCircle

\BigCross Q \FilledBigTriangleUp \SmallCross

& \BigDiamondshape e \FilledCircle F \SmallDiamondshape

\BigHBar \FilledDiamondShadowA \SmallHBar

_ \BigLowerDiamond \FilledDiamondShadowC \SmallLowerDiamond

/ \BigRightDiamond f \FilledDiamondshape O \SmallRightDiamond

\BigSquare u \FilledSmallCircle @ \SmallSquare

# \BigTriangleDown v \FilledSmallDiamondshape C \SmallTriangleDown

" \BigTriangleLeft p \FilledSmallSquare B \SmallTriangleLeft

$ \BigTriangleRight s \FilledSmallTriangleDown D \SmallTriangleRight

! \BigTriangleUp r \FilledSmallTriangleLeft A \SmallTriangleUp

\BigVBar t \FilledSmallTriangleRight \SmallVBar

5 \Circle q \FilledSmallTriangleUp * \SpinDown

\Cross ` \FilledSquare ) \SpinUp

\DiamondShadowA \FilledSquareShadowA 0 \Square

\DiamondShadowB \FilledSquareShadowC \SquareShadowA

\DiamondShadowC c \FilledTriangleDown \SquareShadowB

6 \Diamondshape b \FilledTriangleLeft \SquareShadowC

U \FilledBigCircle d \FilledTriangleRight 3 \TriangleDown

V \FilledBigDiamondshape a \FilledTriangleUp 2 \TriangleLeft

P \FilledBigSquare \HBar 4 \TriangleRight

S \FilledBigTriangleDown o \LowerDiamond 1 \TriangleUp

R \FilledBigTriangleLeft ? \RightDiamond \VBar

The ifsym documentation points out that one can use \rlap to combine some of theabove into useful, new symbols. For example, \BigCircle and \FilledSmallCircle

combine to give “u% ”. Likewise, \Square and \Cross combine to give “0”. SeeSection 7.3 for more information about constructing new symbols out of existingsymbols.

53

Table 190: bbding Geometric Shapes

d \CircleShadow u \Rectangle j \SquareShadowTopLeft

a \CircleSolid v \RectangleBold i \SquareShadowTopRight

p \DiamondSolid t \RectangleThin g \SquareSolid

b \Ellipse f \Square o \TriangleDown

e \EllipseShadow k \SquareCastShadowBottomRight n \TriangleUp

c \EllipseSolid m \SquareCastShadowTopLeft

s \HalfCircleLeft l \SquareCastShadowTopRight

r \HalfCircleRight h \SquareShadowBottomRight

Table 191: pifont Geometric Shapes

l \ding108 o \ding111 r \ding114 u \ding117 y \ding121m \ding109 p \ding112 s \ding115 w \ding119 z \ding122n \ding110 q \ding113 t \ding116 x \ding120

Table 192: universa Geometric Shapes

\baucircle \bausquare \bautriangle

Table 193: universal Geometric Shapes

\baucircle \bauhole \bausquare \baueclipse \baupunct \bautriangle

Table 194: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols

\dbend ~ \lhdbend \reversedvideodbend

Note that these symbols descend far beneath the baseline. manfnt also defines non-descending versions, which it calls, correspondingly, \textdbend, \textlhdbend, and\textreversedvideodbend.

Table 195: skull Symbols

A \skull

54

Table 196: marvosym Information Symbols

® \Bicycle o \Football Z \PointinghandV \Checkedbox x \Gentsroom w \WheelchairU \Clocklogo I \Industry b \WritinghandK \Coffeecup i \InfoX \Crossedbox y \Ladiesroom

Table 197: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats

O \anchor E \eye S \SborderC \carriagereturn C \filledsquarewithdots B \squarewithdots

D \checkmark I \satellitedish Z \Zborder

Table 198: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats

\Envelope \Peace \PhoneHandset T \SunshineOpenCircled

q \OrnamentDiamondSolid \Phone \Plane \Tape

Table 199: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats

% \ding37 ( \ding40 ¤ \ding164 § \ding167 « \ding171& \ding38 ) \ding41 ¥ \ding165 ¨ \ding168 © \ding169' \ding39 v \ding118 ¦ \ding166 ª \ding170

55

6 Other symbols

The following are all the symbols that didn’t fit neatly or unambiguously into any of the previous sections.

Table 200: textcomp Genealogical Symbols

b \textborn c \textdivorced m \textmarriedd \textdied l \textleaf

Table 201: wasysym General Symbols

m \ataribox \clock \LEFTarrow , \smiley \bell \diameter \lightning \sun- \blacksmiley L \DOWNarrow \phone K \UParrow1 \Bowtie / \frownie \pointer ◊ \wasylozenge| \brokenvert \invdiameter \recorder \checked 6 \kreuz \RIGHTarrow

Table 202: wasysym Circles

\CIRCLE G# \LEFTcircle H# \RIGHTcircle ! \rightturn# \Circle I \Leftcircle J \RightcircleG \LEFTCIRCLE H \RIGHTCIRCLE " \leftturn

Table 203: wasysym Musical Symbols

\eighthnote \halfnote \twonotes \fullnote \quarternote

See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 139 on page 42).

Table 204: arev Musical Symbols

\quarternote \eighthnote \sixteenthnote

See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 139 on page 42).

56

Table 205: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols

\manboldkidney \manpenkidney

$ \manconcentriccircles & \manquadrifolium% \manconcentricdiamond \manquartercircle

# \mancone ' \manrotatedquadrifolium \mancube " \manrotatedquartercircley \manerrarrow \manstar! \manfilledquartercircle \mantiltpennib \manhpennib 7 \mantriangledown \manimpossiblecube x \mantriangleright \mankidney 6 \mantriangleup \manlhpenkidney \manvpennib

Table 206: marvosym Navigation Symbols

· \Forward » \MoveDown ´ \RewindToIndex ¼ \ToTop¸ \ForwardToEnd º \MoveUp µ \RewindToStart¹ \ForwardToIndex ¶ \Rewind ½ \ToBottom

Table 207: marvosym Laundry Symbols

Ø \AtForty Ü \Handwash Ô \ShortNinetyFiveÓ \AtNinetyFive ¯ \IroningI Ö \ShortSixtyÕ \AtSixty ° \IroningII Û \ShortThirtyË \Bleech ± \IroningIII Ú \SpecialForty« \CleaningA Ì \NoBleech \Tumbler¾ \CleaningF ¨ \NoChemicalCleaning ‰ \WashCotton¿ \CleaningFF ² \NoIroning Š \WashSynthetics¬ \CleaningP \NoTumbler ‹ \WashWool \CleaningPP × \ShortFiftyÝ \Dontwash Ù \ShortForty

Table 208: Other marvosym Symbols

ˆ \Ankh † \Cross Œ \Heart © \Smileyý \Bat F \FHBOlogo ÿ \MartinVogel þ \Womanface¥ \Bouquet f \FHBOLOGO m \Mundus Y \Yinyang‡ \Celtcross § \Frowny @ \MVAtª \CircledA \FullFHBO : \MVRightarrow

Table 209: Miscellaneous universa Symbols

\bauforms \bauhead

57

Table 210: Miscellaneous universal Symbols

\baudash \bauforms \bauquarter \varQ \bauequal \bauhead \bauquestion \bauface \bauplus \bauwindow

Table 211: ifsym Weather Symbols

\Cloud \Hail \Sleet \WeakRain

\FilledCloud \HalfSun \Snow \WeakRainCloud

! \FilledRainCloud \Lightning \SnowCloud $ \FilledSnowCloud

# \FilledSunCloud \NoSun \Sun

" \FilledWeakRainCloud \Rain \SunCloud

\Fog \RainCloud \ThinFog

In addition, \Thermo0. . .\Thermo6 produce thermometers that are between 0/6and 6/6 full of mercury:

Similarly, \wind〈sun〉〈angle〉〈strength〉 will draw wind symbols with a givenamount of sun (0–4), a given angle (in degrees), and a given strength in km/h (0–100). For example, \wind000 produces “ 0 ”, \wind200 produces “ 0 ”,and \wind40100 produces “ : ”.

Table 212: ifsym Alpine Symbols

\SummitSign \Summit \SurveySign \HalfFilledHut

\StoneMan \Mountain \Joch \VarSummit

\Hut \IceMountain \Flag

\FilledHut \VarMountain \VarFlag

\Village \VarIceMountain \Tent

Table 213: ifsym Clocks

\Interval \StopWatchStart \VarClock \Wecker

\StopWatchEnd \Taschenuhr \VarTaschenuhr

ifsym also exports a \showclock macro. \showclock〈hours〉〈minutes〉 outputsa clock displaying the corresponding time. For instance, “\showclock540” pro-duces “D”. 〈hours〉 must be an integer from 0 to 11, and 〈minutes〉 must be aninteger multiple of 5 from 0 to 55.

58

Table 214: Other ifsym Symbols

\FilledSectioningDiamond \Letter \Radiation

\Fire \PaperLandscape \SectioningDiamond

\Irritant \PaperPortrait ( \Telephone

: \StrokeOne ::: \StrokeThree ; \StrokeFive

:: \StrokeTwo :::: \StrokeFour

In addition, \Cube1. . .\Cube6 produce dice with the corresponding number ofspots:

Table 215: epsdice Dice

\epsdice1 \epsdice3 \epsdice5\epsdice2 \epsdice4 \epsdice6

The epsdice package does not provide a font but rather an interface to a set of graph-ics drawn in Encapsulated PostScript. Consequently, epsdice does not work withpdfLATEX.

Table 216: skak Chess Informator Symbols

g \bbetter d \doublepawns N \novelty R \variousi \bdecisive L \ending F \onlymove f \wbetterb \betteris j \equal o \opposbishops h \wdecisivea \bishoppair P \etc r \passedpawn J \weakpte \bupperhand H \file M \qside w \withI \centre O \kside s \samebishops A \withattackRR \comment x \markera l \see E \withidean \compensation y \markerb q \seppawns C \withinitV \counterplay m \mate T \timelimit v \withoutt \devadvantage S \morepawns k \unclear c \wupperhandG \diagonal U \moreroom u \unitedpawns D \zugzwang

The preceding symbols are merely the named informator symbol. skak can typesetmany more chess-related symbols, including those for all of the pieces (KQRBNP/kqrbnp), but only in the context of moves and boards, not as individual, namedLATEX symbols.

59

Table 217: metre Metrical Symbols

×

?

\a¯

\bBm \cc ˘ \Mbb ˙˙

\Pppp ⊗

?

\t

˘ \B¯

\bbm \Ccc ˘ ¯\mbbx ˙

˙\pppp \tsbm

˘ \b¯

\Bbm¯

\m \oo ˙˙

\Ppppp \tsmb

˘ \Bb ˘ \bbmb¯

\M˙

\p ˙˙

\ppppp \tsmm

˘ \BB¯ ˘ \bbmx ×¯ \ma

¯\pm \ps

¯\vppm

˘ \bb¯

\bm ˘ \Mb ˙ \pp ˙ \pxp¯

\vpppm

˘ \bB¯

\Bm ˘ \mb ˙ \Pp ˙ \Pxp ˙˙ \x× \bba \c ˘ \mBb

¯\ppm ∼

?

\R

˘ \bbb \C ˘ \mbB ˙˙

\ppp ∼

?

\r

¯\BBm \Cc ˘ \mbb ˙

˙\Ppp ⊗

?

\T

The preceding symbols are valid only within the argument to the metre command.

Table 218: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols

÷ \anaclasis ÷ \Anaclasis< \antidiple < \Antidiple<·· \antidiple* <·· \Antidiple*⊃ \antisigma ⊃ \Antisigma×···· \asteriscus ×···· \Asteriscus

∧ \catalexis ∧ \Catalexis> \diple > \Diple>·· \diple* >·· \Diple*

\obelus \Obelus·· \obelus* ·· \Obelus*∼ \respondens ∼ \Respondens⊗ \terminus ⊗ \Terminus⊕ \terminus* ⊕ \Terminus*

60

Table 219: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk

J \PHarrow e \PHeagle B \PHplumedHead

h \PHbee o \PHflute d \PHram

X \PHbeehive H \PHgaunlet l \PHrosette

R \PHboomerang p \PHgrater P \PHsaw

K \PHbow G \PHhelmet L \PHshield

b \PHbullLeg a \PHhide Y \PHship

D \PHcaptive Z \PHhorn V \PHsling

S \PHcarpentryPlane Q \PHlid r \PHsmallAxe

c \PHcat m \PHlily q \PHstrainer

E \PHchild N \PHmanacles C \PHtattooedHead

M \PHclub O \PHmattock I \PHtiara

W \PHcolumn n \PHoxBack g \PHtunny

U \PHcomb k \PHpapyrus j \PHvine

T \PHdolium A \PHpedestrian s \PHwavyBand

f \PHdove i \PHplaneTree F \PHwoman

Table 220: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters

a \Aaleph E \AAhe k \Akaph s \Asamekh R \AAreshA \AAaleph z \Azayin K \AAkaph p \Ape S \Ashinb \Abeth w \Avav l \Alamed P \AApe v \AhelmetB \AAbeth H \Aheth L \AAlamed x \Asade V \AAhelmetg \Agimel h \AAheth m \Amem X \AAsade t \Atavd \Adaleth T \Ateth n \Anun q \AqophD \AAdaleth y \Ayod o \Aayin Q \AAqophe \Ahe Y \AAyod O \AAayin r \Aresh

The protosem package defines abbreviated control sequences for each of the above. Inaddition, single-letter shortcuts can be used within the argument to the \textprotocommand (e.g., “\textprotoPakyn” produces “Pakyn”). See the protosemdocumentation for more information.

61

Table 221: hieroglf Hieroglyphics

A \HA I \HI n \Hn T \HT

a \Ha i \Hi O \HO t \Ht

B \HB ˝ \Hibl o \Ho ˘ \Htongue

b \Hb ˆ \Hibp p \Hp U \HU

c \Hc ¨ \Hibs P \HP u \Hu

C \HC ˜ \Hibw ˙ \Hplural V \HV

D \HD J \HJ + \Hplus v \Hv

d \Hd j \Hj Q \HQ | \Hvbar

¸ \Hdual k \Hk q \Hq w \Hw

e \He K \HK ? \Hquery W \HWE \HE L \HL R \HR X \HX

f \Hf l \Hl r \Hr x \Hx

F \HF m \Hm s \Hs Y \HY

G \HG M \HM S \HS y \Hy

g \Hg ˇ \Hman ¯ \Hscribe z \Hz

h \Hh ´ \Hms / \Hslash Z \HZ

H \HH N \HN ˚ \Hsv

| \Hone 3 \Hhundred 5 \HXthousand 7 \Hmillion

2 \Hten 4 \Hthousand 6 \HCthousand

The hieroglf package defines alternate control sequences and single-letter shortcutsfor each of the above which can be used within the argument to the \textpmhg

command (e.g., “\textpmhgPakin” produces “Pakin”). See the hieroglfdocumentation for more information.

Table 222: dictsym Dictionary Symbols

a \dsaeronautical c \dscommercial m \dsmedicalG \dsagricultural H \dsheraldical X \dsmilitaryA \dsarchitectural J \dsjuridical R \dsrailwaysB \dsbiological L \dsliterary T \dstechnicalC \dschemical M \dsmathematical

62

7 Additional Information

Unlike the previous sections of this document, Section 7 does not contain new symbol tables. Rather, it providesadditional help in using the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List. First, it draws attention to symbol names usedby multiple packages. Next, it provides some guidelines for finding symbols and gives some examples regardinghow to construct missing symbols out of existing ones. Then, it comments on the spacing surrounding symbolsin math mode. After that, it presents an ASCII and Latin 1 quick-reference guide, showing how to enter all ofthe standard ASCII/Latin 1 symbols in LATEX. And finally, it lists some statistics about this document itself.

7.1 Symbol Name Clashes

Unfortunately, a number of symbol names are not unique; they appear in more than one package. Depending onhow the symbols are defined in each package, LATEX will either output an error message or replace an earlier-definedsymbol with a later-defined symbol. Table 223 presents a selection of name clashes that appear in this document.The symbol “N/A” is used to indicate that the corresponding package was not available when symbols.tex wascompiled.

Using multiple symbols with the same name in the same document—or even merely loading conflicting symbolpackages—can be tricky but, as evidenced by the existence of Table 223, not impossible. The general procedureis to load the first package, rename the conflicting symbols, and then load the second package. Examine theLATEX source for this document (symbols.tex) for examples of this and other techniques for handling symbolconflicts. Note that symbols.tex’s \savesymbol and \restoresymbol macros have been extracted into thesavesym package, which can be downloaded from CTAN.

txfonts and pxfonts redefine a huge number of symbols—essentially, all of the symbols defined by latexsym,textcomp, the various AMS symbol sets, and LATEX 2ε itself. The txfonts and pxfonts conflicts are not listed inTable 223 because they are designed to be compatible with the symbols they replace. Table 224 on page 65illustrates what “compatible” means in this context.

To use the new txfonts/pxfonts symbols without altering the document’s main font, merely reset the defaultfont families back to their original values after loading one of those packages:

\renewcommand\rmdefaultcmr\renewcommand\sfdefaultcmss\renewcommand\ttdefaultcmtt

7.2 Resizing symbols

Mathematical symbols listed in this document as “variable-sized” are designed to stretch vertically. Each variable-sized symbol comes in one or more basic sizes plus a variation comprising both stretchable and nonstretchablesegments. Table 225 on page 65 presents the symbols \ and \uparrow in their default size, in their \big, \Big,\bigg, and \Bigg sizes, in an even larger size achieved using \left/\right, and—for contrast—in a large sizeachieved by changing the font size using LATEX 2ε’s \fontsize command. Because the symbols shown belong tothe Computer Modern family, the type1cm package needs to be loaded to support font sizes larger than 24.88 pt.

Note how \fontsize makes the symbol wider and thicker. (The graphicx package’s \scalebox or \resizeboxcommands would produce a similar effect.) Also, the \fontsize-enlarged symbol is vertically centered relativeto correspondingly large text, unlike the symbols enlarged using \big et al. or \left/\right, which all use thesame math axis regardless of symbol size. However, \fontsize is not limited to mathematical delimiters. Also,\scalebox and \resizebox are more robust to poorly composed symbols (e.g., two symbols made to overlap bybackspacing a fixed distance) but do not work with every TEX backend and will produce jagged symbols whenscaling a bitmapped font.

All variable-sized delimiters are defined (by the corresponding .tfm file) in terms of up to five segments, asillustrated by Figure 1 on page 65. The top, middle, and bottom segments are of a fixed size. The top-middleand middle-bottom segments (which are constrained to be the same character) are repeated as many times asnecessary to achieve the desired height.

63

Table

223:

Sym

bol

Nam

eC

lash

es

Sym

bol

LAT E

X2 ε

AMS

stm

aryr

dw

asys

ymm

ath

abx

mar

vosy

mb

bd

ing

ifsy

md

ingb

atw

suip

a

\baro

<

\bigtriangledown

5`

\bigtriangleup

4a

\checkmark

XD

\Circle

#5

\Cross

†*

\ggg

≫N

/A

\Letter

B

\lightning

\Lightning

E

\lll

≪N

/A

\Square

f

0\Sun

N/A

À

\TriangleDown

o3

\TriangleUp

n1

64

Table 224: Example of a Benign Name Clash

Default txfontsSymbol (Computer Modern) (Times Roman)

R R R\textrecipe

Table 225: Sample resized delimiters

Symbol Default size \big \Big \bigg \Bigg \left / \right \fontsize

\ ™

\uparrow ↑x x x

xx↑

−→

top

top-middle (extensible)

middle

middle-bottom (extensible)

bottom

Figure 1: Implementation of variable-sized delimiters

65

7.3 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ?

If you can’t find some symbol you’re looking for in this document, there are a few possible explanations:

• The symbol isn’t intuitively named. As a few examples, the ifsym command to draw dice is “\Cube”; a plussign with a circle around it (“exclusive or” to computer engineers) is “\oplus”; and lightning bolts in fontsdesigned by German speakers may have “blitz” in their names as in the ulsy package. The moral of thestory is to be creative with synonyms when searching the index.

• The symbol is defined by some package that I overlooked (or deemed unimportant). If there’s some symbolpackage that you think should be included in the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List, please send me e-mailat the address listed on the title page.

• The symbol isn’t defined in any package whatsoever.

Even in the last case, all is not lost. Sometimes, a symbol exists in a font, but there is no LATEX binding forit.

Reflecting and rotating existing symbols

Rotated/reflected versions of an existing symbol can be produced using the graphicx (or graphics) package’s\reflectbox and \rotatebox macros.3

Joining and overlapping existing symbols

If a symbol does not exist in any orientation in any font, it may be possible to fabricate it out of existing symbols.The LATEX 2ε source file fontdef.dtx contains a number of such definitions. For example, \models (see Table 55on page 24) is defined in that file with:

\def\models\mathrel|\joinrel=

where \mathrel and \joinrel are used to control the horizontal spacing. \def is the TEX primitive upon whichLATEX’s \newcommand is based. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more information on all three of those commands.

With some simple pattern-matching, one can easily define a backward \models sign (“=|”):

\def\ismodeledby=\joinrel\mathrel|

In general, arrows/harpoons, horizontal lines (“=”, “-”, “\relbar”, and “\Relbar”), and the various math-extension characters can be combined creatively with miscellaneous other characters to produce a variety of newsymbols. Of course, new symbols can be composed from any set of existing characters. For instance, LATEXdefines \hbar (“~”) as a “¯” character (\mathchar’26) followed by a backspace of 9 math units (\mkern-9mu),followed by the letter “h”:

\def\hbar\mathchar’26\mkern-9muh

We can just as easily define other barred letters:

\def\bbar\mathchar’26\mkern-9mu b\def\dbar\mathchar’26\mkern-12mu d

(The space after the “mu” is optional but is added for clarity.) \bbar and \dbar define “b” and “d”, respectively.Note that \dbar requires a greater backward math kern than \bbar; a −9 mu kern would have produced theless-attractive “d” glyph.

The amsmath package provides \overset and \underset commands for placing one symbol respectively aboveor below another. For example, \oversetG\sim4 produces “G∼” (sometimes used for “equidecomposable withrespect to G”).

3This should be used as a last resort. Not every TEX backend supports graphical transformations.4LATEX’s \stackrel command is similar but is limited to placing a symbol above a binary relation.

66

Sometimes an ordinary tabular environment can be co-opted into juxtaposing existing symbols into a newsymbol. Consider the following definition of \asterism (“ ***”) from a June 2007 post to comp.text.tex by PeterFlynn:

\newcommand\asterism\smash%\raisebox-.5ex%\setlength\tabcolsep-.5pt%\begintabular@cc@%\multicolumn2c*\\[-2ex]*&*%

\endtabular

Note how the space between columns (\tabcolsep) and rows (\\[. . . ]) is made negative to squeeze the asteriskscloser together.

There is a TEX primitive called \mathaccent that centers one mathematical symbol atop another. For example,one can define \dotcup (“ ·∪”)—the composition of a \cup and a \cdot—as follows:

\newcommand\dotcup\ensuremath\mathaccent\cdot\cup

The catch is that \mathaccent requires the accent to be a “math character”. That is, it must be a characterin a math font as opposed to a symbol defined in terms of other symbols. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for moreinformation.

