E_English Grammar Course LECTURE 4The Complex Sentence

IssuesSubordination Classifications of subordinate clausesSubordinatorsNominal clausesAdverbial clausesComparative and Comment clauses

Subordination11/1Subordination Non-symmetrical relation held between two clauses: one clause is a constituent/ part of the other

Subordination11/21 2 21[I like John [because John likes me] ]1 1[superordinate/ independent/ main clause ] 2 2 [subordinate/ dependent clause] Non-symmetrical relation held between two clauses: one clause is a constituent/ part of the other

Subordination11/3X- Y- Z-( I think [ that you can do it { if you try} ] ) S V O A

X = superodinate to YY = subordinate to XY & Z = dependent clauseX = independent clause

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/1Classifications of subordinate clausesBy structural typeBy functional type

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/2

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/3 contains a subject and a predicate verb phrase having tense, person & number concord, & mood

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/4By structural typeFinite clauseNonfinite clauseInfinitive with toInfinitive without to-ed participle-ing participle

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/5By structural typeFinite clauseNonfinite clauseInfinitive with toInfinitive without to-ed participle-ing participleWithout S: The best thing would be to tell everybody.With S: The best thing would be for you to tell everybody.

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/6By structural typeFinite clauseNonfinite clauseInfinitive with toInfinitive without to-ed participle-ing participleWithout S: Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat. With S: Her aunt having left the room, I declared my passionate love for Celia..

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/7Without S: All I did was hit him on the head.With S: Rather than John do it, Id prefer to give the job to Mary.

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/8Without S: Covered in snow, he looked like a snowman.With S: We left the room and went home, the job finished.

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/91. Ellipsis of the verb be- Dozens of people died in the accident, many of them children.- Whether right or wrong, he always dominates the arguments.

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/102. Reduction of non-finite clausesToo nervous to reply, he stared at the book in front of him and dared not look up.

Classifications of subordinate clauses22/11

Subordinators33/1

Subordinators33/2after, though, although, as, because, before, if, oncesince, that, until, whenwhere, while, etc.

Subordinators33/3 ending with that: in that, so that, such that ending with optional that: now (that), provided (that), supposing (that), seeing (that) ending with as: so far as, as long as, so as (to do sth) ending with than: sooner than, rather than others: as if, as though, in case

Subordinators33/4if then, although yet, as as, so as, so thatno sooner than, more/ less than, the the, whether or

Subordinators33/5Other indicators ofsubordinationWh-element initial markersSubject-operator inversionNo marker

Subordinators33/6I dont know who knocked at the door last night.

Subordinators33/7Had it not been for your help, I would have died.

Subordinators33/81. nominal clausee.g. I suppose (that) youre right.2. comment clausee.g. Youre right, I suppose.

Nominal clauses44/1Nominal ClausesFinite Non-finite that clausewh-interrogative clauseYes - No interrogative clauseNominal relative clauseto-infinitive nominal clausenominal ing clausebare infinitive

Nominal clauses44/2- S: That you were wrong is undeniable.- Od: I knew that I was wrong.- Cs: The problem is that he refuses to speak in court.- Appositive: The fact that he hates Englishmakes it hard for him to study it.- Cadj: Im sure that things will improve.

Nominal clauses44/3 Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cadj, & Cprep (They havent decided on who wins the cup.)- Leave a gap of unknown information

Nominal clauses44/4 Is formed with if/ whethere.g. Do you know if/ whether the teacher has come yet?

Nominal clauses44/5

S: What he is pursuing is fame. Od: I want to see whoever in charge of this department. Oi: She gave whoever came into the storea handful of sweets. Cs: University is where you train for yourfuture career.- Co: You can call me whatever you like.- Ap: Tell me your nickname, that is, the way your friends often call you. Cprep: Vote for whichever candidate youlike.

Nominal clauses44/6- S: To become an MC has always been my dream.- Od: John wanted her to open the door.- Cs: My wish is to stay here one more week.- Ap: His ambition to be a famous writer was fulfilled.- Cadj: Im glad to help you.

Nominal clauses44/7- Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cprep, & Cadj- Genitive case in formal stylee.g. Im surprised at his making that mistake. Objective or common case:e.g. Im surprised at him making that mistake.

Nominal clauses44/8- to is optional in case of do proform.E.g. All I did was (to) turn off the gas.

- bare infinitive is obligatory when theinfinitive clause is initialE.g. Turn off the gas was all I did.

