THE THE COMPLETE COMPLETE

HISTORY OF HISTORY OF SPAIN!!SPAIN!!

(abridged)(abridged)

SPAIN—The Ancient Pit Stop

Pre-Roman Iberia

Celtiberos

• Iberian Peninsula name comes from these people

• Galicia still has influences of Celtic culture (bagpipes, language)

• This also explains why Spain is good at basketball…

The Romans are coming!The Romans are coming!

HISPANIA

ROMAN LEFTOVERS

SEGOVIA MERIDA

FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE

409 a.d.

A different type of Goth…

Please, Sir, can I have some Moors?

• Arabs, Berbers, Syrians from North Africa invade the peninsula in 711 A.D.

• Easily defeat Visigoth Kingdoms, conquering nearly all of peninsula.

• Not called Moops—sorry, George Costanza

Córdoba

• Largest city in Western Europe in 10th Century

• Center of world’s wealthiest and most cultured country

• Rule of Abderraman III (929-961 AD)

• La Mezquita (largest mosque outside Muslim countries)

LA RECONQUISTA

• Almost continual fight between Christian kingdoms in north of peninsula and Muslims, who controlled the south

• Muslim Spain called “Al-Andalus” in Arabic

• Santiago: “Matamoros” – Patron saint of Spain

TOLEDOCITY OF TOLERANCE

• Jews• Christians• Muslims• Influence of all 3

still evident today– Synagogues– Churches, cathedral– Arab style

architecture (Mudejar)

EL CID HERO OF LA RECONQUISTA

GRANADA

LA ALHAMBRA

1492

• Moors had divided into many small kingdoms

• Last Moorish king, in Granada, defeated in January of 1492

• As he looked back onto his beloved Alhambra palace, he began to cry. His mother: “Weep, my son, like a woman, for what you would not fight for like a man.”

REYES CATOLICOS

• Fernando of Aragon

• Isabel of Castilla

• Married in 1469

• Uniting Christian kingdoms against the Moors

• Solidified their power through religion; military success

• Ended Reconquista by defeating Moors in Granada in 1492

THE SPANISH INQUISITION

• 1492: Last Moorish king defeated; all Muslims remaining in Spain forced to leave or convert to Christianity

• 1502: Given the success against the Muslims, it is now decided that all Jews need to leave Spain or convert to Christianity

• But how do we know they’ve converted? We interrogate and torture them until they confess—or put them on trial and later execute (or burn) them!

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

You might remember us from such historical events as…

THE VOYAGE OF COLUMBUS TO AMERICA IN 1492

GOLD DIGGERS

SPEAKING OF GOLD DIGGERS…

• Juana, daughter of Fernando and Isabel

• Marries Felipe (el Hermoso) of the powerful Habsburg family

• Juana known as “la Loca”

• Legend has it that when Felipe died, she carried his coffin through the streets of Granada, stopping often to kiss the corpse of the dead king

CARLOS I1516-1556

• Son of Juana la Loca and Felipe el Hermoso

• Holy Roman Emperor

• Charles V of Austria/Germany

• Under his rule, Spanish Empire grew rapidly—Conquistas of Incas, Aztecs

• Gold, silver flooded into Spain from Americas, along with new crops: corn, potatoes, fruits

CARLOS V (I)

ROAD WARRIOR

• Carlos V used the funds that were pouring in from the colonies to subsidize the many religious wars he was fighting across Europe

• Spain under Carlos V became one of the staunchest defenders of Catholicism, as it fought to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation across Europe

• He passed on this legacy to his successor, his son Felipe

FELIPE II1556-1598

FELIPE II: Family Feud

• Continued wars against Protestants• In 1554, married Mary Tudor of England in an

attempt to create an international Catholic alliance. A male heir from this marriage would have become King of England, however, there was no son and the protestant Elizabeth I came to power in England.