Another TEX primitive that is useful for composing symbols is \vcenter. \vcenter is conceptually similarto “\begintabularl” in LATEX but takes a list of vertical material instead of \\-separated rows. Also, itvertically centers the result on the math axis. (Many operators, such as “+” and “−” are also vertically centeredon the math axis.) Enrico Gregorio posted the following symbol definition to comp.text.tex in March 2004 inresponse to a query about an alternate way to denote equivalence:

\newcommand*\threesim%\mathrel\vcenter\offinterlineskip\hbox$\sim$\vskip-.35ex\hbox$\sim$\vskip-.35ex\hbox$\sim$

The \threesim symbol, which vertically centers three \sim (“∼”) symbols with 0.35 x-heights of space betweenthem, is rendered as “∼∼∼”. \offinterlineskip is a macro that disables implicit interline spacing. Without it,\threesim would have a full line of vertical spacing between each \sim. Because of \vcenter, \threesim alignsproperly with other math operators: a÷ b ∼∼∼ c× d.

A related LATEX command, borrowed from Plain TEX, is \ooalign. \ooalign vertically overlaps symbols andworks both within and outside of math mode. Essentially, it creates a single-column tabular environment withzero vertical distance between rows. However, because it is based directly on TEX’s \ialign primitive, \ooalignuses TEX’s tabular syntax instead of LATEX’s (i.e., with \cr as the row terminator instead of \\). The followingexample of \ooalign, a macro that defines a standard-state symbol (\stst, “− ”) as a superscripted Plimsollline (\barcirc, “−”),5 is due to an October 2007 comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau:

\makeatletter\providecommand\barcirc\mathpalette\@barred\circ\def\@barred#1#2\ooalign\hfil$#1-$\hfil\cr\hfil$#1#2$\hfil\cr\newcommand\stst^\protect\barcirc\makeatother

In the preceding code, note the \ooalign call’s use of \hfil to horizontally center a minus sign (“−”) and a\circ (“”).

As another example of \ooalign, consider the following code (due to Enrico Gregorio in a June 2007 post tocomp.text.tex) that overlaps a \ni (“3”) and two minus signs (“−−”) to produce “3−−”:

5While \barcirc illustrates how to combine symbols using \ooalign, the stmaryrd package’s \minuso command (Table 41 onpage 20) provides a similar glyph (“”) as a single, indivisible symbol.

67

\newcommand\suchthat%\mathrel\ooalign$\ni$\cr\kern-1pt$-$\kern-6.5pt$-$

The slashed package, although originally designed for producing Feynman slashed-character notation, in factfacilitates the production of arbitrary overlapped symbols. The default behavior is to overwrite a given characterwith “/”. For example, \slashedD produces “ /D”. However, the \declareslashed command provides theflexibility to specify the mathematical context of the composite character (operator, relation, punctuation, etc.,as will be discussed in Section 7.4), the overlapping symbol, horizontal and vertical adjustments in symbol-relative units, and the character to be overlapped. Consider, for example, the symbol for reduced quadrupolemoment (“-I”). This can be declared as follows:

\newcommand\rqm%\declareslashed\text-0.040I\slashedI

\declareslashed····I affects the meaning of all subsequent \slashedI commands in the samescope. The preceding definition of \rqm therefore uses an extra set of curly braces to limit that scope toa single \slashedI. In addition, \rqm uses amstext’s \text macro (described on the next page) to make\declareslashed use a text-mode hyphen (“-”) instead of a math-mode minus sign (“−”) and to ensure that thehyphen scales properly in size in subscripts and superscripts. See slashed’s documentation (located in slashed.styitself) for a detailed usage description of the \slashed and \declareslashed commands.

Somewhat simpler than slashed is the centernot package. centernot provides a single command, \centernot,which, like \not, puts a slash over the subsequent mathematical symbol. However, instead of putting the slashat a fixed location, \centernot centers the slash over its argument:

6−→ \not\longrightarrow

vs.6−→ \centernot\longrightarrow

See the centernot documentation for more information.

Making new symbols work in superscripts and subscripts

To make composite symbols work properly within subscripts and superscripts, you may need to use TEX’s\mathchoice primitive. \mathchoice evaluates one of four expressions, based on whether the current math styleis display, text, script, or scriptscript. (See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for a more complete description.) For exam-ple, the following LATEX code—posted to comp.text.tex by Torsten Bronger—composes a sub/superscriptable“⊥>” symbol out of \top and \bot (“>” and “⊥”):

\def\topbotatom#1\hbox\hbox to 0pt$#1\bot$\hss$#1\top$\newcommand*\topbot\mathrel\mathchoice\topbotatom\displaystyle

\topbotatom\textstyle\topbotatom\scriptstyle\topbotatom\scriptscriptstyle

The following is another example that uses \mathchoice to construct symbols in different math modes. Thecode defines a principal value integral symbol, which is an integral sign with a line through it.

\def\Xint#1\mathchoice\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle#1%\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle#1%\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle#1%\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle#1%\!\int

\def\XXint#1#2#3\setbox0=\hbox$#1#2#3\int$\vcenter\hbox$#2#3$\kern-.5\wd0

\def\ddashint\Xint=\def\dashint\Xint-

68

(The preceding code was taken verbatim from the UK TEX Users’ Group FAQ at http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq.) \dashint produces a single-dashed integral sign (“−

∫”), while \ddashint produces a double-dashed

one (“=∫

”). The \Xint macro defined above can also be used to generate a wealth of new integrals: “∫

”(\Xint\circlearrowright), “

∫” (\Xint\circlearrowleft), “⊂

∫” (\Xint\subset), “∞

∫” (\Xint\infty), and so

forth.LATEX 2ε provides a simple wrapper for \mathchoice that sometimes helps produce terser symbol definitions.

The macro is called \mathpalette and it takes two arguments. \mathpalette invokes the first argument, passingit one of “\displaystyle”, “\textstyle”, “\scriptstyle”, or “\scriptscriptstyle”, followed by the secondargument. \mathpalette is useful when a symbol macro must know which math style is currently in use (e.g., toset it explicitly within an \mbox). Donald Arseneau posted the following \mathpalette-based definition of aprobabilistic-independence symbol (“⊥⊥”) to comp.text.tex in June 2000:

\newcommand\independent\protect\mathpalette\protect\independenT\perp\def\independenT#1#2\mathrel\rlap$#1#2$\mkern2mu#1#2

The \independent macro uses \mathpalette to pass the \independenT helper macro both the current mathstyle and the \perp symbol. \independenT typesets \perp in the current math style, moves two math units tothe right, and finally typesets a second—overlapping—copy of \perp, again in the current math style. \rlap,which enables text overlap, is described later on this page.

Some people like their square-root signs with a trailing “hook” (i.e., “√ ”) as this helps visually distinguishexpressions like “

√3x ” from those like “

√3x”. In March 2002, Dan Luecking posted a \mathpalette-based

definition of a hooked square-root symbol to comp.text.tex:

\def\hksqrt\mathpalette\DHLhksqrt\def\DHLhksqrt#1#2\setbox0=\hbox$#1\sqrt#2\,$\dimen0=\ht0\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0\setbox2=\hbox\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0%\box0\lower0.4pt\box2

Notice how \DHLhksqrt uses \mathpalette to recover the outer math style (argument #1) from within an \hbox.The rest of the code is simply using TEX primitives to position a hook of height 0.2 times the \sqrt height atthe right of the \sqrt. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more understanding of TEX “boxes” and “dimens”.

Sometimes, however, amstext’s \text macro is all that is necessary to make composite symbols appear correctlyin subscripts and superscripts, as in the following definitions of \neswarrow (“”) and \nwsearrow (“”):6

\newcommand\neswarrow\mathrel\text$\nearrow$\llap$\swarrow$\newcommand\nwsearrow\mathrel\text$\nwarrow$\llap$\searrow$

\text resembles LATEX’s \mbox command but shrinks its argument appropriately when used within a subscript orsuperscript. \llap (“left overlap”) and its counterpart, \rlap (“right overlap”), appear frequently when creatingcomposite characters. \llap outputs its argument to the left of the current position, overlapping whatever textis already there. Similarly, \rlap overlaps whatever text would normally appear to the right of its argument.For example, “A\llapB” and “\rlapAB” each produce “AB”. However, the result of the former is the widthof “A”, and the result of the latter is the width of “B”—\llap. . . and \rlap. . . take up zero space.

In a June 2002 post to comp.text.tex, Donald Arseneau presented a general macro for aligning an arbitrarynumber of symbols on their horizontal centers and vertical baselines:

\makeatletter\def\moverlay\mathpalette\mov@rlay\def\mov@rlay#1#2\leavevmode\vtop%

\baselineskip\z@skip \lineskiplimit-\maxdimen\ialign\hfil$#1##$\hfil\cr#2\crcr

\makeatother

6Note that if your goal is to typeset commutative diagrams, then you should probably be using XY-pic.

69

http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq

http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq

The \makeatletter and \makeatother commands are needed to coerce LATEX into accepting “@” aspart of a macro name. \moverlay takes a list of symbols separated by \cr (TEX’s equivalent ofLATEX’s \\). For example, the \topbot command defined on page 68 could have been expressed as“\moverlay\top\cr\bot” and the \neswarrow command defined on the previous page could have been ex-pressed as “\moverlay\nearrow\cr\swarrow”.

The basic concept behind \moverlay’s implementation is that \moverlay typesets the given symbols in atable that utilizes a zero \baselineskip. This causes every row to be typeset at the same vertical position. SeeThe TEXbook [Knu86a] for explanations of the TEX primitives used by \moverlay.

Modifying LATEX-generated symbols

Oftentimes, symbols composed in the LATEX 2ε source code can be modified with minimal effort to produce usefulvariations. For example, fontdef.dtx composes the \ddots symbol (see Table 132 on page 40) out of threeperiods, raised 7 pt., 4 pt., and 1 pt., respectively:

\def\ddots\mathinner\mkern1mu\raise7\p@\vbox\kern7\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise4\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise\p@\hbox.\mkern1mu

\p@ is a LATEX 2ε shortcut for “pt” or “1.0pt”. The remaining commands are defined in The TEXbook [Knu86a].To draw a version of \ddots with the dots going along the opposite diagonal, we merely have to reorder the\raise7\p@, \raise4\p@, and \raise\p@:

\makeatletter\def\revddots\mathinner\mkern1mu\raise\p@\vbox\kern7\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise4\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise7\p@\hbox.\mkern1mu

\makeatother

\revddots is essentially identical to the mathdots package’s \iddots command or the yhmath package’s \adotscommand.

Producing complex accents

Accents are a special case of combining existing symbols to make new symbols. While various tables in thisdocument show how to add an accent to an existing symbol, some applications, such as transliterations from non-Latin alphabets, require multiple accents per character. For instance, the creator of pdfTEX writes his name as“Han Thé Thanh”. The dblaccnt package enables LATEX to stack accents, as in “H\‘an Th\’\ê Th\‘anh” (albeitnot in the OT1 font encoding). In addition, the wsuipa package defines \diatop and \diaunder macros for puttingone or more diacritics or accents above or below a given character. For example, \diaunder[\diatop[\’|\=]|\textsubdotr] produces “´r

˙”. See the wsuipa documentation for more information.

The accents package facilitates the fabrication of accents in math mode. Its \accentset command enables anycharacter to be used as an accent. For instance, \accentset\starf produces “

?

f ” and \accentseteX

produces “e

X”. \underaccent does the same thing, but places the accent beneath the character. This enablesconstructs like \underaccent\tildeV, which produces “

˜V ”. accents provides other accent-related features

as well; see the documentation for more information.

Creating extensible symbols

A relatively simple example of creating extensible symbols stems from a comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau(June 2003). The following code defines an equals sign that extends as far to the right as possible, just like LATEX’s\hrulefill command:

\makeatletter\def\equalsfill$\m@th\mathord=\mkern-7mu\cleaders\hbox$\!\mathord=\!$\hfill

70

\mkern-7mu\mathord=$\makeatother

TEX’s \cleaders and \hfill primitives are the key to understanding \equalsfill’s extensibility. Essentially,\equalsfill repeats a box containing “=” plus some negative space until it fills the maximum available horizontalspace. \equalsfill is intended to be used with LATEX’s \stackrel command, which stacks one mathematicalexpression (slightly reduced in size) atop another. Hence, “\stackrela\rightarrow” produces “ a→” and “X\stackrel\textdefinition\hbox\equalsfill Y” produces “X definition======= Y ”.

If all that needs to extend are horizontal and vertical lines—as opposed to repeated symbols such as the “=”in the previous example—LATEX’s array or tabular environments may suffice. Consider the following code (dueto a February 1999 comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau) for typesetting annuities:

\DeclareRobustCommand\annu[1]_%\def\arraystretch0%\setlength\arraycolsep1pt% adjust these\setlength\arrayrulewidth.2pt% two settings\beginarray[b]@c|\hline\\[\arraycolsep]%\scriptstyle #1%\endarray%

One can then use, e.g., “$A\annux:n$” to produce “Ax:n ”.A more complex example of composing accents is the following definition of extensible \overbracket,

\underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis symbols, taken from a May 2002 comp.text.texpost by Donald Arseneau:

\makeatletter\def\overbracket#1\mathop\vbox\ialign##\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@

\downbracketfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\limits

\def\underbracket#1\mathop\vtop\ialign##\crcr$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip\upbracketfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\limits

\def\overparenthesis#1\mathop\vbox\ialign##\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\downparenthfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\limits

\def\underparenthesis#1\mathop\vtop\ialign##\crcr$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip\upparenthfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\limits

\def\downparenthfill$\m@th\braceld\leaders\vrule\hfill\bracerd$\def\upparenthfill$\m@th\bracelu\leaders\vrule\hfill\braceru$\def\upbracketfill$\m@th\makesm@sh\llap\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@%\leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill\makesm@sh\rlap\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@$

\def\downbracketfill$\m@th\makesm@sh\llap\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@%\leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill\makesm@sh\rlap\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@$

\makeatother

Table 226 showcases these accents. The TEXbook [Knu86a] or another book on TEX primitives is indispensiblefor understanding how the preceding code works. The basic idea is that \downparenthfill, \upparenthfill,\downbracketfill, and \upbracketfill do all of the work; they output a left symbol (e.g., \braceld [“︷”] for\downparenthfill), a horizontal rule that stretches as wide as possible, and a right symbol (e.g., \bracerd [“︷”]

71

for \downparenthfill). \overbracket, \underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis merelycreate a table whose width is determined by the given text, thereby constraining the width of the horizontal rules.

Table 226: Manually Composed Extensible Accents

abc \overbracketabc︷︷abc \overparenthesisabc

abc \underbracketabc abc︸︸ \underparenthesisabc

Note that the simplewick package provides mechanisms for typesetting Wick contractions, which utilize\overbracket- and \underbracket-like brackets of variable width and height (or depth). See the simplewickdocumentation for more information.

Developing new symbols from scratch

Sometimes is it simply not possible to define a new symbol in terms of existing symbols. Fortunately, most, if notall, TEX distributions are shipped with a tool called METAFONT which is designed specifically for creating fontsto be used with TEX. The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the authoritative text on METAFONT. If you plan todesign your own symbols with METAFONT, The METAFONTbook is essential reading. Nevertheless, the followingis an extremely brief tutorial on how to create a new LATEX symbol using METAFONT. Its primary purpose is tocover the LATEX-specific operations not mentioned in The METAFONTbook and to demonstrate that symbol-fontcreation is not necessarily a difficult task.

Suppose we need a symbol to represent a light bulb (“A”).7 The first step is to draw this in METAFONT.It is common to separate the font into two files: a size-dependent file, which specifies the design size and var-ious font-specific parameters that are a function of the design size; and a size-independent file, which drawscharacters in the given size. Figure 2 shows the METAFONT code for lightbulb10.mf. lightbulb10.mf spec-ifies various parameters that produce a 10 pt. light bulb then loads lightbulb.mf. Ideally, one should producelightbulb〈size〉.mf files for a variety of 〈size〉s. This is called “optical scaling”. It enables, for example, the linesthat make up the light bulb to retain the same thickness at different font sizes, which looks much nicer than thealternative—and default—“mechanical scaling”. When a lightbulb〈size〉.mf file does not exist for a given size〈size〉, the computer mechanically produces a wider, taller, thicker symbol:

A vs. A vs. A vs. A vs. A vs. A vs. A10 pt. 20 pt. 30 pt. 40 pt. 50 pt. 60 pt. 70 pt.

font identifier := "LightBulb10"; % Name the font.font size 10pt#; % Specify the design size.

em# := 10pt#; % “M” width is 10 points.cap# := 7pt#; % Capital letter height is 7 points above the baseline.sb# := 1/4pt#; % Leave this much space on the side of each character.o# := 1/16pt#; % Amount that curves overshoot borders.

input lightbulb % Load the file that draws the actual glyph.

Figure 2: Sample METAFONT size-specific file (lightbulb10.mf)

lightbulb.mf, shown in Figure 3, draws a light bulb using the parameters defined in lightbulb10.mf.Note that the the filenames “lightbulb10.mf” and “lightbulb.mf” do not follow the Berry font-namingscheme [Ber01]; the Berry font-naming scheme is largely irrelevant for symbol fonts, which generally lack bold,italic, small-caps, slanted, and other such variants.

7I’m not a very good artist; you’ll have to pretend that “A” looks like a light bulb.

72

mode setup; % Target a given printer.

define pixels(em, cap, sb); % Convert to device-specific units.define corrected pixels(o); % Same, but add a device-specific fudge factor.

%% Define a light bulb at the character position for “A”%% with width 1/2em#, height cap#, and depth 1pt#.beginchar("A", 1/2em#, cap#, 1pt#); "A light bulb";

pickup pencircle scaled 1/2pt; % Use a pen with a small, circular tip.

%% Define the points we need.top z1 = (w/2, h+ o); % z1 is at the top of a circle.rt z2 = (w + sb + o− x4, y4); % z2 is at the same height as z4 but the opposite side.bot z3 = (z1 − (0, w − sb− o)); % z3 is at the bottom of the circle.lft z4 = (sb− o, 1/2[y1, y3]); % z4 is on the left of the circle.path bulb; % Define a path for the bulb itself.bulb = z1 . . z2 . . z3 . . z4 . . cycle; % The bulb is a closed path.

z5 = point 2− 1/3 of bulb; % z5 lies on the bulb, a little to the right of z3.z6 = (x5, 0); % z6 is at the bottom, directly under z5.z7 = (x8, 0); % z7 is at the bottom, directly under z8.z8 = point 2 + 1/3 of bulb; % z8 lies on the bulb, a little to the left of z3.bot z67 = (1/2[x6, x7], pen bot− o− 1/8pt); % z67 lies halfway between z6 and z7 but a jot lower.

%% Draw the bulb and the base.draw bulb; % Draw the bulb proper.draw z5 - - z6 . . z67 . . z7 - - z8; % Draw the base of the bulb.

%% Display key positions and points to help us debug.makegrid(0, sb, w/2, w − sb)(0,−1pt, y2, h); % Label “interesting” x and y coordinates.penlabels(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 67, 7, 8); % Label control points for debugging.

endchar;end

Figure 3: Sample METAFONT size-independent file (lightbulb.mf)

The code in Figures 2 and 3 is heavily commented and should demonstrate some of the basic concepts behindMETAFONT usage: declaring variables, defining points, drawing lines and curves, and preparing to debug or fine-tune the output. Again, The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the definitive reference on METAFONT programming.

METAFONT can produce “proofs” of fonts—large, labeled versions that showcase the logical structure of eachcharacter. In fact, proof mode is METAFONT’s default mode. To produce a proof of lightbulb10.mf, issue thefollowing commands at the operating-system prompt:

prompt> mf lightbulb10.mf ⇐ Produces lightbulb10.2602gfprompt> gftodvi lightbulb10.2602gf ⇐ Produces lightbulb10.dvi

You can then view lightbulb10.dvi with any DVI viewer. The result is shown in Figure 4. Observe how thegrid defined with makegrid at the bottom of Figure 3 draws vertical lines at positions 0, sb, w/2, and w− sb andhorizontal lines at positions 0, −1pt, y2, and h. Similarly, observe how the penlabels command labels all of theimportant coordinates: z1, z2, . . . , z8 and z67, which lightbulb.mf defines to lie between z6 and z7.

Most, if not all, TEX distributions include a Plain TEX file called testfont.tex which is useful for testingnew fonts in a variety of ways. One useful routine produces a table of all of the characters in the font:

prompt> tex testfontThis is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.3.1)(/usr/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/testfont.tex

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1

2

3

4

5

6677

8

Figure 4: Proof diagram of lightbulb10.mf

Name of the font to test = lightbulb10Now type a test command (\help for help):)*\table

*\bye[1]Output written on testfont.dvi (1 page, 1516 bytes).Transcript written on testfont.log.

The resulting table, stored in testfont.dvi and illustrated in Figure 5, shows every character in the font.To understand how to read the table, note that the character code for “A”—the only character defined bylightbulb10.mf—is 41 in hexadecimal (base 16) and 101 in octal (base 8).

Test of lightbulb10 on March 11, 2003 at 1127

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 710x A ˝4x11x

˝8 ˝9 ˝A ˝B ˝C ˝D ˝E ˝F

Figure 5: Font table produced by testfont.tex

The LightBulb10 font is now usable by TEX. LATEX 2ε, however, needs more information before documentscan use the font. First, we create a font-description file that tells LATEX 2ε how to map fonts in a given fontfamily and encoding to a particular font in a particular font size. For symbol fonts, this mapping is fairlysimple. Symbol fonts almost always use the “U” (“Unknown”) font encoding and frequently occur in only onevariant: normal weight and non-italicized. The filename for a font-description file important; it must be of theform “〈encoding〉〈family〉.fd”, where 〈encoding〉 is the lowercase version of the encoding name (typically “u” forsymbol fonts) and 〈family〉 is the name of the font family. For LightBulb10, let’s call this “bulb”. Figure 6 liststhe contents of ubulb.fd. The document “LATEX 2ε Font Selection” [LAT00] describes \DeclareFontFamily and\DeclareFontShape in detail, but the gist of ubulb.fd is first to declare a U-encoded version of the bulb fontfamily and then to specify that a LATEX 2ε request for a U-encoded version of bulb with a (m)edium font series (asopposed to, e.g., bold) and a (n)ormal font shape (as opposed to, e.g., italic) should translate into a TEX requestfor lightbulb10.tfm mechanically scaled to the current font size.

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\DeclareFontFamilyUbulb\DeclareFontShapeUbulbmn<-> lightbulb10

Figure 6: LATEX 2ε font-description file (ubulb.fd)

The final step is to write a LATEX 2ε style file that defines a name for each symbol in the font. Because we haveonly one symbol our style file, lightbulb.sty (Figure 7), is rather trivial. Note that instead of typesetting “A” wecould have had \lightbulb typeset “\char65”, “\char"41”, or “\char’101” (respectively, decimal, hexadecimal,and octal character offsets into the font). For a simple, one-character symbol font such as LightBulb10 it wouldbe reasonable to merge ubulb.fd into lightbulb.sty instead of maintaining two separate files. In either case, adocument need only include “\usepackagelightbulb” to make the \lightbulb symbol available.

\newcommand\lightbulb\usefontUbulbmnA

Figure 7: LATEX 2ε style file (lightbulb.sty)

METAFONT normally produces bitmapped fonts. However, it is also possible, with the help of some externaltools, to produce PostScript Type 1 fonts. These have the advantages of rendering better in Adobe® Acrobat®

(at least in versions prior to 6.0) and of being more memory-efficient when handled by a PostScript interpreter. Seehttp://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=textrace for pointers to tools that can produce Type 1fonts from METAFONT.