Adverbial clauses55/1TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & Preference

Adverbial clauses55/2TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & Preference- after, before, until, since, when + finite clause- after, before, since, until, when(ever), while + V-ing- once, until, when(ever), while + V-ed- as soon as, once, when(ever), while + Verbless clause

Adverbial clauses55/3TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & Preference- Introduced by where/ whereverE.g. When I retire, I will travel wherever I like.Where the fire had been, we saw nothing but rubble.

Adverbial clauses55/4

- Conditional clauses state the dependence of one circumstance on another.- Introduced by if, unless, provided that, providing thatE.g. If youre kind to her, she will do anything for you.

Adverbial clauses55/5TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & Preference- Concessive clauses imply a contrast between two circumstances.- Introduced by though, although, while, whereas, even if E.g. Although he isnt good-looking, people are still attracted to him.

Adverbial clauses55/6

Adverbial clauses55/7Clauses of condition or concessionAlternative conditional-concessive clausesE.g. Whether they beat us or we beat them,well celebrate tonight.Combine conditional meaning withsubjunctive meaning

Adverbial clauses55/8Clauses of condition or concessionUniversal conditional-concessive clausesE.g. No matter how hard he tried, he could never summon enough courage to tell her the truth.Indicate a free choice from among any number of conditions

Adverbial clauses55/9TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & Preference- introduced by because, since, as- I didnt lend him the book because I needed it for my assignment. (adjunct)- Theyve lit a fire, because I can see smoke rising. (disjunct of reason)

Adverbial clauses55/10TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & Preference- express a fulfilled condition/ a relation between a premise (in the subordinate clause) and the conclusion (in the main clause)- introduced by because, since, as, & seeing thatE.g. Seeing that the weather has improved, we shall enjoy our game.= The weather having improved, we shall enjoy our game.

Adverbial clauses55/11TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & Preference- are adjuncts- introduced by (in order) (for N) to, so as to, so thatE.g.I tiptoed into the room so as not to wake the baby up. He tried to improve his English so that he could study abroad.- has putative meaning (modal auxiliaries are used)

Adverbial clauses55/12TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & Preference- are more factual than putative may contain an ordinary verb formwithout a modal auxiliary- introduced by so that/so (informal)E.g. We planted many shrubs, so (that) the garden looked beautiful.

Adverbial clauses55/13TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & PreferenceClauses of manner (exactly) as, (just) as(Just) as a moth is attracted by a light, (so) he was fascinated by her.

Adverbial clauses55/14TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & PreferenceClauses of comparison as if, as thoughHe looks as if he is going to faint.He treated me as though I were a child (unreal)

Adverbial clauses55/15TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & PreferenceClauses of proportion express a proportionality or equivalence of tendency between two circumstancesE.g.As he grew older, (so) his enthusiasm for the cause decreased.The more he went deeper into the forest, the more scared he felt.

Adverbial clauses55/16TimePlaceCondition & concessionReason or causeCircumstancePurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & PreferenceClauses of preference are introduced by rather than/ sooner than E.g. Rather than go there by air, Id take the train.Rather than sitting here complaining, we should act.Rather than a new shirt, he bought a dictionary.

Comparative & comment clauses66/1Comp-elementS: More people eat at KFC than any other fastfood restaurant.Cs: Im healthier than most people of my age.Od: She eats much more than me.Oi: Santa has brought more children joy than anybody else.A: She works harder than my brother.

Comparative & comment clauses66/2Ellipsis in Comparative Clause1. Optional ellipsisJames enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed the cake.James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed it.James enjoyed the cake more than Susan did.James enjoyed the cake more than Susan.2. Obligatory ellipsis (of object)- James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed.+ James know more about the theatre than Susan knows.

Comparative & comment clauses66/3AmbiguityHe loves the dog more than his wife.

through ellipsiswith too & enoughHes too ill to move.

Comparative & comment clauses66/4Comment ClausesFeaturesForms

Comparative & comment clauses66/5Comment ClausesFeaturesForms- can be either disjuncts or conjuncts- may occur initially, finally, or medially- have a separate tone unit

E.g. The Smiths, as you probably know, have been our neighbor for twenty years.

Comparative & comment clauses66/6Like a main clauseAt that time, I believe, he didnt understand a thing.

Comparative & comment clauses66/7(2) Like an adverbial clause (with as)Im a perfectionist, as you may know.

Comparative & comment clauses66/8(3) Like a nominal relative clause as conjunctWhat is more, we lost all our hope and courage.

Comparative & comment clauses66/9(4) To-infinitive clause as style disjunctTo be honest with you, I didnt understand a thing he said.

Comparative & comment clauses66/10(5) ing clause as style disjunctIm concerned, speaking as a linguist, about the languageof the young people today.

Comparative & comment clauses66/11(6) ed clause as style disjunctStated bluntly, he had no chance of winning.