7.4 Math-mode spacing

Terms such as “binary operators”, “relations”, and “punctuation” in Section 3 primarily regard the surroundingspacing. (See the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for a nice exposition on the subject.) To use a symbolfor a different purpose, you can use the TEX commands \mathord, \mathop, \mathbin, \mathrel, \mathopen,\mathclose, and \mathpunct. For example, if you want to use \downarrow as a variable (an “ordinary” symbol)instead of a delimiter, you can write “$3 x + \mathord\downarrow$” to get the properly spaced “3x+↓” ratherthan the awkward-looking “3x+ ↓”. Similarly, to create a dotted-union symbol (“∪”) that spaces like the ordi-nary set-union symbol (\cup) it must be defined with \mathbin, just as \cup is. Contrast “$A \dot\cup B$”(“A∪B”) with “$A \mathbin\dot\cup B$” (“A ∪ B”). See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for the definitive de-scription of math-mode spacing.

The purpose of the “log-like symbols” in Tables 90 and 91 is to provide the correct amount of spacing aroundand within multiletter function names. Table 227 contrasts the output of the log-like symbols with various,naıve alternatives. In addition to spacing, the log-like symbols also handle subscripts properly. For example,“\max_p \in P” produces “maxp∈P ” in text, but “max

p∈P” as part of a displayed formula.

Table 227: Spacing Around/Within Log-like Symbols

LATEX expression Output

$r \sin \theta$ r sin θ (best)$r sin \theta$ rsinθ$r \mboxsin \theta$ rsinθ$r \mathrmsin \theta$ rsinθ

The amsmath package makes it straightforward to define new log-like symbols:

\DeclareMathOperator\atanatan\DeclareMathOperator*\lcmlcm

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The difference between \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* involves the handling of subscripts.With \DeclareMathOperator*, subscripts are written beneath log-like symbols in display style and to the rightin text style. This is useful for limit operators (e.g., \lim) and functions that tend to map over a set (e.g., \min).In contrast, \DeclareMathOperator tells TEX that subscripts should always be displayed to the right of theoperator, as is common for functions that take a single parameter (e.g., \log and \cos). Table 228 contrastssymbols declared with \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* in both text style ($. . .$) and dis-play style (\[. . .\]).8

Table 228: Defining new log-like symbols

Declaration function $\newlogsym p \in P$ \[ \newlogsym p \in P \]

\DeclareMathOperator newlogsymp∈P newlogsymp∈P

\DeclareMathOperator* newlogsymp∈P newlogsymp∈P

It is common to use a thin space (\,) between the words of a multiword operators, as in“\DeclareMathOperator*\argmaxarg\,max”. \liminf, \limsup, and all of the log-like symbols shownin Table 91 utilize this spacing convention.

7.5 Bold mathematical symbols

LATEX does not normally use bold symbols when typesetting mathematics. However, bold symbols are occasionallyneeded, for example when naming vectors. Any of the approaches described at http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=boldgreek can be used to produce bold mathematical symbols. Table 229 contrasts theoutput produced by these various techniques. As the table illustrates, these techniques exhibit variation intheir formatting of Latin letters (upright vs. italic), formatting of Greek letters (bold vs. normal), formatting ofoperators and relations (bold vs. normal), and spacing.

Table 229: Producing bold mathematical symbols

Package Code Output

none $\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷D (no bold)none $\mathbf\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷Dnone \boldmath$\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷Damsbsy $\pmb\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷Dα+ b = Γ÷Dα+ b = Γ÷D (faked bold)amsbsy $\boldsymbol\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷Dbm $\bm\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷Dfixmath $\mathbold\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ ÷D

7.6 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference

Table 230 on the next page amalgamates data from various other tables in this document into a convenientreference for LATEX 2ε typesetting of ASCII characters, i.e., the characters available on a typical U.S. computerkeyboard. The first two columns list the character’s ASCII code in decimal and hexadecimal. The third columnshows what the character looks like. The fourth column lists the LATEX 2ε command to typeset the character as atext character. And the fourth column lists the LATEX 2ε command to typeset the character within a \texttt. . .command (or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in effect).

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 230:8Note that \displaystyle can be used to force display style within $. . .$ and \textstyle can be used to force text style

within \[. . .\].

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http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=boldgreek

http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=boldgreek

Table 230: LATEX 2ε ASCII Table

Dec Hex Char Body text \texttt

33 21 ! ! !34 22 " \textquotedbl "35 23 # \# \#36 24 $ \$ \$37 25 % \% \%38 26 & \& \&39 27 ’ ’ ’40 28 ( ( (41 29 ) ) )42 2A * * *43 2B + + +44 2C , , ,45 2D - - -46 2E . . .47 2F / / /48 30 0 0 049 31 1 1 150 32 2 2 2...

......

......

57 39 9 9 958 3A : : :59 3B ; ; ;60 3C < \textless <61 3D = = =

Dec Hex Char Body text \texttt

62 3E > \textgreater >63 3F ? ? ?64 40 @ @ @65 41 A A A66 42 B B B67 43 C C C...

......

......

90 5A Z Z Z91 5B [ [ [92 5C \ \textbackslash \char‘\\93 5D ] ] ]94 5E ˆ \^ \^95 5F \_ \char‘\_96 60 ‘ ‘ ‘97 61 a a a98 62 b b b99 63 c c c...

......

......

122 7A z z z123 7B \ \char‘\124 7C | \textbar |125 7D \ \char‘\126 7E ˜ \~ \~

• “"” is not available in the OT1 font encoding.

• The characters “<”, “>”, and “|” do work as expected in math mode, although they produce, respectively,“¡”, “¿”, and “—” in text mode when using the OT1 font encoding.9 The following are some alternativesfor typesetting “<”, “>”, and “|”:

– Specify a document font encoding other than OT1 (as described on page 6).

– Use the appropriate symbol commands from Table 2 on page 7, viz. \textless, \textgreater, and\textbar.

– Enter the symbols in math mode instead of text mode, i.e., $<$, $>$, and $|$.

Note that for typesetting metavariables many people prefer \textlangle and \textrangle to \textlessand \textgreater, i.e., “〈filename〉” instead of “<filename>”.

• Although “/” does not require any special treatment, LATEX additionally defines a \slash command whichoutputs the same glyph but permits a line break afterwards. That is, “increase/decrease” is alwaystypeset as a single entity while “increase\slashdecrease” may be typeset with “increase/” on one lineand “decrease” on the next.

• \textasciicircum can be used instead of \^, and \textasciitilde can be used instead of \~. Notethat \textasciitilde and \~ produce raised, diacritic tildes. “Text” (i.e., vertically centered) tildes canbe generated with either the math-mode \sim command (shown in Table 55 on page 24), which produces

9Donald Knuth didn’t think such symbols were important outside of mathematics so he omitted them from his text fonts.

77

a somewhat wide “∼”, or the textcomp package’s \texttildelow (shown in Table 35 on page 18), whichproduces a vertically centered “~” in most fonts but a baseline-oriented “~” in Computer Modern, txfonts,pxfonts, and various other fonts originating from the TEX world. If your goal is to typeset tildes in URLs orUnix filenames, your best bet is to use the url package, which has a number of nice features such as properline-breaking of such names.

• The various \char commands within \texttt are necessary only in the OT1 font encoding. In otherencodings (e.g., T1), commands such as \, \, \_, and \textbackslash all work properly.

• The code page 437 (IBM PC) version of ASCII characters 1 to 31 can be typeset using the ascii package.See Table 159 on page 47.

• To replace “‘” and “’” with the more computer-like (and more visibly distinct) “`” and “'” within averbatim environment, use the upquote package. Outside of verbatim, you can use \char18 and \char13to get the modified quote characters. (The former is actually a grave accent.)

Similar to Table 230, Table 231 on the next page is an amalgamation of data from other tables in thisdocument. While Table 230 shows how to typeset the 7-bit ASCII character set, Table 231 shows the Latin 1(Western European) character set, also known as ISO-8859-1.

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 231:

• A “(tc)” after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol. A“(T1)” means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change the fontencoding document-wide.

• Many of the \text. . . accents can also be produced using the accent commands shown in Table 18 onpage 12 plus an empty argument. For instance, \= is essentially the same as \textasciimacron.

• The commands in the “LATEX 2ε” columns work both in body text and within a \texttt. . . command(or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in effect).

• The “£” and “$” glyphs occupy the same slot (36) of the OT1 font encoding, with “£” appearing in italicfonts and “$” appearing in roman fonts. A problem with LATEX’s default handling of this double-mapping isthat “\sffamily\slshape\pounds” produces “$”, not “£”. Other font encodings use separate slots forthe two characters and are therefore robust to the problem of “£”/”$” conflicts. Authors who use \poundsshould select a font encoding other than OT1 (as explained on page 6) or use the textcomp package, whichredefines \pounds to use the TS1 font encoding.

• Character 173, \-, is shown as “-” but is actually a discretionary hyphen; it appears only at the end of aline.

Microsoft® Windows® normally uses a superset of Latin 1 called “Code Page 1252” or “CP1252” for short.CP1252 introduces symbols in the Latin 1 “invalid” range (characters 128–159). Table 232 presents the characterswith which CP1252 augments the standard Latin 1 table.

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 232:

• As in Table 231, a “(tc)” after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to accessthat symbol. A “(T1)” means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package canchange the font encoding document-wide.

• Not all characters in the 128–159 range are defined.

• Look up “euro signs” in the index for alternatives to \texteuro.

While too large to incorporate into this document, a listing of ISO 8879:1986 SGML/XML character entitiesand their LATEX equivalents is available from http://www.bitjungle.com/~isoent/. Some of the characterspresented there make use of isoent, a LATEX 2ε package (available from the same URL) that fakes some of themissing ISO glyphs using the LATEX picture environment.10

10isoent is not featured in this document, because it is not available from CTAN and because the faked symbols are not “true”characters; they exist in only one size, regardless of the body text’s font size.

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http://www.bitjungle.com/~isoent/

Table 231: LATEX 2ε Latin 1 Table

Dec Hex Char LATEX 2ε

161 A1 ¡ !‘162 A2 ¢ \textcent (tc)163 A3 £ \pounds164 A4 ¤ \textcurrency (tc)165 A5 ¥ \textyen (tc)166 A6 ¦ \textbrokenbar (tc)167 A7 § \S168 A8 ¨ \textasciidieresis (tc)169 A9 © \textcopyright170 AA ª \textordfeminine171 AB « \guillemotleft (T1)172 AC ¬ \textlnot (tc)173 AD - \-174 AE ® \textregistered175 AF ¯ \textasciimacron (tc)176 B0 ° \textdegree (tc)177 B1 ± \textpm (tc)178 B2 ² \texttwosuperior (tc)179 B3 ³ \textthreesuperior (tc)180 B4 ´ \textasciiacute (tc)181 B5 µ \textmu (tc)182 B6 ¶ \P183 B7 · \textperiodcentered184 B8 ¸ \c185 B9 ¹ \textonesuperior (tc)186 BA º \textordmasculine187 BB » \guillemotright (T1)188 BC ¼ \textonequarter (tc)189 BD ½ \textonehalf (tc)190 BE ¾ \textthreequarters (tc)191 BF ¿ ?‘

192 C0 A \‘A

193 C1 A \’A

194 C2 A \Â195 C3 A \~A196 C4 A \"A

197 C5 A \AA198 C6 Æ \AE199 C7 C \cC

200 C8 E \‘E

201 C9 E \’E

202 CA E \Ê203 CB E \"E

204 CC I \‘I

205 CD I \’I

206 CE I \Î207 CF I \"I208 D0 Ð \DH (T1)


209 D1 N \~N

210 D2 O \‘O

211 D3 O \’O

212 D4 O \Ô213 D5 O \~O214 D6 O \"O215 D7 × \texttimes (tc)216 D8 Ø \O

217 D9 U \‘U

218 DA U \’U

219 DB U \Û220 DC U \"U

221 DD Y \’Y222 DE Þ \TH (T1)223 DF ß \ss224 E0 a \‘a225 E1 a \’a226 E2 a \â227 E3 a \~a228 E4 a \"a229 E5 a \aa230 E6 æ \ae231 E7 c \cc232 E8 e \‘e233 E9 e \’e234 EA e \ê235 EB e \"e236 EC ı \‘ı237 ED ı \’ı238 EE ı \^ı239 EF ı \"ı240 F0 ð \dh (T1)241 F1 n \~n242 F2 o \‘o243 F3 o \’o244 F4 o \ô245 F5 o \~o246 F6 o \"o247 F7 ÷ \textdiv (tc)248 F8 ø \o249 F9 u \‘u250 FA u \’u251 FB u \û252 FC u \"u253 FD y \’y254 FE þ \th (T1)255 FF y \"y

79

Table 232: LATEX 2ε Code Page 1252 Table


128 80 € \texteuro (tc)130 82 ‚ \quotesinglbase (T1)131 83 f \textitf132 84 „ \quotedblbase (T1)133 85 . . . \dots134 86 † \dag135 87 ‡ \ddag136 88 ˆ \textasciicircum137 89 ‰ \textperthousand (tc)138 8A S \vS139 8B ‹ \guilsinglleft (T1)140 8C Œ \OE142 8E Z \vZ


145 91 ‘ ‘146 92 ’ ’147 93 “ ‘‘148 94 ” ’’149 95 • \textbullet150 96 – --151 97 — ---152 98 ˜ \textasciitilde153 99 ™ \texttrademark154 9A s \vs155 9B › \guilsinglright (T1)156 9C œ \oe158 9E z \vz159 9F Y \"Y

7.7 About this document

History David Carlisle wrote the first version of this document in October, 1994. It originally contained allof the native LATEX symbols (Tables 39, 47, 55, 77, 90, 92, 106, 107, 115, 118, 139, and a few tables that havesince been reorganized) and was designed to be nearly identical to the tables in Chapter 3 of Leslie Lamport’sbook [Lam86]. Even the table captions and the order of the symbols within each table matched! The AMSsymbols (Tables 40, 56, 57, 80, 81, 93, 97, 103, and 140) and an initial Math Alphabets table (Table 147) wereadded thereafter. Later, Alexander Holt provided the stmaryrd tables (Tables 41, 49, 58, 83, 88, and 104).

In January, 2001, Scott Pakin took responsibility for maintaining the symbol list and has since implementeda complete overhaul of the document. The result, now called, “The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List”, includesthe following new features:

• the addition of a handful of new math alphabets, dozens of new font tables, and thousands of new symbols

• the categorization of the symbol tables into body-text symbols, mathematical symbols, science and tech-nology symbols, dingbats, and other symbols, to provide a more user-friendly document structure

• an index, table of contents, and a frequently-requested symbol list, to help users quickly locate symbols

• symbol tables rewritten to list the symbols in alphabetical order

• appendices to provide additional information relevant to using symbols in LATEX

• tables showing how to typeset all of the characters in the ASCII and Latin 1 font encodings

Furthermore, the internal structure of the document has been completely altered from David’s original version.Most of the changes are geared towards making the document easier to extend, modify, and reformat.

Build characteristics Table 233 on the following page lists some of this document’s build characteristics. Mostimportant is the list of packages that LATEX couldn’t find, but that symbols.tex otherwise would have been able totake advantage of. Complete, prebuilt versions of this document are available from CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/or one of its many mirror sites) in the directory tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive. Table 234 showsthe package date (specified in the .sty file with \ProvidesPackage) for each package that was used to build thisdocument and that specifies a package date. Packages are not listed in any particular order in either Table 233or 234.

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Table 233: Document Characteristics

Characteristic Value

Source file: symbols.texBuild date: August 29, 2008Symbols documented: ∼3086Packages included: textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym

pifont manfnt bbding undertilde ifsym tipa tipx extraipawsuipa phonetic ulsy ar metre txfonts fclfont skak asciidingbat skull eurosym esvect yfonts yhmath esint mathdotstrsym universa upgreek chemarr chemarrow nath trfsignsmathtools phaistos arcs vietnam t4phonet holtpolt semtransdictsym extarrows protosem hieroglf mathdesign arev cmllextpfeil keystroke epsdice feyn universal accents nicefrac bmmathrsfs chancery calligra bbold dsfont bbm

Packages omitted: mathabx overrightarrow harmony cclicenses MnSymbol fgeturnstile simpsons staves igo mbboard msym10.tfm

7.8 Copyright and license

The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol ListCopyright © 2008, Scott Pakin

This work may be distributed and/or modified under the conditions of the LATEX Project Public License, eitherversion 1.3c of this license or (at your option) any later version. The latest version of this license is in

http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt

and version 1.3c or later is part of all distributions of LATEX version 2006/05/20 or later.This work has the LPPL maintenance status “maintained”.The current maintainer of this work is Scott Pakin.

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Table 234: Package versions used in the preparation of this document

Name Date

textcomp 2005/09/27latexsym 1998/08/17amssymb 2002/01/22stmaryrd 1994/03/03euscript 2001/10/01wasysym 2003/10/30pifont 2005/04/12manfnt 1999/07/01bbding 1996/06/21undertilde 2000/08/08ifsym 2000/04/18tipa 2002/08/08tipx 2003/01/01wsuipa 1994/07/16metre 2001/12/05txfonts 2005/01/03skak 2003/09/27ascii 2006/05/30dingbat 2001/04/27skull 2002/01/23eurosym 1998/08/06yfonts 2003/01/08mathdots 2006/03/16trsym 2000/06/25universa 98/08/01upgreek 2003/02/12chemarr 2006/02/20mathtools 2004/10/10phaistos 2004/04/23arcs 2004/05/09t4phonet 2004/06/01semtrans 1998/02/10dictsym 2004/07/26extarrows 2002/03/30protosem 2005/03/18hieroglf 2000/09/23arev 2005/06/14extpfeil 2006/07/27keystroke 2003/08/15epsdice 2001/02/15feyn 2002/04/23universal 97/12/24accents 2006/05/12nicefrac 1998/08/04bm 2004/02/26calligra 1996/07/18

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References

[AMS99] American Mathematical Society. User’s Guide for the amsmath Package (Version 2.0), December 13,1999. Available from ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf. 108

[Ber01] Karl Berry. Fontname: Filenames for TEX fonts, June 2001. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/fontname. 7.3

[Che97] Raymond Chen. A METAFONT of ‘Simpsons’ characters. Baskerville, 4(4):19, September 1997.ISSN 1354-5930. Available from http://tug.ctan.org/usergrps/uktug/baskervi/4 4/bask4 4.ps.

[Dow00] Michael Downes. Short math guide for LATEX, July 19, 2000. Version 1.07. Available from http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html. 90, 91, 132, 7.4

[Gib97] Jeremy Gibbons. Hey—it works! TUGboat, 18(2):75–78, June 1997. Available from http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-2/tb55works.pdf. 118

[Knu86a] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, volume A of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading,MA, USA, 1986. 7.3, 7.3, 7.3, 7.3, 7.4

[Knu86b] Donald E. Knuth. The METAFONTbook, volume C of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley,Reading, MA, USA, 1986. 7.3, 7.3

[Lam86] Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A document preparation system. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.7.7

[LAT98] LATEX3 Project Team. A new math accent. LATEX News. Issue 9, June 1998. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/ltnews09.pdf (also included in many TEX distribu-tions). 117

[LAT00] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2ε font selection, January 30, 2000. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps (also included in many TEX distributions).

7.3

83

ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/fontname

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/fontname

http://tug.ctan.org/usergrps/uktug/baskervi/4_4/bask4_4.ps

http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html

http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html

http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-2/tb55works.pdf

http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-2/tb55works.pdf

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/ltnews09.pdf

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/ltnews09.pdf

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps

Index

If you’re having trouble locating a symbol, try looking under “T” for “\text. . .”. Many text-mode commands begin withthat prefix. Also, accents are shown over/under a gray box, e.g., “ a ” for “\’”.

Some symbol entries appear to be listed repeatedly. This happens when multiple packages define identical (or nearlyidentical) glyphs with the same symbol name.

Symbols\" (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\# (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 77\$ ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 77\% (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 77\& (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 77\’ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12( (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34) ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76\- (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 79\. (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/ (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34[ ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67] (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\^ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\^ (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77\| (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\| (¿a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\= (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\= (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78| (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\_ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 78\ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 34, 78\ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 34, 78\‘ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\~ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\~ (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Aa (esvect package option) . . . . 38\a (×

?

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\AA (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\aa (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\AAaleph (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAayin (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAbeth (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAdaleth (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAhe (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAhelmet (V) . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAheth (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAkaph (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAlamed (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\Aaleph (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AApe (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAqoph (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAresh (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAsade (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\Aayin (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AAyod (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\Abeth (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

absolute value . . see \lvert and\rvert

abzuglich . . see \textdiscount

\AC (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

\acarc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\acbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

accents . 12–16, 36–39, 46, 70–72

any character as . . . . . . . 70

extensible 37, 38, 40, 71–72

multiple per character . . 70

accents (package) . . 37, 70, 81, 82

\accentset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

\ACK () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

actuarial symbols . . . . . . . . . 71

\acute (´) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\acutus (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\Adaleth (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

adjoint (†) . . . . . . . . . . see \dag

Adobe Acrobat . . . . . . . . . . . 75

\adots ( . ..) . . . . . . . . . . 41, 70

advancing . . see \textadvancing

\AE (Æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

\ae (æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

\agemO (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\Agimel (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\Ahe (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\Ahelmet (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\Aheth (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\ain (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\Akaph (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\Alad () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\alad () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\Alamed (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\Alas () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\alas () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\aleph (ℵ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 42

\Alif () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\alpha (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

alphabets

African . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Greek . . . . . . . . 31, 32, 44

Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . 32, 44

hieroglyphic . . . . . . . . . . 62

math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

phonetic . . . . . . . . . . 9–12

proto-Semitic . . . . . . . . . 61

Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . 8

\alphaup (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

alpine symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\Alt ( Alt ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\AltGr ( AltGr ) . . . . . . . . . . 47

\amalg (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Amem (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61ampersand . . . . . . . . . . . see \&

AMS . . . 6, 8, 19, 21, 24, 26–34,37–39, 41, 42, 63, 80

amsbsy (package) . . . . . . . . . . 76amsfonts (package) 19, 24, 26, 28,

42, 44amsmath (package) 6, 30, 37, 66,

75amssymb (package) 6, 19, 24, 26,

28, 37, 42, 44, 81, 82amstext (package) . . . . . . 68, 69\Anaclasis (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\anaclasis (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\anchor (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . 55and . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

\angle (∠) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\angle ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 43\Anglesign (W) . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Angstrom unitmath mode . see \mathring

text mode . . . . . . . see \AA

\Angud (〉) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\angud (〉) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36angular minutes . . . . see \prime

angular seconds . . . . see \prime

\Angus (〈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\angus (〈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Ankh (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\annu ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71annuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71\Antidiple (<) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\antidiple (<) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Antidiple* (<·· ) . . . . . . . . . . 60\antidiple* (<·· ) . . . . . . . . . . 60\Antisigma (⊃) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\antisigma (⊃) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Anun (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\Ape (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61APL

modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . 46symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\APLbox (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\APLcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\APLcomment () . . . . . . . . . . 46\APLdown (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\APLdownarrowbox (o) . . . . . 46\APLinput () . . . . . . . . . . . 46

84

\APLinv (÷~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\APLleftarrowbox (p) . . . . . 46\APLlog () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\APLminus (−) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\APLnot (∼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\APLrightarrowbox (q) . . . . . 46\APLstar (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\APLup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\APLuparrowbox (n) . . . . . . . 46\APLvert ( | ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\apprge (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\apprle (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\approx (≈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\approxeq (u) . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Aqoph (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\Aquarius (ê) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\aquarius (e) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\AR (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45ar (package) . . . . . . . . . . 45, 81arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\arccos (arccos) . . . . . . . . . . 30arcminutes . . . . . . . see \prime

arcs (package) . . . . . . 15, 81, 82arcseconds . . . . . . . . see \prime

\arcsin (arcsin) . . . . . . . . . . 30\arctan (arctan) . . . . . . . . . . 30\Aresh (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61arev (package) . . . . 43, 56, 81, 82\arg (arg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Aries (à) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\aries () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\ArrowBoldDownRight (y) . . 49

\ArrowBoldRightCircled () 49

\ArrowBoldRightShort (z) . . . 49

\ArrowBoldRightStrobe (w) . 49

\ArrowBoldUpRight (x) . . . . 49\Arrownot ( Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\arrownot ( X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30arrows . . . . . . . . . 28, 29, 47, 49

diagonal, for reducing subex-pressions . . . . . . . . . . 37

double-headed, diagonal . 69extensible . . . . . . . . 37–40fletched . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49negated . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

\Arrowvert (ww) . . . . . . . . . . 34

\arrowvert () . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Arseneau, Donald . . . 67, 69–71\Asade (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\Asamekh (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61ASCII . . . . . . 6, 8, 47, 76, 78, 80

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77ascii (package) . . . . 47, 78, 81, 82\ascnode () . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\Ashin (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\ast (∗) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\Asteriscus (×···· ) . . . . . . . . . . 60\asteriscus (×···· ) . . . . . . . . . . 60

\Asterisk (N) . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\AsteriskBold (A) . . . . . . . . 52

\AsteriskCenterOpen (B) . . . 52

\AsteriskRoundedEnds (X) . . 52asterisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 53

\AsteriskThin (C) . . . . . . . . 52

\AsteriskThinCenterOpen (D) 52\asterism ( ***) . . . . . . . . . . . 67astrological symbols . . . . . . . . 46astronomical symbols . . . . . . . 46\astrosun () . . . . . . . . . . . 46\asymp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\atan (atan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75\ataribox (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\Atav (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\Ateth (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\AtForty (Ø) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\AtNinetyFive (Ó) . . . . . . . 57atomic math objects . . . . 30, 76\AtSixty (Õ) . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\autoleftarrow (DGGGGG) . . . . 39

\autoleftrightharpoons (EGGGGGGGGGGC)

. . . . . . . . . 39

\autorightarrow (GGGGGA) . . . 39

\autorightleftharpoons (GGGGGBFGGGGG)

. . . . . . . . . 39\Avav (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\Ayn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Ayod (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\Azayin (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

B\B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\B (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60b (esvect package option) . . . . 38\b (a

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\b (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\babygamma (!) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\backepsilon () . . . . . . . . . 24\backprime (8) . . . . . . . . . . . 42\backsim (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\backsimeq (w) . . . . . . . . . . 24\backslash (\) . . . . . . . . 34, 42banana brackets . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . see \llparenthesis and\rrparenthesis

\bar (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\barb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\barcirc (− ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\bard () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\bari (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\barj (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\barl (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\barlambda () . . . . . . . . . . . 11\baro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\baro ( vs. <) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\baro (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\barp (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11barred letters . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\barsci (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\barscu (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\baru (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\barwedge (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Bat (ý) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\bauarrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 49\baucircle () . . . . . . . . . . . 54\baucircle () . . . . . . . . . . 54\baucross () . . . . . . . . . . . 51\baudash () . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\baueclipse () . . . . . . . . . . 54\bauequal () . . . . . . . . . . . 58\bauface ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\bauforms () . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\bauforms () . . . . . . . . . . 57\bauhead () . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\bauhead () . . . . . . . . . . . 57\bauhole () . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\bauplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\baupunct () . . . . . . . . . . . 54\bauquarter () . . . . . . . . . . 58\bauquestion () . . . . . . . . . 58\bausquare () . . . . . . . . . . . 54\bausquare () . . . . . . . . . . 54\bautriangle () . . . . . . . . . 54\bautriangle () . . . . . . . . . 54\bauwhitearrow () . . . . . . . 49\bauwindow () . . . . . . . . . . . 58\BB (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Bb (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\bB (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\bb (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\bba ( ×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\bbalpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\bbar (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\bbb (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\bbbeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\Bbbk (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32bbding (package) . 49–52, 54, 55,

64, 81, 82\bbdollar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\bbetter (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\bbeuro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\bbgamma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44bbgreekl (mathbbol package option)

. . . . . . . . . 44\BBm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\Bbm (¯

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\bBm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

85

bbm (package) . . . . . . . . . 44, 81\bbm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\bbmb ( ˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\bbmx (

¯ ˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\bbnabla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44bbold (package) . . . . . . . . 44, 81\bbslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\bdecisive (i) . . . . . . . . . . 59\Beam (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\Bearing (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\because (∵) . . . . . . . . . 24, 41\BEL () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\bell () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Berry, Karl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83\beta (β) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\betaup (β) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\beth (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\betteris (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 59\between (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\bibridge (

”a”) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\Bicycle (®) . . . . . . . . . . . . 55\Big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 65\big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 65

\bigbosonloop (!) . . . . . . . . . 48\bigbox (

e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\bigcap (⋂

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\bigcirc (©) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\BigCircle (%) . . . . . . . . . . 53

\BigCross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 53\bigcup (

⋃) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\bigcurlyvee (b

) . . . . . . . . . 21\bigcurlywedge (

c) . . . . . . . 21

\BigDiamondshape (&) . . . . . 53\Bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 65\bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 65

\BigHBar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\biginterleave (

g) . . . . . . . 21

\BigLowerDiamond (_) . . . . . 53\bignplus (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\bigodot (⊙

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\bigoplus (

⊕) . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\bigotimes (⊗

) . . . . . . . . . . 21\bigparallel (

f) . . . . . . . . . 21

\bigparr (˙

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\BigRightDiamond (/) . . . . . 53\bigsqcap (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\bigsqcapplus (

) . . . . . . . . 22\bigsqcup (

⊔) . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\bigsqcupplus (

) . . . . . . . . 22

\BigSquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 53\bigstar (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\BigTriangleDown (#) . . . . . 53\bigtriangledown (

`) . . . . . 21

\bigtriangledown (5 vs.`

) . 64\bigtriangledown (5) . . . . . 19

\BigTriangleLeft (") . . . . . 53

\BigTriangleRight ($) . . . . 53

\BigTriangleUp (!) . . . . . . . 53\bigtriangleup (

a) . . . . . . . 21

\bigtriangleup (4 vs.a

) . . 64\bigtriangleup (4) . . . . . . . 19\biguplus (

⊎) . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\BigVBar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\bigvee (

∨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\bigwedge (∧

) . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\bigwith (˘

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\binampersand (N) . . . . . . . . 20binary operators . . . . . . . 19–21binary relations . . . . . . . . 24–27

negated . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25\bindnasrepma (O) . . . . . . . . 20\Biohazard (h) . . . . . . . . . . 48biological symbols . . . . . . . . . 48bishop . . . . . . . see chess symbols\bishoppair (a) . . . . . . . . . . 59blackboard bold . see alphabets,

math\blacklozenge () . . . . . . . . 42\blacksmiley (-) . . . . . . . . . 56\blacksquare () . . . . . . . . . 42\blacktriangle (N) . . . . . . . 42\blacktriangledown (H) . . . . 42\blacktriangleleft (J) . . . . 27\blacktriangleright (I) . . . 27blank . . . . . . . . see \textblank

\Bleech (Ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\blitza () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\blitzb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\blitzc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\blitzd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\blitze ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Bm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

bm (package) . . . . . . . 76, 81, 82\bm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76\bm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\bmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30body-text symbols . . . . . . . 7–18bold symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76\boldmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76\boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76born . . . . . . . . . . see \textborn

bosons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\bot (⊥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 68\Bouquet (¥) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\Bowtie (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\bowtie (./) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Box () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Box (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\boxast (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\boxbar (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\boxbox () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\boxbslash (j) . . . . . . . . . . . 20\boxcircle () . . . . . . . . . . . 20\boxdot () . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20

\boxdotLeft () . . . . . . . . . 29\boxdotleft () . . . . . . . . . 29\boxdotRight () . . . . . . . . 29\boxdotright () . . . . . . . . 29\boxempty () . . . . . . . . . . . 20\boxLeft () . . . . . . . . . . . 29\boxleft () . . . . . . . . . . . 29\boxminus () . . . . . . . . . . . 19\boxplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\boxRight () . . . . . . . . . . 29\boxright () . . . . . . . . . . 29\boxslash (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\boxtimes () . . . . . . . . . . . 19bra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\braceld (︷) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71\bracerd (︷) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

\bracevert () . . . . . . . . . . 34

brackets . . . . . . . see delimitersbraket (package) . . . . . . . . . . 34\Break ( Break ) . . . . . . . . . . 47

breve . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\breve (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\breve (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\brokenvert (|) . . . . . . . . . . . 56Bronger, Torsten . . . . . . . . . . 68\BS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\BSEfree (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\BSpace ( 7−→ ) . . . . . . . . . . 47

\bullet (•) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19bullseye . . . see \textbullseye

\Bumpeq (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\bumpeq (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\bupperhand (e) . . . . . . . . . . 59

C\C ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60c (esvect package option) . . . . 38\c (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 79\c ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60calligra (package) . . . . 44, 81, 82Calligra (font) . . . . . . . . . . . . 44calrsfs (package) . . . . . . . . . . 44\CAN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47cancel (package) . . . . . . . . . . 37\Cancer (ã) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\cancer (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\Cap (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\cap (∩) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Capricorn (é) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\capricornus (d) . . . . . . . . . 46card suits . . . . . . . . . 42, 43, 55cardinality . . . . . . . see \aleph

care of (c/o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43caret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \^

Carlisle, David . . . . . . . . . 1, 80caron . . . . . . . . . . . see accentscarriage return . . . . . . . . 47, 55\carriagereturn (C) . . . . . . 55

86

castle . . . . . . . see chess symbols\Catalexis (∧) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\catalexis (∧) . . . . . . . . . . . 60catamorphism see \llparenthesis

and \rrparenthesis

\Cc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\cc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Ccc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60cclicenses (package) . . . . . . . . 81\cdot (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 67\cdotp (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\cdots (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Cedi . . see \textcolonmonetary

cedilla . . . . . . . . . . . see accentscelestial bodies . . . . . . . . . . . 46\celsius () . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\Celtcross (‡) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\cent (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\centerdot () . . . . . . . . . . . 19centernot (package) . . . . . . . . 68\centernot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68\centre (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59cents . . . . . . . . . . see \textcent

\CEsign (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48chancery (package) . . . . . . . . . 81\char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Charter (font) . . . . . . . . . 17, 23\check (ˇ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36check marks . . . . . . . . . . 51, 55\checked () . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\CheckedBox (2) . . . . . . . . . . 51\Checkedbox (V) . . . . . . . . . . 55

\Checkmark (!) . . . . . . . . . . 51\checkmark (X) . . . . . . . . . . . 8

\checkmark (X vs. D) . . . . . . 64

\checkmark (D) . . . . . . . . . . 55

\CheckmarkBold (") . . . . . . . 51chemarr (package) . . . 39, 81, 82chemarrow (package) . 29, 39, 81\chemarrow (A) . . . . . . . . . . 29Chen, Raymond . . . . . . . . . . 83chess symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\chi (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\chiup (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\circ () . . . . . . . . . 19, 43, 67\circeq ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\CIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\Circle (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\Circle (# vs. 5) . . . . . . . . 64\Circle (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\circlearrowleft () . . . . . 28\circlearrowright () . . . . 28circled numbers . . . . . . . . . . . 52\CircledA (ª) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\circledast (~) . . . . . . . . . . 19\circledbar (V) . . . . . . . . . . 20\circledbslash (W) . . . . . . . 20

\circledcirc () . . . . . . . . . 19\circleddash () . . . . . . . . . 19\circleddot . . . . . . . see \odot

\circleddotleft () . . . . . 29\circleddotright () . . . . . 29\circledgtr (S) . . . . . . . . . . 25\circledless (R) . . . . . . . . . 25\circledminus . . . . see \ominus

\circledotleft . . . . . . . . . see\circleddotleft

\circledotright . . . . . . . . see\circleddotright

\circledplus . . . . . see \oplus

\circledR (r) . . . . . . . . . 8, 32\circledS (s) . . . . . . . . . . . 32\circledslash . . . . see \oslash

\circledtimes . . . . see \otimes

\circledvee (U) . . . . . . . . . . 20\circledwedge (T) . . . . . . . . 20\circleleft () . . . . . . . . . 29\circleright () . . . . . . . . 29circles . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 54, 56

\CircleShadow (d) . . . . . . . . 54

\CircleSolid (a) . . . . . . . . . 54\Circpipe (›) . . . . . . . . . . . 48\Circsteel (•) . . . . . . . . . . 48circumflex . . . . . . . . see accents\circumflexus (a) . . . . . . . . 15\CleaningA («) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\CleaningF (¾) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\CleaningFF (¿) . . . . . . . . . . 57\CleaningP (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\CleaningPP () . . . . . . . . . . 57\clickb (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\clickc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\clickt (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\clock () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56clock symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\Clocklogo (U) . . . . . . . . . . . 55\closedniomega (?) . . . . . . . 11\closedrevepsilon () . . . . . 11\Cloud () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58clovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 53clubs (suit) . . . . . . . . 42, 43, 55\clubsuit (♣) . . . . . . . . . . . 42cmll (package) . 19, 20, 23, 26, 81code page 1252 . . . . . . . . . . . 78

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80code page 437 . . . . . . . . . 47, 78\Coffeecup (K) . . . . . . . . . . 55\coh (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\colon ( : ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\Colonapprox () . . . . . . . . 25\Colonapprox (::≈) . . . . . . . . 25\colonapprox (:≈) . . . . . . . . . 25\colonapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 25\Coloneq (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\Coloneq (::−) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\coloneq (:−) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\coloneq (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Coloneqq (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Coloneqq (::=) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\coloneqq (:=) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\coloneqq (B) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Colonsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Colonsim (::∼) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\colonsim (:∼) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\colonsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 25\comment (RR) . . . . . . . . . . . 59communication symbols . . . . . 47comp.text.tex (newsgroup) 67–71\compensation (n) . . . . . . . . 59\complement () . . . . . . . . . . 32complex numbers . see alphabets,

mathComprehensive TEX Archive Net-

work . . . . 1, 6, 37, 63, 78,80

computer hardware symbols . . 46computer keys . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Computer Modern (font) . 63, 65,

78\ComputerMouse (Í) . . . . . . . . 46\cong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24conjunction . . . . . . . see \wedge

\conjunction (V) . . . . . . . . . 46contradiction symbols . . . . . . 29control characters . . . . . . . . . 47\coprod (

∐) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

copyright . . . . . . . . . . 7, 17, 79\copyright (©) . . . . . . . . . . . 7\corner (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Corresponds (=) . . . . . . . . . 43\cos (cos) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 76\cosh (cosh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\cot (cot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\coth (coth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\counterplay (V) . . . . . . . . . 59Courier (font) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17CP1252 . . . . see code page 1252CP437 . . . . . see code page 437\CR () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

\Cross () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\Cross († vs. * vs. ) . . . . . . 64

\Cross (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Cross (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\crossb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\CrossBoldOutline (-) . . . . . 51

\CrossClowerTips (4) . . . . . 51\crossd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\Crossedbox (X) . . . . . . . . . . 55crosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 57\crossh (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

87

\CrossMaltese (.) . . . . . . . . 51\crossnilambda (3) . . . . . . . 11

\CrossOpenShadow (+) . . . . . . 51

\CrossOutline (,) . . . . . . . . 51crotchet . . . see musical symbols\crtilde (

Ŕa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

crucifixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 57\Crux (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\crux (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\csc (csc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30CTAN . see Comprehensive TEX

Archive Network\Ctrl ( Ctrl ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 66cube root . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt

\Cup (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\cup (∪) . . . . . . . . . . 19, 67, 75\curlyc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\curlyeqprec (2) . . . . . . . . . 24\curlyeqsucc (3) . . . . . . . . . 24\curlyesh (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\curlyvee (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 19\curlyveedownarrow (.) . . . . 20\curlyveeuparrow (/) . . . . . . 20\curlywedge (f) . . . . . . . . . . 19\curlywedgedownarrow (') . . 20\curlywedgeuparrow (&) . . . . 20\curlyyogh (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\curlyz (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\currency (¤) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17currency symbols . . . . 16, 17, 44\curvearrowleft (x) . . . . . . 28\curvearrowright (y) . . . . . 28\Cutleft (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\Cutline (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\Cutright (q) . . . . . . . . . . . 49

D\D (a

¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

d (esvect package option) . . . . 38\d (a.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\dag (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 80\dagger (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\daleth (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32dangerous bend symbols . . . . 54\DArrow ( ↓ ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\dasharrow see \dashrightarrow

\dashint (−∫

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

\dashleftarrow (c) . . . . . . . 28\dashleftrightarrow (e) . . . 29\dashrightarrow (d) . . . . . . 28\dashv (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\davidsstar (C) . . . . . . . . . . 52

\DavidStar (0) . . . . . . . . . . 52

\DavidStarSolid (/) . . . . . . 52\dbar (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\dbend () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

dblaccnt (package) . . . . . . . . . 70\dblcolon (::) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\DCa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\DCb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\DCc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\DCd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\ddag (‡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 80\ddagger (‡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\ddashint (=∫

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

\ddddot (....

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\dddot (

...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

\ddot (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\ddots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . 40, 70

\DeclareFontFamily . . . . . . . 74\DeclareFontShape . . . . . . . . 74\DeclareMathOperator . . . . . 76\DeclareMathOperator* . . . . 76\declareslashed . . . . . . . . . 68definition symbols . . . . . . . . . 71\deg (deg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\degree (°) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45degrees . . . . . . see \textdegree

\DEL () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\Del ( Del ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\Deleatur . . . . . . see \Denarius

delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . 33–36text-mode . . . . . . . . . . . 36variable-sized . . . . . . 34–36wavy-line . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\Delta (∆) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\delta (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\deltaup (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31demisemiquaver . . . . see musical

symbols\Denarius (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\dental (ag) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14derivitive, partial . . see \partial

\descnode () . . . . . . . . . . . 46\det (det) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\devadvantage (t) . . . . . . . . 59

\Dfourier ( ........... c) . . . . . . . . . 26

\dfourier ( c ........... ) . . . . . . . . . 26

\DFT ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

\dft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\DH (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 79\DH ( D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\dh (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 79\dh (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11diacritics . . . . . . . . . see accents\diaeresis (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 15diæresis . . . . . . . . . see accents\diagdown () . . . . . . . . . . . 42\diagonal (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 59\diagup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\diameter () . . . . . . . . . . . 56\Diamond (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\Diamond (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\diamond () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Diamondblack (_) . . . . . . . . 42\Diamonddot () . . . . . . . . . . 42\DiamonddotLeft () . . . . . 29\Diamonddotleft () . . . . . 29\DiamonddotRight () . . . . . 29\Diamonddotright () . . . . . 29\DiamondLeft () . . . . . . . . 29\Diamondleft () . . . . . . . . 29\DiamondRight () . . . . . . . 29\Diamondright () . . . . . . . 29diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 54diamonds (suit) . . . . . 42, 43, 55

\DiamondShadowA () . . . . . . 53

\DiamondShadowB () . . . . . . 53

\DiamondShadowC () . . . . . . 53

\Diamondshape (6) . . . . . . . . 53

\DiamondSolid (p) . . . . . . . . 54\diamondsuit (♦) . . . . . . . . . 42\diatop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 70\diaunder . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 70dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 66dictionary symbols . . . . 9–12, 62dictsym (package) . . . 62, 81, 82died . . . . . . . . . . see \textdied

differential, inexact . . see \dbar

\digamma (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45old-style . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17segmented . . . . . . . . . . . 45

\dim (dim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 49–55dingautolist . . . . . . . . . . . . 52dingbat (package) . 50, 55, 64, 81,

82dingbat symbols . . . . . . . 49–55\Diple (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\diple (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Diple* (>·· ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\diple* (>·· ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Dirac notation . . . . . . . . . . . . 34discount . . . see \textdiscount

discretionary hyphen . . . . . . . 78disjunction . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\displaystyle . . . 68, 69, 71, 76ditto marks . see \textquotedbl

\div (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\divideontimes (>) . . . . . . . 19division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 37

non-commutative . . . . . . 40division times see \divideontimes

divorced . . . see \textdivorced

\DJ (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\dj (đ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\dlbari (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

88

\DLE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47does not divide . . . . . see \nmid

does not exist . . . . see \nexists

dollar . . . . . . . see \textdollar

dollar sign . . . . . . . . . . . . see \$

\Dontwash (Ý) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\dot ( ˙ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36dot symbols . . . . . 7, 40, 41, 70\dotcup ( ·∪) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\Doteq . . . . . . . . see \doteqdot

\doteq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\doteqdot (+) . . . . . . . . . . . 24dotless i (ı)

math mode . . . . . . . 36, 42text mode . . . . . . . . . . . 12

dotless j ()math mode . . . . . . . 36, 42text mode . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\dotplus (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\dots (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 80dots (ellipses) . . . . . 7, 40–42, 70\dotsb (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\dotsc (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\dotsi (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\dotsint (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\dotsm (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\dotso (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41dotted union (∪) . . . . . . . . . . 75

\dottedtilde (..a) . . . . . . . . . 14

\double . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 36\doublebarwedge ([) . . . . . . 19\doublecap . . . . . . . . . see \Cap

\doublecup . . . . . . . . . see \Cup

\doublepawns (d) . . . . . . . . . 59\doubletilde (ã) . . . . . . . . . 14\DOWNarrow (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 56\Downarrow (⇓) . . . . . . . . 28, 34\downarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75\downarrow (↓) . . . . . . . . 28, 34\downbracketfill . . . . . . . . . 71\downdownarrows () . . . . . . 28Downes, Michael J. . . . . . 30, 83\downharpoonleft () . . . . . . 29\downharpoonright () . . . . . 29\downp (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\downparenthfill . . . . . . 71, 72\downt (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\dsaeronautical (a) . . . . . . 62\dsagricultural (G) . . . . . . 62\dsarchitectural (A) . . . . . 62\dsbiological (B) . . . . . . . . 62\dschemical (C) . . . . . . . . . . 62\dscommercial (c) . . . . . . . . 62dsfont (package) . . . . . . . 44, 81\dsheraldical (H) . . . . . . . . 62\dsjuridical (J) . . . . . . . . . 62\dsliterary (L) . . . . . . . . . . 62\dsmathematical (M) . . . . . . . 62

\dsmedical (m) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\dsmilitary (X) . . . . . . . . . . 62\dsrailways (R) . . . . . . . . . . 62\dstechnical (T) . . . . . . . . . 62\dtimes (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20DVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 73\dz () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Ee (esvect package option) . . . . 38\e (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33ε-TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Earth (Ê) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\earth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\Ecommerce () . . . . . . . . . . 17

\EightAsterisk (Z) . . . . . . . 52

\EightFlowerPetal (S) . . . . 52

\EightFlowerPetalRemoved (Y). . . . . . . . . 52

eighth note . see musical symbols\eighthnote () . . . . . . . . . . 56\eighthnote () . . . . . . . . . . 56

\EightStar (H) . . . . . . . . . . 52

\EightStarBold (I) . . . . . . . 52

\EightStarConvex (F) . . . . . 52

\EightStarTaper (E) . . . . . . 52\ejective (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11electrical symbols . . . . . . . . . 45electromotive force see alphabets,

math\ell (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\Ellipse (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54ellipses (dots) . . . . . 7, 40–42, 70ellipses (ovals) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\EllipseShadow (e) . . . . . . . 54

\EllipseSolid (c) . . . . . . . . 54\EM () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\Email (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\Emailct (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\emgma (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\emptyset (∅) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\End ( End ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

end of proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\ending (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\eng (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11engineering symbols . . . . . 45, 48\engma (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\ENQ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47entails . . . . . . . . . . . see \models

\Enter ( Enter ) . . . . . . . . . . 47

\Envelope () . . . . . . . . . . . . 55\enya (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\EOT () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47epsdice (package) . . . . 59, 81, 82\epsdice ( ) . . . . . . 59\epsi (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\epsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\epsilonup (ε) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\eqcirc (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Eqcolon (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Eqcolon (−::) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\eqcolon (−:) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\eqcolon (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Eqqcolon (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Eqqcolon (=::) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\eqqcolon (=:) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\eqqcolon (C) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\eqsim (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\eqslantgtr (1) . . . . . . . . . . 27\eqslantless (0) . . . . . . . . . 27\equal (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\equalsfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71equidecomposable . . . . . . . . . 66equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . see

\rightleftharpoons

\equiv (≡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24equivalence . . . . see \equiv and

\leftrightarrow

\er () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11es-zet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ss

\ESC () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\Esc ( Esc ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

escapable characters . . . . . . . . 7\esh (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\esh (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11esint (package) . . . . . . . . . 23, 81\Estatically (J) . . . . . . . . . 48estimated . . see \textestimated

esvect (package) . . . . . . . . 38, 81\eta (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\etaup (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ETB () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\etc (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\eth (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\eth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\eth (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\ETX () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47eufrak (package) . . . . . . . . . . 44Euler Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\EUR (e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\EURcr (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\EURdig (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\EURhv (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\euro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17euro signs

blackboard bold . . . . . . . 44euro signs . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17eurosym (package) . . . 17, 81, 82\EURtm (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17euscript (package) . . . 44, 81, 82evaluated at . . . . . . . see \vert

exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\exists (∃) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\exp (exp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

89

\Explosionsafe (`) . . . . . . . 48extarrows (package) . . 40, 81, 82extensible accents . . . 37, 38, 40,

71–72extensible arrows . . . . . . . 37–40extensible symbols, creating 70–72extensible tildes . . . . . . . . 37, 38extension characters . . . . 29, 30extpfeil (package) . . . . 40, 81, 82extraipa (package) . . . . . . 14, 81\eye (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55\EyesDollar (¦) . . . . . . . . . . 17

Ff (esvect package option) . . . . 38faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 56–58\fallingdotseq (;) . . . . . . . 24\FallingEdge (!) . . . . . . . . . 45\fatbslash ()) . . . . . . . . . . . 20\fatsemi (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\fatslash (() . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\FAX (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\fax (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\Faxmachine (v) . . . . . . . . . 47fc (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 12fclfont (package) . . . . . . . . . . 81feet . . . . . . . . . . see \prime and

\textquotesingle

\FEMALE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\Female (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\female () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\FemaleFemale („) . . . . . . . . 48\FemaleMale (…) . . . . . . . . . . 48fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48feyn (package) . . . . . . 48, 81, 82Feynman slashed character nota-

tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Feynman-diagram symbols . . . 48\feyna ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feync (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynfd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynfl (n) . . . . . . . . . 48

\feynfs (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynfu () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\feynfv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynf (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynglu (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\feyngl ( o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feyngu () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feyngvs () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\feyngv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feyng (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynhd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynhs (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynhu () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynh (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynms (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\feynm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynp (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\feynx (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\FF () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47fge (package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81\FHBOLOGO (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\FHBOlogo (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\file (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

\FilledBigCircle (U) . . . . . 53

\FilledBigDiamondshape (V) 53

\FilledBigSquare (P) . . . . . 53

\FilledBigTriangleDown (S) 53

\FilledBigTriangleLeft (R) 53

\FilledBigTriangleRight (T) 53

\FilledBigTriangleUp (Q) . . 53

\FilledCircle (e) . . . . . . . . 53\FilledCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . 58

\FilledDiamondShadowA () . 53

\FilledDiamondShadowC () . 53

\FilledDiamondshape (f) . . . 53

\FilledHut () . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\FilledRainCloud (!) . . . . . 58

\FilledSectioningDiamond (). . . . . . . . . 59

\FilledSmallCircle (u) . . . 53

\FilledSmallDiamondshape (v). . . . . . . . . 53

\FilledSmallSquare (p) . . . 53

\FilledSmallTriangleDown (s). . . . . . . . . 53

\FilledSmallTriangleLeft (r). . . . . . . . . 53

\FilledSmallTriangleRight (t). . . . . . . . . 53

\FilledSmallTriangleUp (q) 53

\FilledSnowCloud ($) . . . . . 58

\FilledSquare (`) . . . . . . . . 53

\FilledSquareShadowA () . . 53

\FilledSquareShadowC () . . 53

\filledsquarewithdots (C) . 55

\FilledSunCloud (#) . . . . . . 58

\FilledTriangleDown (c) . . . 53

\FilledTriangleLeft (b) . . . 53

\FilledTriangleRight (d) . . 53

\FilledTriangleUp (a) . . . . 53\FilledWeakRainCloud (") . . 58\finpartvoice (a») . . . . . . . . 14\finpartvoiceless (a») . . . . . 14

\fint (>

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\fint (ffl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\Finv (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\Fire () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

fish hook . . . . . . . see \strictif

fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\FiveFlowerOpen (R) . . . . . . 52

\FiveFlowerPetal (P) . . . . . 52

\FiveStar (8) . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\FiveStarCenterOpen (;) . . . 52

\FiveStarConvex (?) . . . . . . 52

\FiveStarLines (7) . . . . . . . 52

\FiveStarOpen (9) . . . . . . . . 52

\FiveStarOpenCircled (:) . . 52

\FiveStarOpenDotted (<) . . . 52

\FiveStarOutline (=) . . . . . 52

\FiveStarOutlineHeavy (>) . 52

\FiveStarShadow (@) . . . . . . 52\Fixedbearing (%) . . . . . . . . 48

\fixedddots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . 40

\fixedvdots (...) . . . . . . . . . . . 40

fixmath (package) . . . . . . . . . 76\fj (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\Flag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\flap (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\flapr (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\flat ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 56\Flatsteel (–) . . . . . . . . . . . 48fletched arrows . . . . . . . . . . . 49florin . . . . . . . see \textflorin

flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 53Flynn, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

\Fog () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58font encodings . . . . . . . 6, 77, 78

7-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80document . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80limiting scope of . . . . . . . . 6LY1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6OT1 . . . 6, 8, 12, 70, 77, 78T1 . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8, 12, 78T4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 12, 15T5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 12TS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

fontdef.dtx (file) . . . . . . 66, 70fontenc (package) . . . 6, 8, 12, 78\fontencoding . . . . . . . . . . . . 6fonts

Calligra . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Charter . . . . . . . . . . 17, 23Computer Modern 63, 65, 78Courier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Garamond . . . . . . . . 17, 23Helvetica . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Times Roman . . . . . 17, 65

90

Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Utopia . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 23Zapf Chancery . . . . . . . . 44Zapf Dingbats . . . . . 49, 52

\fontsize . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 65\Football (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . 55\forall (∀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Force (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\Forward (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\ForwardToEnd (¸) . . . . . . . . 57\ForwardToIndex (¹) . . . . . 57

\FourAsterisk (1) . . . . . . . . 52

\FourClowerOpen (V) . . . . . . 52

\FourClowerSolid (W) . . . . . 52

\Fourier ( c) . . . . . . . . . . 26

\fourier ( c ) . . . . . . . . . . 26Fourier transform see alphabets,

math\FourStar (5) . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\FourStarOpen (6) . . . . . . . . 52fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43fraktur . . . . see alphabets, math\frown (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\frownie (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\Frowny (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\FS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\FullFHBO () . . . . . . . . . . . 57\fullmoon (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\fullnote () . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

G\G (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12g (esvect package option) . . . . 38\Game (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Gamma (Γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gamma (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gammaup (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Garamond (font) . . . . . . . 17, 23\gcd (gcd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \geq

\Gemini (â) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\gemini (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46genealogical symbols . . . . . . . 56\geneuro (AC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\geneuronarrow (BC) . . . . . . . 17\geneurowide (CC) . . . . . . . . . 17gensymb (package) . . . . . . . . . 45\Gentsroom (x) . . . . . . . . . . . 55geometric shapes . . . . . . . 53, 54\geq (≥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\geqq (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\geqslant (>) . . . . . . . . . . . 27german (keystroke package option)

. . . . . . . . . 47\gets . . . . . . . . see \leftarrow

\gg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\ggg (≫) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\ggg (≫ vs. N/A) . . . . . . . . . 64\gggtr . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ggg

Gibbons, Jeremy . . . . . . . . . . 83\gimel (ג) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\glotstop (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\glottal (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\gluon (QPPPPPPR) . . . . . . . . . . . 45gluons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\gnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\gneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\gneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\gnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27graphics (package) . . . . . . . . . 66graphicx (package) . . . 16, 63, 66\grave (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\gravis (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15greater-than signs see inequalitiesGreek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 32

blackboard bold . . . . . . . 44bold . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 76upright . . . . . . . . . . 31, 32

Gregorio, Enrico . . . . . . . . . . 67\GS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\gtrapprox (') . . . . . . . . . . 27\gtrdot (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\gtreqless (R) . . . . . . . . . . 27

\gtreqqless (T) . . . . . . . . . . 27

\gtrless (≷) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\gtrsim (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\guillemotleft («) . . . . . . 8, 79\guillemotright (») . . . . . 8, 79\guilsinglleft (‹) . . . . . . 8, 80\guilsinglright (›) . . . . . 8, 80\gvertneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 27

H\H (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12h (esvect package option) . . . . 38

\h (ả) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\HA (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Ha (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62hacek . . . . . . . . . . . see accents

\Hail () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58half note . . . see musical symbols

\HalfCircleLeft (s) . . . . . . . 54

\HalfCircleRight (r) . . . . . . 54

\HalfFilledHut () . . . . . . . 58\halflength (p) . . . . . . . . . . 16\halfnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\HalfSun () . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Hamiltonian see alphabets, math

\HandCuffLeft () . . . . . . . . 50

\HandCuffLeftUp () . . . . . . 50

\HandCuffRight ( ) . . . . . . . 50

\HandCuffRightUp () . . . . . 50

\HandLeft () . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\HandLeftUp () . . . . . . . . . 50

\HandPencilLeft () . . . . . . 50

\HandRight () . . . . . . . . . . 50

\HandRightUp () . . . . . . . . 50\Handwash (Ü) . . . . . . . . . . . 57harmony (package) . . . . . . . . . 81harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 29hash mark . . . . . . . . . . . . see \#

\hat (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\hausaB (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hausab (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hausaD (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hausad (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hausaK (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hausak (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\HB (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hb (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\HBar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\hbar (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 66\HC (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hc (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\HCthousand (6) . . . . . . . . . 62\HD (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hd (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hdual (¸) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HE (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\He (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Heart (Œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57hearts (suit) . . . . . . . 42, 43, 55\heartsuit (♥) . . . . . . . . . . . 42Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 44Helvetica (font) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\HERMAPHRODITE () . . . . . . . 48\Hermaphrodite () . . . . . . . 48\hexagon (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\Hexasteel (’) . . . . . . . . . . . 48\hexstar (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\HF (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\HF (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hf (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\hfil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\HG (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\HH (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hh (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hhundred (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\HI (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hi (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hibl (˝) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hibp (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hibs (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hibw (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62hieroglf (package) . . . 62, 81, 82

91

hieroglyphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Hilbert space see alphabets, math\hill (a

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\HJ (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hj (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HK (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hk (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\hksqrt (

√) . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

\HL (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hl (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HM (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hman (ˇ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hmillion (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hms (´) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HN (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hn (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HO (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Ho (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Holt, Alexander . . . . . . . . . 1, 80

\holter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

holtpolt (package) . . . . . . 40, 81\hom (hom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Home ( Home ) . . . . . . . . . . 47

\Hone (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\hookb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookd (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookh ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookheng (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookleftarrow (←) . . . . . . . 28\hookrevepsilon () . . . . . . . 11\hookrightarrow (→) . . . . . . 28\HP (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hp (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hplural (˙) . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hplus (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HQ (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hq (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hquery (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HR (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hr (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HS (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hs (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hscribe (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hslash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\hslash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Hsv (˚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HT (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HT () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\Ht (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hten (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hthousand (4) . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Htongue (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\HU (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hu (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Hungarian umlaut . . see accents

\Hut () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\HV (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hv (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\hv (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\Hvbar (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HW (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HX (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hx (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\HXthousand (5) . . . . . . . . . . 62

\HY (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Hy (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62hyphen, discretionary . . . . . . . 78

\HZ (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Hz (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

I\i (ı) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\ialign . . . . . . . . . . 67, 69, 71\ibar ( i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11IBM PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 78\IceMountain () . . . . . . . . . 58

\iddots (. ..) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

\iddots () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

\idotsint (∫· ··∫

) . . . . . . . . 21

\idotsint ('

) . . . . . . . . . 22

\iff . see \Longleftrightarrow

ifsym (package) 45, 53, 58, 59, 64,66, 81, 82

igo (package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

\iiiint (∫∫∫∫

) . . . . . . . . . . 21

\iiiint (%

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\iiiint (ˇ

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\iiint (∫∫∫

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\iiint (#

) . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22

\iiint (˝

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\iint (∫∫

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\iint (!

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22

\iint (˜

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\Im (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\im (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\imath (ı) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 36\impliedby . see \Longleftarrow

\implies . see \Longrightarrow

and \vdash

impulse train . . . . . . . . . see sha\in (∈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\in (∈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

inches . . . . . . . . see \prime and\textquotedbl

\incoh (˚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26independence

probabilistic . . . . . . . . . . 69statistical . . . . . . . . . . . . 69stochastic . . . . . . see \bot

\independent (⊥⊥) . . . . . . . . . 69\Industry (I) . . . . . . . . . . . 55inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 27inexact differential . . . see \dbar

\inf (inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30infinity (∞) . . . . . . . see \infty

\Info (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55information symbols . . . . . . . 55informator symbols . . . . . . . . 59\infty (∞) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\inipartvoice (a– ) . . . . . . . . 14\inipartvoiceless (a– ) . . . . . 14

\injlim (inj lim) . . . . . . . . . . 30\inplus (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Ins ( Ins ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\int (∫

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\int (r

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\intclockwise () . . . . . . . . 23

integers . . . . see alphabets, mathintegrals . . . . . . . . 21–23, 68–69integrals (wasysym package option)

. . . . . . . . . 21\intercal (ᵀ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\interleave (9) . . . . . . . . . . 20intersection . . . . . . . . . see \cap

\Interval () . . . . . . . . . . . 58\inva () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invamp (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\invdiameter () . . . . . . . . . 56\inve (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\InversTransformHoriz () 26

\InversTransformVert () . . 26inverted symbols . . . . . 9–11, 16\invf (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invglotstop (d) . . . . . . . . . 11\invh (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invlegr (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invm (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invneg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\invr (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invscr (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invscripta () . . . . . . . . . . 11\invv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invw (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invy (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\iota (ι) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\iotaup (ι) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ipagamma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\IroningI (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\IroningII (°) . . . . . . . . . . 57

92

\IroningIII (±) . . . . . . . . . 57

\Irritant () . . . . . . . . . . . 59\ismodeledby (=|) . . . . . . . . . 66ISO character entities . . . . . . 78isoent (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 78

J\j () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\JackStar (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\JackStarBold (3) . . . . . . . . 52Jewish star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\jmath () . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 36\Joch () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\Join (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\joinrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Jupiter (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\jupiter (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

K\k ( ˛) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\kappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\kappaup (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ker (ker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30ket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Keyboard (Ï) . . . . . . . . . . . 46keyboard symbols . . . . . . . . . 47keys, computer . . . . . . . . . . . 47keystroke (package) . . 47, 81, 82\keystroke ( ) . . . . . . . . . 47

king . . . . . . . . see chess symbolsknight . . . . . . . see chess symbolsKnuth, Donald E. . . . . 6, 77, 83

symbols by . . . . . . . . 54, 57\kreuz (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\kside (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\Kutline (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

L\L ( L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\l ( l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\labdentalnas (4) . . . . . . . . 11\labvel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Ladiesroom (y) . . . . . . . . . . 55Lagrangian . see alphabets, math\Lambda (Λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lambda (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lambdabar (o) . . . . . . . . . . . 42\lambdaslash (n) . . . . . . . . . 42\lambdaup (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Lamport, Leslie . . . . . . . . 80, 83\land . . . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

\landdownint (%) . . . . . . . . . 23

\landupint (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\Langle (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\lAngle (〈〈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\langle (〈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\Laplace ( s c) . . . . . . . . . . 26

\laplace ( c s) . . . . . . . . . . 26

Laplace transform see alphabets,math

Laplacian (∆) . . . . . see \Delta

Laplacian (∇2) . . . . see \nabla

\largepencil (W) . . . . . . . . 50

\LArrow ( ← ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\larrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\Laserbeam (a) . . . . . . . . . 48LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 6,

21, 30, 34, 40, 42, 49, 59, 63,66–72, 75–78, 80, 81, 83

LATEX 2ε 1, 6, 7, 17–19, 24, 26, 28,37, 40, 42, 63, 64, 66, 69, 70,74–80, 83

latexsym (package) 19, 24, 26, 28,42, 63, 81, 82

\latfric (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 78, 80

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79laundry symbols . . . . . . . . . . 57\Lbag (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\lbag (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Lbrack ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\lBrack ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35LCD digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\lCeil (dd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\lceil (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\lcm (lcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75\ldotp (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\ldots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \leq

\leadsto () . . . . . . . . . 24, 28leaf . . . . . . . . . . . see \textleaf

\left . . . . . . . . . . 34, 35, 63, 65\LEFTarrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 56\Leftarrow (⇐) . . . . . . . . . . 28\leftarrow (←) . . . . . . . . . . 28\leftarrowtail () . . . . . . 28\leftarrowtriangle (^) . . . 29\LEFTCIRCLE (G) . . . . . . . . . . 56\LEFTcircle (G#) . . . . . . . . . . 56\Leftcircle (I) . . . . . . . . . . 56

\leftevaw (

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

) . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\leftharpoondown () . . . . . 28\leftharpoonup () . . . . . . . 28\leftleftarrows (⇔) . . . . . . 28\leftmoon ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\leftp (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\leftpointright (R) . . . . . 50\Leftrightarrow (⇔) . . . . . . 28\leftrightarrow (↔) . . . . . . 28\leftrightarroweq (-) . . . . . 29\leftrightarrows () . . . . . 28\leftrightarrowtriangle (]) 29\leftrightharpoons () . . . 29

\leftrightharpoonsfill . . . . 39\leftrightsquigarrow (!) . 28\Leftscissors (S) . . . . . . . . 49\leftslice (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 20\leftsquigarrow (f) . . . . . . 29\leftt (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\leftthreetimes (h) . . . . . . 19\leftthumbsdown (D) . . . . . 50\leftthumbsup (U) . . . . . . . 50\Lefttorque (&) . . . . . . . . . 48\leftturn (") . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\leftwave (

Ð

Ð

Ð

Ð

) . . . . . . . . . . . 35

legal symbols . . . . . . . . 7, 17, 79\legm (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\legr (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\length (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Leo (ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\leo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\leq (≤) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\leqq (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\leqslant (6) . . . . . . . . . . . 27less-than signs . . see inequalities\lessapprox (/) . . . . . . . . . . 27\lessdot (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\lesseqgtr (Q) . . . . . . . . . . 27

\lesseqqgtr (S) . . . . . . . . . . 27

\lessgtr (≶) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\lesssim (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Letter () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\Letter (B vs. ) . . . . . . . . 64\Letter (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47letter-like symbols . . . . . . 32, 33letters . . . . . . . . . . see alphabets

barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66non-ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . 8slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68variant Latin . . . . . . . . . 32

\levaw (

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\LF () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\lFloor (bb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\lfloor (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\lg (lg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\lgroup (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\LHD () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\lhd (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20\lhdbend (~) . . . . . . . . . . . 54\Libra (æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\libra (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Lie derivative see alphabets, mathlife-insurance symbols . . . . . . 71\lightbulb (A) . . . . . . . . . . . 75lightbulb.mf (file) . . . . . 72, 73lightbulb.sty (file) . . . . . . . 75lightbulb10.2602gf (file) . . . 73

93

lightbulb10.dvi (file) . . . . . 73lightbulb10.mf (file) . . . 72–74lightbulb10.tfm (file) . . . . . 74

\Lightning (E vs. ) . . . . . . 64

\Lightning () . . . . . . . . . . 58\Lightning (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 47\lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\lightning ( vs. ) . . . . . . . 64\lightning () . . . . . . . . . . . 56\lim (lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 76\liminf (lim inf) . . . . . . . 30, 76limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\limsup (lim sup) . . . . . . 30, 76linear implication see \multimap

linear logic symbols . . 19, 23, 26\Lineload (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 48linguistic symbols . . . . . . . 9–12\lJoin (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ll () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\llap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69\llbracket (~) . . . . . . . . . . . 35\llceil (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\llcorner (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Lleftarrow (W) . . . . . . . . . 28\llfloor (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\lll (≪) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\lll (≪ vs. N/A) . . . . . . . . . 64\llless . . . . . . . . . . . see \lll

\llparenthesis (L) . . . . . . . . 33

\lmoustache (

) . . . . . . . . . 34

\ln (ln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\lnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\lneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\lneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\lnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg

\lnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27local ring . . see alphabets, math\log (log) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 76log-like symbols . . . . . . . . 30, 76logical operators

and . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

not . . . . see \neg and \sim

or . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\logof () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24lollipop . . . . . . . . see \multimap

long division . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37longdiv (package) . . . . . . . . . . 37\Longleftarrow (⇐=) . . . . . . 28\longleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . 28\Longleftrightarrow (⇐⇒) . 28\longleftrightarrow (←→) . 28\Longmapsfrom (⇐=\) . . . . . . . 29\longmapsfrom (←− [) . . . . . . . 29\Longmapsto ( =⇒) . . . . . . . . 29\longmapsto ( 7−→) . . . . . . . . 28\LongPulseHigh (&) . . . . . . 45\LongPulseLow (') . . . . . . 45

\Longrightarrow (=⇒) . . . . . 28\longrightarrow (−→) . . . . . 28\looparrowleft (") . . . . . . . 28\looparrowright (#) . . . . . . 28\Loosebearing ($) . . . . . . . . 48\lor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\LowerDiamond (o) . . . . . . . . 53lowering . . . see \textlowering

\lozenge (♦) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Lparen (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\lrcorner (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\lrJoin . . . . . . . . . . see \Join

\lrtimes (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Lsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Lsteel (™) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\ltimes (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\ltriple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Luecking, Dan . . . . . . . . . . . . 69\lVert (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\lVert (||) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\lvert (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\lvertneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 27

\lwave (

Ð

Ð

Ð

Ð

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\lz (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

M\M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\M (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\m (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\ma (×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60macron . . . . . . . . . . see accents\macron (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15majuscules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\makeatletter . . . . . . . . . . . 70\makeatother . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\MALE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\Male (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\male () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\MaleMale (ƒ) . . . . . . . . . . . 48\maltese (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\manboldkidney () . . . . . . . . 57\manconcentriccircles ($) . 57\manconcentricdiamond (%) . 57\mancone (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\mancube () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\manerrarrow (y) . . . . . . . . 57\manfilledquartercircle (!) 57manfnt (package) . . 54, 57, 81, 82\manhpennib () . . . . . . . . . . 57\manimpossiblecube () . . . . 57\mankidney () . . . . . . . . . . . 57\manlhpenkidney () . . . . . . . 57\manpenkidney () . . . . . . . . 57

\manquadrifolium (&) . . . . . 57\manquartercircle ( ) . . . . . 57

\manrotatedquadrifolium (') 57

\manrotatedquartercircle (") 57\manstar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\mantiltpennib () . . . . . . . 57\mantriangledown (7) . . . . . . 57\mantriangleright (x) . . . . . 57\mantriangleup (6) . . . . . . . 57\manvpennib () . . . . . . . . . . . 57\Mappedfromchar ( ) . . . . . . . . 30\mappedfromchar ( ) . . . . . . . . 30\Mapsfrom (⇐\) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\mapsfrom (←[) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Mapsfromchar ( \) . . . . . . . . . 30\mapsfromchar ( [) . . . . . . . . . 30\Mapsto (⇒) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\mapsto (7→) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Mapstochar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\markera (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\markerb (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59married . . . . . see \textmarried

\Mars (Ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\mars () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\MartinVogel (ÿ) . . . . . . . . . 57marvosym (package) . . 17, 41, 43,

46–49, 55, 57, 64matbbol (package) . . . . . . . . . 44\mate (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59material biconditional . . . . . . . .

. see \leftrightarrow and\equiv

material conditional . . . . . . . see\rightarrow and \supset

material equivalence . . . . . . . . .. see \leftrightarrow and\equiv

material implication . . . . . . . see\rightarrow and \supset

math alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . 44math-text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19mathabx (package) 24, 26, 34, 37,

64, 81\mathaccent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\mathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\mathbbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\mathbbmss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\mathbbmtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44mathbbol (package) . . . . . . . . 44\mathbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76\mathbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75\mathbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76mathcal (euscript package option)

. . . . . . . . . 44\mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\mathcent (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\mathchoice . . . . . . . . . . 68, 69\mathclose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75mathcomp (package) . . . . . . . 41mathdesign (package) . 17, 20, 23,

33, 35, 43, 81\mathdollar ($) . . . . . . . . . . 19

94

mathdots (package) 37, 40, 41, 70,81, 82

\mathds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\mathellipsis (. . .) . . . . . . . 19mathematical symbols . . . 19–44\mathfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\mathit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\mathnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\mathop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75\mathopen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75\mathord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75\mathpalette . . . . . . . . . . . . 69\mathparagraph (¶) . . . . . . . 19\mathpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75\mathpzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\mathrel . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 75\mathring ( ) . . . . . . . . . 36, 37\mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44mathrsfs (package) . . . . . . 44, 81mathscr (euscript package option)

. . . . . . . . . 44\mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\mathsection (§) . . . . . . . . . 19\mathsterling (£) . . . . . . 19, 33mathtools (package) 25, 38, 39, 81,

82\mathunderscore ( ) . . . . . . . 19\max (max) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coeffi-

cient . . . . . . . . . . . . . see\DH

\Mb (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\mb (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Mbb (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\mBb (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\mbB (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\mbb (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60mbboard (package) . . . . . . 44, 81\mbbx (˘ ¯

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\mbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69\measuredangle (]) . . . . . . . 42mechanical scaling . . . . . . 72, 74\medbullet () . . . . . . . . . . . 20\medcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Mercury (Â) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\mercury (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\merge (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20METAFONT . . . . . . . . 72, 73, 75METAFONTbook symbols . . . . 57metre (package) 15, 36, 60, 81, 82metre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60metrical symbols . . . . . . . . . . 60\mho (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42micro . . . . . . . . . . . see \textmu

\micro (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Microsoft® Windows® . . . . . 78\mid (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\midtilde () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16millesimal sign . . . . . . . . . . see

\textperthousand

\min (min) . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 76minim . . . . . see musical symbolsminus . . . . . . . . see \textminus

\minuso () . . . . . . . . . . 20, 67minutes, angular . . . see \prime

miscellaneous symbols . . . 42, 43,55–62

“Missing $ inserted” . . . . . 19\Mmappedfromchar () . . . . . . . 30\mmappedfromchar () . . . . . . . 30\Mmapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . 30\mmapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . 30MnSymbol (package) . . . . 37, 81

\Mobilefone (H) . . . . . . . . . . 47\mod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\models (|=) . . . . . . . . . . 24, 66moduli space see alphabets, mathmonetary symbols . . . 16, 17, 44\moo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Moon (Á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\morepawns (S) . . . . . . . . . . . 59\moreroom (U) . . . . . . . . . . . 59\Mountain () . . . . . . . . . . . 58mouse . . . . . see \ComputerMouse

\MoveDown (») . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\moverlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\MoveUp (º) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\mp (∓) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19msym10.tfm (package) . . . . . . 81\mu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\multimap (() . . . . . . . . 24, 25\multimapboth () . . . . . . . 25\multimapbothvert () . . . . . 25\multimapdot () . . . . . . . . . 25\multimapdotboth () . . . . . 25\multimapdotbothA () . . . . 25\multimapdotbothAvert () . . 25\multimapdotbothB () . . . . 25\multimapdotbothBvert () . . 25\multimapdotbothvert () . . . 25\multimapdotinv () . . . . . . 25\multimapinv () . . . . . . . . . 25multiple accents per character 70\Mundus (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57musical symbols . . . . 18, 42, 56\muup (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\MVAt (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\MVEight (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\MVFive (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\MVFour (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\MVNine (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\MVOne (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\MVRightarrow (:) . . . . . . . . 57\MVSeven (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\MVSix (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

\MVThree (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\MVTwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\MVZero (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

N\nabla (∇) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\NAK () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\napproxeq (6) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nasymp (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25nath (package) . . . . 33, 35, 36, 81\natural (\) . . . . . . . . . . 42, 56natural numbers . see alphabets,

mathnavigation symbols . . . . . . . . 57\nbacksim (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nbacksimeq (+) . . . . . . . . . . 25\NBSP ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\nBumpeq ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nbumpeq (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\ncong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neq

\Nearrow (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\nearrow () . . . . . . 28, 69, 70\neg (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42negation . . . . see \neg and \sim

\Neptune (È) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\neptune ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\neq (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nequiv (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\neswarrow () . . . . . . . 69, 70\Neutral () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\newextarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\newmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\newtie (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\nexists (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\NG (Ŋ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ng (ŋ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

\ngeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\ngeqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\ngeqslant () . . . . . . . . . . 27

\ngg (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\ngtr (≯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\ngtrapprox (#) . . . . . . . . . . 27\ngtrless (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\ngtrsim (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\ni (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 67\nialpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nibeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\NibLeft () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\NibRight () . . . . . . . . . . . 50nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\NibSolidLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 50

\NibSolidRight () . . . . . . . 50nicefrac (package) . . . 43, 81, 82\nichi ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niepsilon () . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nigamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

95

\niiota ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nilambda (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niomega (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niphi (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niplus (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nisigma (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nitheta (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niupsilon (V) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\nj (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nLeftarrow (:) . . . . . . . . . 29\nleftarrow (8) . . . . . . . . . 29\nLeftrightarrow (<) . . . . . 29\nleftrightarrow (=) . . . . . 29

\nleq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\nleqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\nleqslant () . . . . . . . . . . 27

\nless (≮) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nlessapprox (") . . . . . . . . . 27\nlessgtr (') . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nlesssim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nll (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nmid (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nnearrow (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\nnwarrow (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\NoBleech (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\NoChemicalCleaning (¨) . . . 57nointegrals (wasysym package op-

tion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\NoIroning (²) . . . . . . . . . . 57non-commutative division . . . 40nonbreaking space . . . . . . . . . 47norm . . see \lVert and \rVert

\NoSun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg

\not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68\notbackslash (\−) . . . . . . . . 46\notin (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\notin (6∈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\notni (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\notowns . . . . . . . . see \notni

\notslash (/−) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\notsmallin () . . . . . . . . . . 33\notsmallowns () . . . . . . . . . 33\NoTumbler () . . . . . . . . . . . 57\novelty (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\nparallel (∦) . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nplus (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\nprec (⊀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nprecapprox (7) . . . . . . . . . 25\npreccurlyeq ($) . . . . . . . . 25

\npreceq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\npreceqq (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nprecsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nRightarrow (;) . . . . . . . . 29\nrightarrow (9) . . . . . . . . 29\nshortmid (.) . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nshortparallel (/) . . . . . . . 24

\nsim (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsimeq (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nsqsubset (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nsqsubseteq (@) . . . . . . . . . 27\nsqsupset (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nsqsupseteq (A) . . . . . . . . . 27\nSubset (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\nsubseteq (*) . . . . . . . . . . 26

\nsubseteqq (") . . . . . . . . . . 27\nsucc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsuccapprox (8) . . . . . . . . . 25\nsucccurlyeq (%) . . . . . . . . 25

\nsucceq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\nsucceqq (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nsuccsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nSupset (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\nsupseteq (+) . . . . . . . . . . 26

\nsupseteqq (#) . . . . . . . . . . 26ntheorem (package) . . . . . . . . 42\nthickapprox (5) . . . . . . . . 25\ntriangleleft (6) . . . . . . . 27

\ntrianglelefteq (5) . . . . . 27

\ntrianglelefteqslant (R) . 28\ntriangleright (7) . . . . . . 27

\ntrianglerighteq (4) . . . . 27

\ntrianglerighteqslant (S) 28\ntwoheadleftarrow (h) . . . . 25\ntwoheadrightarrow (g) . . . 25\nu (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\NUL () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47null set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42number . . . . . . see \textnumero

number sets see alphabets, mathnumbers . . . . . . . . . . . see digits

circled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\NumLock ( Num ) . . . . . . . . . 47

\nuup (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\nvarparallel () . . . . . . . . 25\nvarparallelinv () . . . . . . 25\nVDash (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nVdash (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nvDash (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nvdash (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Nwarrow (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\nwarrow () . . . . . . . . . 28, 69\nwsearrow () . . . . . . . . . . 69

O\O (Ø) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\o (ø) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8o (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\obar (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Obelus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\obelus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Obelus* ( ·· ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\obelus* ( ·· ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\oblong (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\obslash (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\oc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\ocircle (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\octagon (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\Octosteel (‘) . . . . . . . . . . . 48\od (a

˚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\odot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\odplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\OE (Œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 80\oe (œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 80\officialeuro (e) . . . . . . . . 17\offinterlineskip . . . . . . . . 67ogonek . . . . . . . . . . see accents\ogreaterthan (=) . . . . . . . . 20\ohill ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15ohm . . . . . . . . . . . see \textohm

\ohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

\OHORN (Ơ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ohorn (ơ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

\oiiint ()

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\oiiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\oiiintclockwise (L

) . . . . . 22

\oiiintctrclockwise (D

) . . 22

\oiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22

\oiint (‚

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\oiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\oiintclockwise (H

) . . . . . . 22

\oiintctrclockwise (@

) . . . 22

\oint (∮

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\ointclockwise (

) . . . . . . . 22

\ointclockwise (ı) . . . . . . . . 23

\ointclockwise () . . . . . . . . 23

\ointctrclockwise (

) . . . . . 22

\ointctrclockwise () . . . . . 23

\ointctrclockwise () . . . . . 23

old-style digits . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\oldstylenums . . . . . . . . . . . 17\olessthan (<) . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Omega (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\omega (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\omegaup (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ominus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\onlymove (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 59\oo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\oo (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\ooalign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\open (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16open unit disk . . . see alphabets,

math\openJoin ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\openo (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\openo (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\openo (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\opentimes (]) . . . . . . . . . . . 25operators

binary . . . . . . . . . . . 19–21logical . see logical operators

96

set . . . . . . see set operatorsunary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\oplus (⊕) . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 66\opposbishops (o) . . . . . . . . 59\opposition (W) . . . . . . . . . 46optical scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . 72options . . . . see package optionsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\OrnamentDiamondSolid (q) . 55orthogonal to . . . . . . . see \bot

\oslash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\otimes (⊗) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19ovals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\ovee (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\overarc (a_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\overbrace (︷︸︸︷

) . . . . . . . . . 38

\overbrace (︷︸︸︷

) . . . . . . . . . 37

\overbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38

\overbracket ( ) . . . . . . 71, 72\overbridge (

”a) . . . . . . . . . . 14

\overleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . . 37\overleftrightarrow (←→) . . 38\overline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

\overparenthesis (︷︷

) . . 71, 72overrightarrow (package) . . . . . 81\overrightarrow (−→) . . . . . . 37\overring (x) . . . . . . . . . . . 16\overset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\owedge (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\owns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ni

\owns (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

P\P (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 79\p (

˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\p@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70package options

a (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38b (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38bbgreekl (mathbbol) . . . . 44c (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38d (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38e (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38f (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38g (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38german (keystroke) . . . . . 47h (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38integrals (wasysym) . . . . . 21mathcal (euscript) . . . . . . 44mathscr (euscript) . . . . . . 44nointegrals (wasysym) . . . 21sans (dsfont) . . . . . . . . . . 44varg (txfonts/pxfonts) . . . 32

packageslongdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37accents . . . . . . 37, 70, 81, 82amsbsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

amsfonts 19, 24, 26, 28, 42, 44amsmath . . 6, 30, 37, 66, 75amssymb 6, 19, 24, 26, 28, 37,42, 44, 81, 82

amstext . . . . . . . . . . 68, 69ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 81arcs . . . . . . . . . . 15, 81, 82arev . . . . . . . . 43, 56, 81, 82ascii . . . . . . . . 47, 78, 81, 82bbding 49–52, 54, 55, 64, 81,82

bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 81bbold . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 81bm . . . . . . . . . . 76, 81, 82braket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34calligra . . . . . . . . 44, 81, 82calrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44cancel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37cclicenses . . . . . . . . . . . . 81centernot . . . . . . . . . . . . 68chancery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81chemarr . . . . . . . 39, 81, 82chemarrow . . . . . 29, 39, 81cmll . . . . . 19, 20, 23, 26, 81dblaccnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70dictsym . . . . . . . 62, 81, 82dingbat . . 50, 55, 64, 81, 82dsfont . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 81epsdice . . . . . . . . 59, 81, 82esint . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 81esvect . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 81eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44eurosym . . . . . . . 17, 81, 82euscript . . . . . . . 44, 81, 82extarrows . . . . . . 40, 81, 82extpfeil . . . . . . . . 40, 81, 82extraipa . . . . . . . . . . 14, 81fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 12fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81feyn . . . . . . . . . . 48, 81, 82fge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81fixmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76fontenc . . . . . . 6, 8, 12, 78gensymb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66graphicx . . . . . . . 16, 63, 66harmony . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81hieroglf . . . . . . . 62, 81, 82holtpolt . . . . . . . . . . 40, 81ifsym . 45, 53, 58, 59, 64, 66,81, 82

igo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81isoent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78keystroke . . . . . . 47, 81, 82latexsym . 19, 24, 26, 28, 42,63, 81, 82

manfnt . . . . . . 54, 57, 81, 82marvosym . 17, 41, 43, 46–49,55, 57, 64

matbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44mathabx 24, 26, 34, 37, 64, 81mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 44mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . . 41mathdesign 17, 20, 23, 33, 35,43, 81

mathdots 37, 40, 41, 70, 81,82

mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . . 44, 81mathtools . 25, 38, 39, 81, 82mbboard . . . . . . . . . . 44, 81metre . . . . 15, 36, 60, 81, 82MnSymbol . . . . . . . . 37, 81msym10.tfm . . . . . . . . . . 81nath . . . . . . . . 33, 35, 36, 81nicefrac . . . . . . . 43, 81, 82ntheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 42overrightarrow . . . . . . . . . 81phaistos . . . . . . . 61, 81, 82phonetic . . . . . . . 11, 15, 81pifont . . . . . 9, 49–55, 81, 82polynom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37protosem . . . . . . 61, 81, 82psnfss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52pxfonts 19, 20, 22, 24–33, 42,44, 63, 78

rotating . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47savesym . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63semtrans . . . . 12, 16, 81, 82simplewick . . . . . . . . . . . 72simpsons . . . . . . . . . . . . 81skak . . . . . . . . . . 59, 81, 82skull . . . . . . . . . . 54, 81, 82slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68staves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81stmaryrd . . . . 20, 21, 24, 26,28–30, 33, 35, 64, 67, 80–82

t4phonet . . . . 12, 15, 81, 82textcomp 6, 7, 12, 16–18, 28,36, 43, 45, 56, 63, 78, 81, 82

timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45tipa . . . 9, 10, 12–15, 81, 82tipx . . . . . . . . . . 10, 81, 82trfsigns . . . . . . 26, 33, 39, 81trsym . . . . . . . . . 26, 81, 82turnstile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81txfonts 19, 20, 22, 24–33, 42,44, 63, 65, 78, 81, 82

type1cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63ulsy . . . . . . . . 21, 29, 66, 81underscore . . . . . . . . . . . . 7undertilde . . . . . . 38, 81, 82units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43universa . . . . . 54, 57, 81, 82universal 49, 51, 54, 58, 81, 82upgreek . . . . . . . 32, 81, 82upquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

97

vntex . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 12wasysym . . . . . . . 11, 17–21,24, 26–28, 41, 42, 45, 46, 48,51–53, 56, 64, 81, 82

wsuipa 11, 14, 16, 64, 70, 81,82

yfonts . . . . . . . . 44, 81, 82yhmath . . 37, 38, 41, 70, 81

Pakin, Scott . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 80\PaperLandscape () . . . . . . 59

\PaperPortrait () . . . . . . . 59par . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \invamp

paragraph mark . . . . . . . . see \P

\parallel (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\ParallelPort (Ñ) . . . . . . . . 46\parr (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\partial (∂) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32particle-physics symbols . . . . . 48parts per thousand . . . . . . . see

\textperthousand

\partvoice (a– ») . . . . . . . . . . . 14\partvoiceless (a– ») . . . . . . . . 14

\passedpawn (r) . . . . . . . . . . 59pawn . . . . . . . see chess symbols\Peace () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

\PencilLeft () . . . . . . . . . 50

\PencilLeftDown () . . . . . . 50

\PencilLeftUp () . . . . . . . . 50

\PencilRight () . . . . . . . . 50

\PencilRightDown () . . . . . 50

\PencilRightUp () . . . . . . . 50pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\pentagon (D) . . . . . . . . . . . 53percent sign . . . . . . . . . . see \%

\permil (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Perp (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\perp (⊥) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 69\perthousand (‰) . . . . . . . . 45\Pfund (£) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\PgDown ( Page ↓ ) . . . . . . . . 47

\PgUp ( Page ↑ ) . . . . . . . . . . 47

phaistos (package) . . . 61, 81, 82Phaistos disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61pharmaceutical prescription . see

\textrecipe

\PHarrow (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHbee (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHbeehive (X) . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHboomerang (R) . . . . . . . . 61

\PHbow (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHbullLeg (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHcaptive (D) . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHcarpentryPlane (S) . . . . 61

\PHcat (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHchild (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHclub (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHcolumn (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHcomb (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHdolium (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHdove (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHeagle (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHflute (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHgaunlet (H) . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHgrater (p) . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHhelmet (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHhide (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHhorn (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\Phi (Φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\phi (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\phiup (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\PHlid (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHlily (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHmanacles (N) . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHmattock (O) . . . . . . . . . . 61

\Phone () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

\phone () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\PhoneHandset () . . . . . . . . 55

phonetic (package) . . . 11, 15, 81

phonetic symbols . . . . . . . . 9–12

\photon (::::) . . . . . . . . . . 45

photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\PHoxBack (n) . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHpapyrus (k) . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHpedestrian (A) . . . . . . . 61

\PHplaneTree (i) . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHplumedHead (B) . . . . . . 61

\PHram (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHrosette (l) . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHsaw (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHshield (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHship (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHsling (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHsmallAxe (r) . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHstrainer (q) . . . . . . . . 61

\PHtattooedHead (C) . . . . . 61

\PHtiara (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\PHtunny (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHvine (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHwavyBand (s) . . . . . . . . . . 61

\PHwoman (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61physical symbols . . . . . . . . . . 45\Pi (Π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\pi (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Pickup (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47pifont (package) . 9, 49–55, 81, 82pilcrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \P

pipe . . . . . . . . . . see \textpipe

\Pisces (ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\pisces (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\pitchfork (t) . . . . . . . . . . . 24\piup (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\planck ( h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\Plane () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46playing cards . . . . see card suitsPlimsoll line . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

\Plus (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51plus-or-minus sign . . . . . see \pm

\PlusCenterOpen (() . . . . . . 51

\PlusOutline (&) . . . . . . . . . 51plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\PlusThinCenterOpen ()) . . . 51\Pluto (É) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\pluto (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\pm (±) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\pm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\pmb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76\pmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\pointer () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\Pointinghand (Z) . . . . . . . . 55\polishhook (~) . . . . . . . . . . 16

\polter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53polynom (package) . . . . . . . . . 37polynomial division . . . . . . . . 37PostScript . . . . . . . 32, 49, 59, 75PostScript fonts . . . . . . . . . . . 49\pounds (£) . . . . . . . . 7, 78, 79power set . . see alphabets, math\Pp (˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\pp ( ˙ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

98

\ppm (¯

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Ppp (˙

˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\ppp ( ˙˙

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Pppp (˙

˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\pppp ( ˙˙

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Ppppp (˙

˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\ppppp ( ˙˙

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Pr (Pr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\prec (≺) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\precapprox (w) . . . . . . . . . . 24\preccurlyeq (4) . . . . . . . . . 24\preceq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\preceqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\precnapprox () . . . . . . . . . 24\precneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 25\precnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 24\precsim (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24prescription . . . see \textrecipe

\prime (′) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Printer (Ò) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46probabilistic independence . . . 69\prod (

∏) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\projlim (proj lim) . . . . . . . . 30pronunciation symbols . . . . . see

phonetic symbolsproof, end of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\propto (∝) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24proto-Semitic symbols . . . . . . 61protosem (package) . . 61, 81, 82\ProvidesPackage . . . . . . . . . 80\PrtSc ( PrtSc ) . . . . . . . . . . 47

\ps ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Psi (Ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\psi (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\psiup (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31psnfss (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 52pulse diagram symbols . . . . . . 45\PulseHigh ($) . . . . . . . . . . 45\PulseLow (%) . . . . . . . . . . 45punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9\pwedge (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11pxfonts (package) . . . . 19, 20, 22,

24–33, 42, 44, 63, 78\Pxp (˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\pxp ( ˙ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

QQ.E.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\qside (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\Quadrad (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\quadrad (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Quadras ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\quadras ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36quarter note see musical symbols\quarternote () . . . . . . . . . 56\quarternote () . . . . . . . . . . 56quaternions . see alphabets, mathquaver . . . . see musical symbolsqueen . . . . . . . see chess symbols

\quotedblbase („) . . . . . . . 8, 80\quotesinglbase (‚) . . . . . 8, 80

R\R (∼

?

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\r (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\r (∼

?

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\Radiation () . . . . . . . . . . 59radicals . . . see \sqrt and \surd

\Radioactivity (j) . . . . . . . 48

\Rain () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\RainCloud () . . . . . . . . . . 58raising . . . . . see \textraising

\RaisingEdge ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45\Rangle (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\rAngle (〉〉) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\rangle (〉) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\RArrow ( → ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\rarrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39rational numbers . see alphabets,

mathrationalized Planck constant . see

\hbar

\Rbag (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\rbag (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Rbrack (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\rBrack (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\rc (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\rCeil (ee) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\rceil (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Re (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32real numbers see alphabets, mathrecipe . . . . . . . see \textrecipe

\recorder () . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\Rectangle (u) . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\RectangleBold (v) . . . . . . . . 54rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\RectangleThin (t) . . . . . . . . 54\Rectpipe (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\Rectsteel (”) . . . . . . . . . . . 48reduced quadrupole moment see

\rqm

\reflectbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66registered trademark . . . . . . see

\textregistered

relational symbols . . . . . . . . . 24binary . . . . . . . . . . . 24–27negated binary . . . . . 24, 25triangle . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28

\Relbar (=) . . . . . . . . . . 29, 66\relbar (−) . . . . . . . . . . 29, 66\resizebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\Respondens (∼) . . . . . . . . . . 60\respondens (∼) . . . . . . . . . . 60\restoresymbol . . . . . . . . . . 63\restriction . . . . . . . . . . . see

\upharpoonright

retracting . see \textretracting

\Return ( ← ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\revaw (

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\revD () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\revddots (. ..) . . . . . . . . . . . 70

\reve () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\reveject (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\revepsilon () . . . . . . . . . . 11reverse solidus . . . . . . . . . . . see

\textbackslash

\reversedvideodbend () . . 54\revglotstop (c) . . . . . . . . . 11\Rewind (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\RewindToIndex (´) . . . . . . 57\RewindToStart (µ) . . . . . . . 57\rFloor (cc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\rfloor (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\rgroup (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\RHD () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\rhd (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20\rho (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\rhoup (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\right . . . . . . . . . 34, 35, 63, 65\rightangle (∟) . . . . . . . . . . 43\RIGHTarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 56\Rightarrow (⇒) . . . . . . . . . 28\rightarrow (→) . . . . . . . . . 28\rightarrowtail () . . . . . . 28\rightarrowtriangle (_) . . . 29\RIGHTCIRCLE (H) . . . . . . . . . 56\RIGHTcircle (H#) . . . . . . . . . 56\Rightcircle (J) . . . . . . . . . 56

\RightDiamond (?) . . . . . . . . 53

\rightevaw (

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

Ñ

) . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\rightharpoondown () . . . . 28\rightharpoonup () . . . . . . 28\rightleftarrows () . . . . . 28\rightleftharpoons () . . . 29\rightleftharpoons () . . . 28\rightleftharpoonsfill . . . . 39\rightmoon (%) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\rightp (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\rightpointleft (L) . . . . . 50

\rightpointright (N) . . . . 50\rightrightarrows (⇒) . . . . 28\Rightscissors (Q) . . . . . . . 49\rightslice (3) . . . . . . . . . . 20\rightsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . 28\rightt (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\rightthreetimes (i) . . . . . 19\rightthumbsdown (d) . . . . 50\rightthumbsup (u) . . . . . . 50\Righttorque (') . . . . . . . . . 48\rightturn (!) . . . . . . . . . . 56

99

\rightwave (

Ð

Ð

Ð

Ð

) . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\ring ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37ring equal to . . . . . . see \circeq

ring in equal to . . . . see \eqcirc

\riota () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\risingdotseq (:) . . . . . . . . 24\rJoin (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\rlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 69

\rmoustache (

) . . . . . . . . . 34

rook . . . . . . . . see chess symbolsroots . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt

\rotatebox . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 66rotated symbols . . . . . . 9–11, 16rotating (package) . . . . . . . . . 47\rotm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\rotOmega () . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\rotr (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\rotvara (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\rotw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\roty (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\RoundedLsteel (Ÿ) . . . . . . . 48\RoundedTsteel () . . . . . . . . 48\RoundedTTsteel () . . . . . . . 48\Rparen ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\rqm ( -I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68\rrbracket () . . . . . . . . . . . 35\rrceil (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\rrfloor (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Rrightarrow (V) . . . . . . . . 29\rrparenthesis (M) . . . . . . . . 33\RS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\Rsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\rtimes (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\rtriple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\rVert (||) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\rVert (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\rvert (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\rwave (

Ð

Ð

Ð

Ð

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

S\S (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 79safety-related symbols . . . . . . 48\Sagittarius (è) . . . . . . . . . 46\sagittarius (c) . . . . . . . . . 46\samebishops (s) . . . . . . . . . 59sans (dsfont package option) . . 44

\satellitedish (I) . . . . . . . 55\Saturn (Æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\saturn (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46savesym (package) . . . . . . . . . 63\savesymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\Sborder (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . 55\scalebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63scaling

mechanical . . . . . . . . 72, 74

optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

\scd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\scg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\schwa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\schwa (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Schwartz distribution spaces . seealphabets, math

\sci (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

scientific symbols . . . . . . . 45–48

\ScissorHollowLeft () . . . 49

\ScissorHollowRight () . . 49

\ScissorLeft () . . . . . . . . 49

\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom (). . . . . . . . . 49

\ScissorLeftBrokenTop () . 49

\ScissorRight () . . . . . . . . 49

\ScissorRightBrokenBottom (). . . . . . . . . 49

\ScissorRightBrokenTop () 49

scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 50

\scn (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\scoh (˝) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\Scorpio (ç) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\scorpio (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\scr (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

script letters see alphabets, math

\scripta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\scriptg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\scriptscriptstyle . . . . 68, 69

\scriptstyle . . . . . . . . . 68, 69

\scriptv (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\Scroll ( Scroll ) . . . . . . . . . 47

\scu (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\scy (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

seagull . . . . . see \textseagull

\Searrow (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

\searrow () . . . . . . . . . 28, 69

\sec (sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

seconds, angular . . . see \prime

\secstress (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

section mark . . . . . . . . . . see \S

\SectioningDiamond () . . . 59

\see (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

segmented digits . . . . . . . . . . 45

\selectfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

semantic valuation . . . . . . . . see\llbracket/\rrbracket

semibreve . . see musical symbols

semidirect products . . . . . . . . 19

semiquaver . see musical symbols

semitic transliteration . . . 12, 16

semtrans (package) . 12, 16, 81, 82

\seppawns (q) . . . . . . . . . . . 59

\SerialInterface (Î) . . . . . 46

\SerialPort (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . 46

set operatorsintersection . . . . . see \cap

union . . . . . . . . . . see \cup

\setminus (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19SGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78\sharp (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 56\Shift ( Shift ⇑ ) . . . . . . . . . 47

\shift (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Shilling (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\shneg (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\shortdownarrow () . . . . . . . 29\ShortFifty (×) . . . . . . . . . 57\ShortForty (Ù) . . . . . . . . . 57\shortleftarrow () . . . . . . 29\shortmid (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\ShortNinetyFive (Ô) . . . . . 57\shortparallel (q) . . . . . . . . 24\ShortPulseHigh (") . . . . . . 45\ShortPulseLow (#) . . . . . . . 45\shortrightarrow () . . . . . 29\ShortSixty (Ö) . . . . . . . . . 57\ShortThirty (Û) . . . . . . . . 57\shortuparrow () . . . . . . . . 29\showclock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\shpos (´) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\SI () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\Sigma (Σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\sigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\sigmaup (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\sim (∼) . . . . . . . . . . 24, 67, 77\simeq (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24simplewick (package) . . . . . . . 72simpsons (package) . . . . . . . . . 81\sin (sin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\sincoh (ˇ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\sinh (sinh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\SixFlowerAlternate (O) . . . 52

\SixFlowerAltPetal (U) . . . 52

\SixFlowerOpenCenter (M) . . 52

\SixFlowerPetalDotted (Q) . 52

\SixFlowerPetalRemoved (L) 52\SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal

([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\SixStar (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\SixteenStarLight (K) . . . . 52sixteenth note see musical symbols\sixteenthnote () . . . . . . . 56skak (package) . . . . . . 59, 81, 82skull (package) . . . . . . 54, 81, 82

\skull (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\slash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77\slashb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\slashc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\slashd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11slashed (package) . . . . . . . . . . 68\slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68slashed letters . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

100

slashed.sty (file) . . . . . . . . . 68\slashu (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\Sleet () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\sliding (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\smallbosonloop ( ) . . . . . . . . 48

\SmallCircle (E) . . . . . . . . . 53

\SmallCross () . . . . . . . . . 53

\SmallDiamondshape (F) . . . 53\smallfrown (a) . . . . . . . . . . 24

\SmallHBar () . . . . . . . . . . 53\smallin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

\SmallLowerDiamond () . . . 53\smallowns () . . . . . . . . . . . 33\smallpencil (P) . . . . . . . 50

\SmallRightDiamond (O) . . . 53\smallsetminus (r) . . . . . . . 19\smallsmile (`) . . . . . . . . . . 24

\SmallSquare (@) . . . . . . . . . 53

\SmallTriangleDown (C) . . . 53

\SmallTriangleLeft (B) . . . 53

\SmallTriangleRight (D) . . . 53

\SmallTriangleUp (A) . . . . . 53

\SmallVBar () . . . . . . . . . . 53\smile (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Smiley (©) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\smiley (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56smiley faces . . . . . . . . 47, 56, 57

\Snow () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\SnowCloud () . . . . . . . . . . 58

\Snowflake (`) . . . . . . . . . . 52

\SnowflakeChevron (^) . . . . 52

\SnowflakeChevronBold (_) . 52snowflakes . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 53\SO () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\SOH () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47space

thin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76space, visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\Spacebar ( ) . . . . . 47

spades (suit) . . . . . . . 42, 43, 55\spadesuit (♠) . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\Sparkle (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\SparkleBold (\) . . . . . . . . . 52sparkles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 53“special” characters . . . . . . . . . 7\SpecialForty (Ú) . . . . . . . 57\sphericalangle (^) . . . . . . 42

\SpinDown (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\SpinUp ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\splitvert (¦) . . . . . . . . . . . 47\spreadlips (a) . . . . . . . . . . 14\sqcap (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\sqcapplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 20\sqcup (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\sqcupplus (|) . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\sqiiint (R

) . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\sqiint (P

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\sqiint (”

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\sqint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\sqint (›) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\sqrt (√

) . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 69\sqsubset (@) . . . . . . . . . . . 26\sqsubseteq (v) . . . . . . . . . . 26\sqsupset (A) . . . . . . . . . . . 26\sqsupseteq (w) . . . . . . . . . . 26

\Square (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\Square ( vs. f vs. 0) . . . . 64\Square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\Square (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42square root . . . . . . . . see \sqrt

hooked . . . . . . see \hksqrt

\SquareCastShadowBottomRight

(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\SquareCastShadowTopLeft (m). . . . . . . . . 54

\SquareCastShadowTopRight (l). . . . . . . . . 54

\Squaredot (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Squarepipe (—) . . . . . . . . . . 48squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 54

\SquareShadowA () . . . . . . . 53

\SquareShadowB () . . . . . . . 53

\SquareShadowBottomRight (h). . . . . . . . . 54

\SquareShadowC () . . . . . . . 53

\SquareShadowTopLeft (j) . . 54

\SquareShadowTopRight (i) . 54

\SquareSolid (g) . . . . . . . . . 54\Squaresteel (“) . . . . . . . . . 48

\squarewithdots (B) . . . . . . 55\SS (SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ss (ß) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ssearrow (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\sslash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\sswarrow ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\stackrel . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 71standard state . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\star (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 70Star of David . . . . . . . . . . . . 52stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 52, 53statistical independence . . . . . 69staves (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 81\steaming () . . . . . . . . . . . 43sterling . . . . . . . . . . see \pounds

stmaryrd (package) 20, 21, 24, 26,28–30, 33, 35, 64, 67, 80–82

stochastic independence see \bot

\StoneMan () . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\Stopsign (!) . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\StopWatchEnd () . . . . . . . . 58

\StopWatchStart () . . . . . . 58\stress (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\strictfi (K) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\strictif (J) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\strictiff (L) . . . . . . . . . . 25

\StrokeFive (;) . . . . . . . . . 59

\StrokeFour (::::) . . . . . . . . . . 59

\StrokeOne (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

\StrokeThree (:::) . . . . . . . . . 59

\StrokeTwo (::) . . . . . . . . . . . 59\stst (− ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\STX () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\SUB () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47subatomic particles . . . . . . . . 48\subcorner (a

^) . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\subdoublebar (a¯) . . . . . . . . 14

\subdoublevert (a"") . . . . . . . . 14

\sublptr (a¡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\subrptr (a¿) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

subscriptsnew symbols used in . . . . 68

\Subset (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\subset (⊂) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\subseteq (⊆) . . . . . . . . . . . 26\subseteqq (j) . . . . . . . . . . 26\subsetneq (() . . . . . . . . . . 26

\subsetneqq ($) . . . . . . . . . . 26\subsetplus (D) . . . . . . . . . . 26\subsetpluseq (F) . . . . . . . . 26subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27\succ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\succapprox (v) . . . . . . . . . . 24\succcurlyeq (<) . . . . . . . . . 24\succeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\succeqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\succnapprox () . . . . . . . . . 24\succneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 25\succnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 24\succsim (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\suchthat (3−−) . . . . . . . . . . . 67\sum (

∑) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\Summit () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\SummitSign () . . . . . . . . . . 58

\Sun (À vs. vs. N/A) . . . . . 64

\Sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\Sun (À) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\SunCloud () . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\SunshineOpenCircled (T) . . 55\sup (sup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30superscripts

new symbols used in . . . . 68supersets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27

101

\Supset (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\supset (⊃) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\supseteq (⊇) . . . . . . . . . . . 26\supseteqq (k) . . . . . . . . . . 26\supsetneq ()) . . . . . . . . . . 26

\supsetneqq (%) . . . . . . . . . . 26\supsetplus (E) . . . . . . . . . . 26\supsetpluseq (G) . . . . . . . . 26\surd (

√) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\SurveySign () . . . . . . . . . . 58\Swarrow (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\swarrow () . . . . . . 28, 69, 70swung dash . . . . . . . . . see \sim

\syl (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\syllabic (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Symbol (font) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32symbols

actuarial . . . . . . . . . . . . 71alpine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58APL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46astrological . . . . . . . . . . 46astronomical . . . . . . . . . 46biological . . . . . . . . . . . . 48body-text . . . . . . . . . . 7–18bold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58communication . . . . . . . . 47computer hardware . . . . . 46contradiction . . . . . . . . . 29currency . . . . . . 16, 17, 44dangerous bend . . . . . . . 54definition . . . . . . . . . . . . 71dictionary . . . . . . 9–12, 62dingbat . . . . . . . . . . 49–55dot . . . . . . . . 7, 40, 41, 70electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . 45engineering . . . . . . . 45, 48extensible 37–40, 65, 70–72Feynman diagram . . . . . . 48genealogical . . . . . . . . . . 56general . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56information . . . . . . . . . . 55informator . . . . . . . . . . . 59inverted . . . . . . . . 9–11, 16keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Knuth’s . . . . . . . . . . 54, 57laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57legal . . . . . . . . . . 7, 17, 79letter-like . . . . . . . . . 32, 33life insurance . . . . . . . . . 71linear logic . . . . . 19, 23, 26linguistic . . . . . . . . . . 9–12log-like . . . . . . . . . . 30, 76mathematical . . . . . . 19–44METAFONTbook . . . . . . 57metrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60miscellaneous . 42, 43, 55–62

monetary . . . . . . 16, 17, 44musical . . . . . . . 18, 42, 56navigation . . . . . . . . . . . 57non-commutative division 40particle physics . . . . . . . 48Phaistos disk . . . . . . . . . 61phonetic . . . . . . . . . . 9–12physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45proto-Semitic . . . . . . . . . 61pulse diagram . . . . . . . . 45relational . . . . . . . . . . . . 24rotated . . . . . . . . 9–11, 16safety-related . . . . . . . . . 48scientific . . . . . . . . . 45–48subset and superset . 26, 27technological . . . . . . 45–48TEXbook . . . . . . . . . 54, 57transliteration . . . . . . . . 12upside-down . . . 9–11, 16, 77variable-sized . 21–23, 63, 65weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58zodiacal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

symbols.tex (file) . . . 63, 80, 81\SYN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

T\T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\T ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\T (⊗

?

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\t ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\t (⊗

?

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60t4phonet (package) . 12, 15, 81, 82\Tab ( −−→−−→ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\tabcolsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67tacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 32\taild () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tailinvr (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\taill (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tailn (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tailr (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tails (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tailt (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tailz (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\talloblong (8) . . . . . . . . . . 20tally markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\tan (tan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\tanh (tanh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\Tape () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

\Taschenuhr () . . . . . . . . . 58Tate-Shafarevich group . see sha\tau (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Taurus (á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\taurus (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\tauup (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\tccentigrade () . . . . . . . . 41\tcmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\tcohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\tcpertenthousand (‱) . . . 41

\tcperthousand (‰) . . . . . . . 41\td (a..) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15technological symbols . . . 45–48\Telefon (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\Telephone (() . . . . . . . . . 59

\Tent () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\Terminus (⊗) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\terminus (⊗) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Terminus* (⊕) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\terminus* (⊕) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\tesh (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11testfont.dvi (file) . . . . . . . . 74testfont.tex (file) . . . . . 73, 74TEX . . . . . . . . 63, 66–76, 78, 83TEXbook, The . . . . . . 66–71, 75

symbols from . . . . . . 54, 57\text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 69\textacutedbl (˝) . . . . . . . . 16\textacutemacron (á) . . . . . . 13\textacutewedge (á) . . . . . . . 13\textadvancing (affi) . . . . . . . . 13\textaolig (") . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textasciiacute (´) . . . . 16, 79\textasciibreve (˘) . . . . . . . 16\textasciicaron (ˇ) . . . . . . . 16\textasciicircum (ˆ) . 7, 77, 80\textasciidieresis (¨) . 16, 79\textasciigrave (`) . . . . . . . 16\textasciimacron . . . . . . . . . 78\textasciimacron (¯) . . 16, 79\textasciitilde (˜) . . 7, 77, 80\textasteriskcentered (∗) 7, 18\textbabygamma (È) . . . . . . . . . 9\textbackslash (\) . . . 7, 77, 78\textbaht (฿) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\textbar (|) . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 77\textbarb (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarc (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbard (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbardbl (‖) . . . . . . . . . . 18\textbardotlessj (é) . . . . . . . 9\textbarg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarglotstop (Ü) . . . . . . . 9\textbari (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarl (ł) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbaro (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarrevglotstop (Ý) . . . . 9\textbaru (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbeltl (ì) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbenttailyogh (B) . . . . . 10\textbeta (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbigcircle () . . . . . . . 18\textbktailgamma (.) . . . . . . 10\textblank () . . . . . . . . . . . 18\textborn (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\textbottomtiebar (a<) . . . . . 13

\textbraceleft () . . . . . . . . . 7\textbraceright () . . . . . . . . 7

102

\textbrevemacron (˘a) . . . . . . 13\textbrokenbar (¦) . . . . . 18, 79\textbullet (•) . . . . . 7, 18, 80\textbullseye (ò) . . . . . . . . . 9\textcelsius () . . . . . . . . . 45\textceltpal ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcent (¢) . . . . . . . . . 16, 79\textcentoldstyle () . . . . . 16\textchi (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcircled () . . . . . . . . 12\textcircledP () . . . . . . . 17\textcircumacute (Ża) . . . . . . 13\textcircumdot (â) . . . . . . . . 13\textcloseepsilon (Å) . . . . . . 9\textcloseomega (Ñ) . . . . . . . . 9\textcloserevepsilon (Æ) . . . . 9\textcolonmonetary (₡) . . . . 16\textcommatailz (Þ) . . . . . . . . 9textcomp (package) . . . . 6, 7, 12,

16–18, 28, 36, 43, 45, 56, 63,78, 81, 82

\textcopyleft («) . . . . . . . 17\textcopyright (©) . . 7, 17, 79\textcorner (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrb (ă) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrd (ą) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textcrg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrh (è) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrh (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textcrinvglotstop (Û) . . . . . 9\textcrlambda (ň) . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrtwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctc (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctd (ć) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctdctzlig (ćý) . . . . . . . . 9\textctesh (š) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctinvglotstop (D) . . . . 10\textctj (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctjvar (2) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctn (ő) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctstretchc (%) . . . . . . . 10\textctstretchcvar (&) . . . . 10\textctt (ť) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcttctclig (ťC) . . . . . . . . 9\textctturnt (@) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctyogh (ÿ) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctz (ý) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcurrency (¤) . . . . . 16, 79\textdagger (†) . . . . . . . . 7, 18\textdaggerdbl (‡) . . . . . . 7, 18

\textdbend (

) . . . . . . . . . . 54\textdblhyphen (-) . . . . . . . . 18\textdblhyphenchar () . . . . . 18\textdblig ()) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textdctzlig (dý) . . . . . . . . . 10\textdegree (°) . . . . . . . 43, 79\textdied (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\textdiscount () . . . . . . . . 18\textdiv (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\textdivorced (c) . . . . . . . . 56\textdollar ($) . . . . . . . . 7, 16\textdollaroldstyle () . . . 16\textdong (₫) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\textdotacute (§a) . . . . . . . . 13\textdotbreve ( ˙a) . . . . . . . . 13\textdoublebaresh (S) . . . . . 10\textdoublebarpipe () . . . . 10\textdoublebarpipevar (H) . . 10\textdoublebarslash (=/ ) . . . 10\textdoublegrave (‚a) . . . . . . 13\textdoublegrave (a) . . . . . . 15\textdoublepipe () . . . . . . . 10\textdoublepipevar (G) . . . . 10\textdoublevbaraccent (İa) . . 13\textdoublevbaraccent (¼a) . . 15\textdoublevertline (Ş) . . . 10\textdownarrow (↓) . . . . . . . . 28\textdownfullarrow (ˇ) . . . . 10\textdownstep (Ť) . . . . . . . . . 10\textdyoghlig (Ã) . . . . . . . . 10\textdzlig (dz) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texteightoldstyle () . . . . 17\textellipsis (. . . ) . . . . . . . . 7\textemdash (—) . . . . . . . . . . 7\textendash (–) . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textepsilon (E) . . . . . . . . . 10\textepsilon (¢) . . . . . . . . . 12\textesh (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textesh (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textestimated () . . . . . . . 18\texteuro (€) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\texteuro (€) . . . . . 16, 78, 80\textexclamdown (¡) . . . . . . . . 7\textfemale (7) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textfishhookr (R) . . . . . . . . 10\textfiveoldstyle () . . . . . 17\textfjlig () . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textflorin (ƒ) . . . . . . . . . . . 16\textfouroldstyle () . . . . . 17\textfractionsolidus (⁄) . . . 43\textfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\textfrbarn (5) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textfrhookd (’) . . . . . . . . . 10\textfrhookdvar (() . . . . . . . 10\textfrhookt (?) . . . . . . . . . 10\textfrtailgamma (-) . . . . . . 10\textg (ě) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textgamma (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textglobfall (Ů) . . . . . . . . 10\textglobrise (Ű) . . . . . . . . 10\textglotstop (P) . . . . . . . . . 9\textglotstopvari (T) . . . . . 10\textglotstopvarii (U) . . . . 10\textglotstopvariii (V) . . . 10\textgoth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\textgravecircum (Ža) . . . . . . 13

\textgravedbl () . . . . . . . . 16\textgravedot (đa) . . . . . . . . 13\textgravemacron (à) . . . . . . 13\textgravemid (Źa) . . . . . . . . 13\textgreater (>) . . . . . . . 7, 77\textgrgamma (,) . . . . . . . . . 10\textguarani () . . . . . . . . . 16\texthalflength (;) . . . . . . . . 9\texthardsign (ż) . . . . . . . . . 9\textheng (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthmlig (4) . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthooktop (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtb (á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\texthtbardotlessj (ê) . . . . . . 9\texthtbardotlessjvar (3) . . 10\texthtc (Á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtc (°) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\texthtd (â) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtd (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\texthtg (ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthth (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texththeng (Ê) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtk (Î) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtk (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\texthtp (Ò) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtp (±) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\texthtq (Ó) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtrtaild (č) . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtscg (É) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtt (Ö) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtt (º) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\texthvlig (ß) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textifsym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\textinterrobang (‽) . . . . . . 18\textinterrobangdown () . . . 18\textinvglotstop (Û) . . . . . . . 9\textinvomega (;) . . . . . . . . 10\textinvsca (p) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textinvscr (K) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textinvscripta (!) . . . . . . . 10\textinvsubbridge (a„) . . . . . 13\textiota (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textiota (à) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textlambda (ń) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textlangle (⟨) . . . . . . . 36, 77\textlbrackdbl (〚) . . . . . . . . 36\textleaf (l) . . . . . . . . . . . 56\textleftarrow (←) . . . . . . . 28\textlengthmark (:) . . . . . . . . 9\textless (<) . . . . . . . . . 7, 77\textlfishhookrlig (I) . . . . 10

\textlhdbend (~

) . . . . . . . . 54\textlhookfour (#) . . . . . . . . 10\textlhookp (<) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlhookt (ş) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textlhti (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlhtlongi (ę) . . . . . . . . . . 9

103

\textlhtlongy (ű) . . . . . . . . . 9\textlira (₤) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\textlnot (¬) . . . . . . . . . 43, 79\textlonglegr (Ô) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textlooptoprevesh (>) . . . . . 10\textlowering (afl) . . . . . . . . 13\textlptr (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textlquill (⁅) . . . . . . . . . . 36\textltailm (M) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textltailn (ñ) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textltailn (©) . . . . . . . . . . 12\textltilde (ë) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textlyoghlig (Ð) . . . . . . . . . 9\textmarried (m) . . . . . . . . . 56\textmho () . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\textmidacute (Ÿa) . . . . . . . . 13\textminus (−) . . . . . . . . . . . 43\textmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 79\textmusicalnote () . . . . . . 18\textnaira (₦) . . . . . . . . . . . 16\textnineoldstyle () . . . . . 17\textnrleg (6) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textnumero () . . . . . . . . . . 18\textObardotlessj (Í) . . . . . . 9\textObullseye (9) . . . . . . . 10\textohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\textOlyoghlig (ŋ) . . . . . . . . . 9\textomega (ř) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textonehalf (½) . . . . . . 43, 79\textoneoldstyle . . . . . . . . . 17\textoneoldstyle () . . . . . . 17\textonequarter (¼) . . . . 43, 79\textonesuperior (¹) . . . 43, 79\textopenbullet () . . . . . . . 18\textopencorner (_) . . . . . . . . 9\textopeno (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textopeno (ª) . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textordfeminine (ª) . 7, 18, 79\textordmasculine (º) 7, 18, 79\textovercross (‰a) . . . . . . . . 13\textoverw (

—a) . . . . . . . . . . . 13

\textpalhook (%) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textpalhooklong (ˆ) . . . . . . 10\textpalhookvar (˜) . . . . . . . 10\textparagraph (¶) . . . . . 7, 18\textperiodcentered (·) 7, 18, 79\textpertenthousand (‱) . . 18\textperthousand (‰) . . 18, 80\textpeso () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\textphi (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textpilcrow (¶) . . . . . . . . . 18\textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textpipevar (F) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textpm (±) . . . . . . . . . . 43, 79\textpmhg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\textpolhook (a) . . . . . . . . . 13\textprimstress (") . . . . . . . 10\textproto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\textqplig (=) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textquestiondown (¿) . . . . . . 7\textquotedbl (") . . . . . . 8, 77\textquotedblleft (“) . . . . . . 7\textquotedblright (”) . . . . . 7\textquoteleft (‘) . . . . . . . . . 7\textquoteright (’) . . . . . . . . 7\textquotesingle (') . . . . . . 18\textquotestraightbase (‚) . 18\textquotestraightdblbase („)

. . . . . . . . . 18\textraiseglotstop (ĳ) . . . . 10\textraisevibyi (ğ) . . . . . . . 10\textraising (afi) . . . . . . . . . 13\textramshorns (7) . . . . . . . . 10\textrangle (⟩) . . . . . . . 36, 77\textrbrackdbl (〛) . . . . . . . . 36\textrecipe () . . . . . . . 18, 65\textrectangle (¨) . . . . . . . . 10\textreferencemark (※) . . . . 18\textregistered (®) . 7, 17, 79\textretracting (affl) . . . . . . . 13\textretractingvar (˚) . . . . 10\textrevapostrophe (\) . . . . . 10\textreve (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrevepsilon (3) . . . . . . . 10

\textreversedvideodbend (

) .. . . . . . . . . 54

\textrevglotstop (Q) . . . . . . 10\textrevscl (v) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrevscr (z) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrevyogh (ź) . . . . . . . . . 10\textrhooka ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrhooke (*) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrhookepsilon (+) . . . . . 10\textrhookopeno (:) . . . . . . . 10\textrhookrevepsilon (Ç) . . 10\textrhookschwa (Ä) . . . . . . . 10\textrhoticity (~) . . . . . . . . 10\textrightarrow (→) . . . . . . 28\textringmacron (a) . . . . . . . 13\textroundcap (“a) . . . . . . . . 13\textrptr (¿) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrquill (⁆) . . . . . . . . . . 36\textrtaild (ã) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrtaild (ð) . . . . . . . . . . 12\textrtailhth (/) . . . . . . . . 10\textrtaill (í) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrtailn (ï) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtailr (ó) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtails (ù) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtailt (ú) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtailt (») . . . . . . . . . . 12\textrtailz (ü) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrthook ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrthooklong (´) . . . . . . . 10\textsca (À) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscaolig (q) . . . . . . . . . 10

\textscb (à) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscdelta (r) . . . . . . . . . 10\textsce (ď) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscf (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscg (å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsch (Ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textschwa (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textschwa (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textsci (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscj (ĺ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsck (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscl (Ï) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscm (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscn (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscoelig (Œ) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscomega (ś) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscp (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscq (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscr (ö) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscripta (A) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscriptg (g) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscriptv (V) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscriptv (¬) . . . . . . . . . . 12\textscu (Ú) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscy (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textseagull (a) . . . . . . . . . 13\textsecstress () . . . . . . . . . 9\textsection (§) . . . . . . . 7, 18\textservicemark () . . . . . . 17\textsevenoldstyle () . . . . 17\textsixoldstyle () . . . . . . 17\textsoftsign (ž) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textspleftarrow (˝) . . . . . . 10\textsterling (£) . . . . . . 7, 16\textstretchc (Â) . . . . . . . . . 9\textstretchcvar ($) . . . . . . 10\textstyle . . . . . . . . 68, 69, 76\textsubacute (a

›) . . . . . . . . 13

\textsubarch (a“) . . . . . . . . . 13

\textsubbar (a¯) . . . . . . . . . . 13

\textsubbridge (a”) . . . . . . . . 13\textsubcircum (a

ˆ) . . . . . . . . 13

\textsubdot (a˙) . . . . . . . . . . 13

\textsubdoublearrow (˙) . . . 10\textsubgrave (a

‹) . . . . . . . . 13

\textsublhalfring (a–) . . . . . 13\textsubplus (aff) . . . . . . . . . 13\textsubrhalfring (a») . . . . . 13\textsubrightarrow (¯) . . . . 10\textsubring (a

˚) . . . . . . . . . 14

\textsubsquare (a«) . . . . . . . . 14\textsubtilde (a

˜) . . . . . . . . 14

\textsubumlaut (a¨) . . . . . . . . 14

\textsubw (a—) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\textsubwedge (a

ˇ) . . . . . . . . 14

\textsuperimposetilde (a&) . . 14

\textsuperscript . . . . . . . . . 15\textsurd (√) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

104

\textswab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\textsyllabic (a

") . . . . . . . . 14

\texttctclig (tC) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textteshlig (Ù) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textteshlig () . . . . . . . . . 12\texttheta (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textthorn (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textthornvari (P) . . . . . . . . 10\textthornvarii (Q) . . . . . . . 10\textthornvariii (R) . . . . . . 10\textthornvariv (S) . . . . . . . 10\textthreeoldstyle () . . . . 17\textthreequarters (¾) . 43, 79\textthreequartersemdash () .

. . . . . . . . . 18\textthreesuperior (³) . 43, 79\texttildedot (ã) . . . . . . . . 14\texttildelow (~) . . . . . 18, 78\texttimes (×) . . . . . . . . . . . 43\texttoneletterstem (£) . . . . . 9\texttoptiebar (>a) . . . . . . . . 14\texttrademark (™) . . 7, 17, 80\texttslig (ţ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturna (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturncelig (ŕ) . . . . . . . . 9\textturnglotstop (E) . . . . . 10\textturnh (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturnk (ľ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturnlonglegr (Õ) . . . . . . 9\textturnm (W) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturnmrleg (î) . . . . . . . 10\textturnr (ô) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnrrtail (õ) . . . . . . . 10\textturnsck (u) . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnscripta (6) . . . . . . 10\textturnscu () . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnt (Ø) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnthree (C) . . . . . . . . 10\textturntwo (A) . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnv (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnw (û) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturny (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texttwelveudash () . . . . . . 18\texttwooldstyle . . . . . . . . . 17\texttwooldstyle () . . . . . . 17\texttwosuperior (²) . . . 43, 79\textuncrfemale (8) . . . . . . . 10\textunderscore ( ) . . . . . . . . 7\textuparrow (↑) . . . . . . . . . 28\textupfullarrow (˘) . . . . . . 10\textupsilon (U) . . . . . . . . . 10\textupstep (Ţ) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textvbaraccent (Ĳa) . . . . . . . 14\textvbaraccent (¿a) . . . . . . . 15\textvertline (Š) . . . . . . . . . 10\textvibyi (ğ) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textvibyy (ů) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textvisiblespace ( ) . . . . . . 7\textwon (₩) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\textwynn (ß) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textyen (¥) . . . . . . . . . 16, 79\textyogh (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textyogh (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textzerooldstyle () . . . . . 17\TH (Þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 79\th (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 79

Thanh, Han Thé . . . . . . . . . . 70\therefore (∴) . . . . . . . . 24, 41\Thermo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\Theta (Θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\theta (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\thetaup (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\thickapprox (≈) . . . . . . . . . 24\thicksim (∼) . . . . . . . . . . . 24thin space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

\ThinFog () . . . . . . . . . . . . 58thirty-second note . . see musical

symbols\Thorn (Þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\thorn (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\thorn (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\thorn (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11thousandths . . . . . . . . . . . . see

\textperthousand

\threesim (∼∼∼) . . . . . . . . . . . 67tilde . 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 36–38,

70, 77–78extensible . . . . . . . . 37, 38vertically centered . . . . . 77

\tilde (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 70\tildel (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11time of day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\timelimit (T) . . . . . . . . . . 59\times (×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Times Roman (font) . . . . 17, 65timing (package) . . . . . . . . . . 45tipa (package) 9, 10, 12–15, 81, 82tipx (package) . . . . . . 10, 81, 82\to . . . . . . . . . see \rightarrow

\ToBottom (½) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\top (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 68\topbot (⊥>) . . . . . . . . . . 68, 70torus . . . . . . see alphabets, math\ToTop (¼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57trademark . . see \texttrademark

\TransformHoriz () . . . . . 26transforms . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 39

\TransformVert () . . . . . . . 26transliteration

semitic . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 16transliteration symbols . . . . . 12transversality . . see \pitchfork

trfsigns (package) . . 26, 33, 39, 81\triangle (4) . . . . . . . . . . . 42triangle relations . . . . . . . 27, 28

\TriangleDown (3) . . . . . . . . 53

\TriangleDown (o vs. 3) . . . 64

\TriangleDown (o) . . . . . . . . 54\triangledown (O) . . . . . . . . 42

\TriangleLeft (2) . . . . . . . . 53\triangleleft (/) . . . . . . . . 19\trianglelefteq (E) . . . . . . 27\trianglelefteqslant (P) . . 28

\triangleq (,) . . . . . . . . . . 27

\TriangleRight (4) . . . . . . . 53\triangleright (.) . . . . . . . . 19\trianglerighteq (D) . . . . . 27\trianglerighteqslant (Q) . 28triangles . . . . . . . . . . 42, 53, 54

\TriangleUp (1) . . . . . . . . . 53

\TriangleUp (n vs. 1) . . . . . 64

\TriangleUp (n) . . . . . . . . . 54\triple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36trsym (package) . . . . . 26, 81, 82\tsbm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\tsmb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\tsmm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Tsteel (œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\TTsteel (š) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48TUGboat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Tumbler () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57turnstile (package) . . . . . . . . . 81

\TwelweStar (J) . . . . . . . . . 52\twoheadleftarrow () . . . . 28\twoheadrightarrow () . . . 28\twonotes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 56txfonts (package) . . . . 19, 20, 22,

24–33, 42, 44, 63, 65, 78, 81,82

type1cm (package) . . . . . . . . . 63Type 1 (font) . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

U\U (a

˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\U (¼a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\u (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\UArrow ( ↑ ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\ubar (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11ubulb.fd (file) . . . . . . . . 74, 75\udesc (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\udtimes (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\UHORN (Ư) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\uhorn (ư) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ulcorner (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33ulsy (package) . . . . 21, 29, 66, 81umlaut . . . . . . . . . . see accentsunary operators . . . . . . . . . . . 19\unclear (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\underaccent . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\underarc (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\underarch (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 14\underbrace (︸︷︷︸) . . . . . . . . 38

105

\underbrace (︸︷︷︸) . . . . . . . . 37

\underbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . 38

\underbracket ( ) . . . . . 71, 72

\underdots (r) . . . . . . . . . . . 16\underleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . 38

\underleftrightarrow (←→) . 38

\underline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37\underparenthesis (︸︸) . 71, 72

\underrightarrow (−→) . . . . . 38

\underring (y) . . . . . . . . . . . 16underscore . . . . . . . . . . . see \_

underscore (package) . . . . . . . . 7\underset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66undertilde (package) . . 38, 81, 82\undertilde (|) . . . . . . . . . . 16\underwedge () . . . . . . . . . . 16union . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \cup

unit disk . . . see alphabets, math\unitedpawns (u) . . . . . . . . . 59units (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 43unity . . . . . see alphabets, mathuniversa (package) . 54, 57, 81, 82universal (package) 49, 51, 54, 58,

81, 82\unlhd (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20\unrhd (D) . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20\upalpha (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\UParrow (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\Uparrow (⇑) . . . . . . . . . . 28, 34\uparrow (↑) . . . . . . . 28, 34, 63\upbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\upbeta (β) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upbracketfill . . . . . . . . . . 71\upchi (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Updelta (∆) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\updelta (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Updownarrow (m) . . . . . . 28, 34\updownarrow (l) . . . . . . 28, 34\upepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upeta (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Upgamma (Γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upgamma (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32upgreek (package) . . . 32, 81, 82\upharpoonleft () . . . . . . . . 29\upharpoonright () . . . . . . . 29\upiota (ι) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upkappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Uplambda (Λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\uplambda (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\uplett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\uplus (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\upmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upnu (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Upomega (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upomega (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upp (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\upparenthfill . . . . . . . . . . 71\Upphi (Φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upphi (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Uppi (Π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\uppi (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Uppsi (Ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\uppsi (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32upquote (package) . . . . . . . . . 78\uprho (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32upright Greek letters . . . . 31, 32upside-down symbols . . . . . . . 77upside-down symbols . . 9–11, 16\Upsigma (Σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upsigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Upsilon (Υ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\upsilon (υ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\upsilonup (υ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\upt (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\uptau (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Uptheta (Θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\uptheta (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upuparrows () . . . . . . . . . 28\Upupsilon (Υ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upupsilon (υ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upvarepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . 32\upvarphi (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upvarpi (ϖ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upvarrho (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upvarsigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . . 32\upvartheta (ϑ) . . . . . . . . . . 32\Upxi (Ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upxi (ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\upzeta (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Uranus (Ç) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\uranus (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\urcorner (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33url (package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78\US () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\usepackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\ut (a

˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\utilde (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

\utimes (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Utopia (font) . . . . . . . . . . 17, 23

V\v (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\vara (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\varangle () . . . . . . . . . . . 42\varbigcirc (,) . . . . . . . . . 20

\VarClock () . . . . . . . . . . . 58\varclub () . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\varclubsuit (p) . . . . . . . . . 42\varcurlyvee () . . . . . . . . . 20\varcurlywedge () . . . . . . . 20\vardiamond (♦) . . . . . . . . . . 43\vardiamondsuit (q) . . . . . . . 42\varepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . . 31\varepsilonup (ε) . . . . . . . . . 31

\VarFlag () . . . . . . . . . . . . 58varg (txfonts/pxfonts package op-

tion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\varg (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\varg (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\varheart (♥) . . . . . . . . . . . 43\varheartsuit (r) . . . . . . . . 42\varhexagon (9) . . . . . . . . . . 53\varhexstar (B) . . . . . . . . . . 52\vari (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11variable-sized symbols 21–23, 63,

65\VarIceMountain () . . . . . . 58\varinjlim (lim−→) . . . . . . . . . . 30

\varint (r

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\various (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\varkappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\varliminf (lim) . . . . . . . . . . 30

\varlimsup (lim) . . . . . . . . . . 30\varmathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\VarMountain () . . . . . . . . . 58\varnothing (∅) . . . . . . . . . . 42\varoast () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varobar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varobslash () . . . . . . . . . . 20\varocircle () . . . . . . . . . . 20\varodot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varogreaterthan (5) . . . . . 20

\varoiiintclockwise (F

) . . 22

\varoiiintctrclockwise (N

) 22

\varoiint (!

) . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\varoiintclockwise (B

) . . . 22

\varoiintctrclockwise (J

) . 22

\varoint (u

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\varointclockwise (-

) . . . . . 22

\varointclockwise (ff) . . . . . 23

\varointctrclockwise (+

) . . 22

\varointctrclockwise (fl) . . . 23

\varolessthan (4) . . . . . . . . 20\varomega () . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\varominus () . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varopeno (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\varoplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varoslash () . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varotimes () . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varovee (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varowedge (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 20\varparallel (∥) . . . . . . . . . 25\varparallelinv () . . . . . . . 25\varphi (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\varphiup (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\varpi ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\varpiup ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\varprod (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\varprojlim (lim←−) . . . . . . . . . 30

\varpropto (∝) . . . . . . . . . . 24\varQ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

106

\varrho (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\varrhoup (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\varsigma (ς) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\varsigmaup (ς) . . . . . . . . . . 31

\varspade () . . . . . . . . . . . 43

\varspadesuit (s) . . . . . . . . 42

\varsubsetneq ( ) . . . . . . . . 26

\varsubsetneqq (&) . . . . . . . 26

\VarSummit () . . . . . . . . . . 58

\varsupsetneq (!) . . . . . . . . 26

\varsupsetneqq (') . . . . . . . 26

\VarTaschenuhr () . . . . . . . 58

\vartheta (ϑ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\varthetaup (ϑ) . . . . . . . . . . 31

\vartimes (") . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\vartriangle (M) . . . . . . . . . 42

\vartriangleleft (C) . . . . . 27

\vartriangleright (B) . . . . 27

\varv (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\varw (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\vary (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\VBar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\vcentcolon (:) . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\vcenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

\Vdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\vDash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\vdash (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\vdots (...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

\vec (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\Vectorarrow ( p) . . . . . . . . . . 43

\Vectorarrowhigh ( P) . . . . . . . 43

\vee (∨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\veebar (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\Venus (Ã) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\venus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\vernal () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\Vert (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\vert (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\VHF (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

vietnam (package) . . . . . . . . . 81

\Village () . . . . . . . . . 58

\vin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

vinculum . . . . . . . see \overline

\Virgo (å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\virgo (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

vntex (package) . . . . . . . . . 8, 12

\vod (v˚

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\voicedh (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\vppm (¯

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\vpppm (¯

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\VT () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\vv ( #») . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

\VvDash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\Vvdash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

W\WashCotton (‰) . . . . . . . . . 57\WashSynthetics (Š) . . . . . 57\WashWool (‹) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\wasylozenge (◊) . . . . . . . . . 56\wasypropto () . . . . . . . . . . 24wasysym (package) . . . 11, 17–21,

24, 26–28, 41, 42, 45, 46, 48,51–53, 56, 64, 81, 82

\wasytherefore (∴) . . . . . . . 41wavy-line delimiters . . . . . . . . 35\wbetter (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\wdecisive (h) . . . . . . . . . . 59\weakpt (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

\WeakRain () . . . . . . . . . . . 58\WeakRainCloud () . . . . . . . 58weather symbols . . . . . . . . . . 58

\Wecker () . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\wedge (∧) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Weierstrass ℘ function . . see \wp

\Wheelchair (w) . . . . . . . . . . 55\whistle (a

Ţ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

whole note . see musical symbolsWick contractions . . . . . . . . . 72\widehat () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\wideparen (Û) . . . . . . . . . . . 38

\widering (Û) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\widetilde (˜) . . . . . . . . 37, 38\widetriangle (Ê) . . . . . . . . 38\wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Windows® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78\with (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\with (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\withattack (A) . . . . . . . . . . 59\withidea (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 59\withinit (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\without (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\wn (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Womanface (þ) . . . . . . . . . . 57won . . . . . . . . . . . see \textwon

\wp (℘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\wr (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19wreath product . . . . . . . see \wr

\Writinghand (b) . . . . . . . . . 55wsuipa (package) . 11, 14, 16, 64,

70, 81, 82\wupperhand (c) . . . . . . . . . . 59

X\x (

˙˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\XBox (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\xhookleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . 39

\xhookrightarrow (−→) . . . . . 39\Xi (Ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\xi (ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\xiup (ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\xLeftarrow (⇐=) . . . . . . . . . 39

\xleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . . . . 39

\xleftharpoondown (−) . . . . 39

\xleftharpoonup (−) . . . . . . 39

\xLeftrightarrow (⇐⇒) . . . . 40

\xLeftrightarrow (⇐⇒) . . . . 39

\xleftrightarrow (←→) . . . . 40

\xleftrightarrow (←→) . . . . 39

\xleftrightharpoons (−−) . . 39

\xlongequal (===) . . . . . . . . . 40

\xlongequal (===) . . . . . . . . . 40

\xLongleftarrow (⇐==) . . . . . 40

\xlongleftarrow (←−−) . . . . . 40

\xLongleftrightarrow (⇐==⇒) 40

\xlongleftrightarrow (←−−→) 40

\xLongrightarrow (==⇒) . . . . 40

\xlongrightarrow (−−→) . . . . 40

\xmapsto ( 7−→) . . . . . . . . . . . 39

\xmapsto ( 7−→) . . . . . . . . . . . 40

XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

\xRightarrow (=⇒) . . . . . . . . . 39

\xrightarrow (−→) . . . . . . . . 39

\xrightharpoondown (−) . . . 39

\xrightharpoonup (−) . . . . . 39

\xrightleftharpoons (−−) . . 39

\xrightleftharpoons (−−) . . 39

Xs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 55

\XSolid (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\XSolidBold ($) . . . . . . . . . 51

\XSolidBrush (%) . . . . . . . . . 51

\xtwoheadleftarrow (−−−) . 40

\xtwoheadrightarrow (−−−) 40

XY-pic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Y

\Ydown () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

yen . . . . . . . . . . . . see \textyen

yfonts (package) . . . . . 44, 81, 82

yhmath (package) . 37, 38, 41, 70,81

\Yinyang (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\Yleft () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\yogh (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\yogh (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\Yright () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\Yup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

107

ZZapf Chancery (font) . . . . . . . 44Zapf Dingbats (font) . . . . 49, 52\Zborder (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

\zeta (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\zetaup (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46zodiacal symbols . . . . . . . . . . 46

\Ztransf ( s ........... c) . . . . . . . . . . 26

\ztransf ( c ........... s) . . . . . . . . . . 26

\zugzwang (D) . . . . . . . . . . . 59

108

Documents

The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List - Statistics at UC ...partha/symbols.pdf · The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin 3 January 2008 Abstract