• Annexed Portugal, Dutch declare independence from Spain: starts war involving England

• 1588: Spain’s Invincible Armada defeated by England

EL ESCORIAL

• Palace of Felipe II• Contains Monastery,

Basilica, Library, and Royal Residence

• After defeat of Armada in 1588, Felipe II spent most of his time here, until he died here in his bed overlooking the altar of the basilica in 1598.

EL GRECO

• Painter from Greece, his real name is Domenikos Theotokopolous

• Traveled to Spain in search of work in the decoration of El Escorial

• Felipe II hated his style and refused to hire him

• El Greco moves to Toledo and hits the big time

EL GRECO

VISTA DE TOLEDOEL GRECO

MORE HABSBURG KINGS

• Felipe II is succeeded by his son, the aptly named Felipe III (1598-1621).

• Felipe III dies and his son takes the throne. Guess what his name was?

• Yep, Felipe IV reigns from 1621-1665

• Felipe IV reigns over one of the richest cultural periods in Spanish history: the Siglo de Oro

SIGLO DE ORO

• Literature, Drama, Art• La vida es sueño by

Pedro Calderon de la Barca

• Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina

• Character of Don Juan introduced—image of “Latin Lover” created.

Don QUIJOTE DE LA MANCHA

• First modern novel• Written by Miguel de

Cervantes: 1605, 1615• Story of man who believes

he is a knight and seeks to rid the world of injustice

• Dedicates his adventures to his lady, Dulcinea

• Accompanied by his loyal squire, Sancho Panza

DIEGO VELAZQUEZ

END OF HABSBURGS

• Felipe IV’s son, Carlos II is known as “El Hechizado” (“the Bewitched”)

• The result of generations of inbreeding, Carlos was known to fly into fits of rage and have epileptic seizures.

• He died in 1700, leaving no heir to ascend to the throne of Spain

WAR! • War of Spanish Succession pitted royal

families and their nations against each other to see who would rule Spain

• War ends in 1713, with Spain losing Gibraltar to the English

• Felipe V, the Bourbon grandson of Louis XIV, becomes King of Spain. The Bourbon family remains the royal family of Spain today.

The Bourbons• Competent rulers, but more concerned

with life at court

• Efforts to convert Spain into a modern state, based on Neoclassical ideas of the Enlightenment.

• Museo del Prado, Biblioteca Nacional

Carlos IV• Grandson of Felipe V (son of Carlos III)• Total incompetence• Dealing with Napoleon leads to use of lots of

dynamite

WAR!!• Rebellion of 2 May 1808 in Madrid begins

War of Spanish Independence

• Joseph Bonaparte removed from throne of Spain in 1812

• During the upheaval, most of the colonies in America gain independence

• Constitution of 1812 establishes a parliamentary monarchy

Fernando VII (1814-1833)

• Son of Carlos IV, returns from exile in France to rule after defeat of Napoleon’s troops.

• Totalitarian rule, constantly at odds with liberals who wanted to expand on Constitution of 1812.

• Died in 1833, leaving only a daughter, Isabel

Francisco de Goya• Court painter for Carlos IV and Fernando VII

• Various stages of career (tapestries, portraits, war, black period)

• Deafness causes him to lose his mind gradually, retiring to a small cabin outside Madrid at end of his life

• Most famous works:

El tres de mayo de 1808

Las pinturas negras

More Bourbon Troubles

• Fernando VII dies without a male heir, leaving only his daughter, Isabel

• The country is divided on the issue of a woman ruler

• Supporters of Fernando’s brother, Carlos face off against more liberal supporters of Isabel in several “Guerras Carlistas”

• Isabel II reigns from 1833-1868

Those crazy Bourbons

• Isabel II rules through political turmoil, with the Carlists continually opposing her authority

• The “Glorious Revolution” removes Isabel II from power in 1868

• An short-lived experiment places King Amadeo of Saboya, an Italian, on the throne from 1870-1873

And now for something completely different!

• The First Spanish Republic is proclaimed in 1873.

• It ends in 1874.

Here we go again…• The Bourbons return to the throne with the reign

of Alfonso XII from 1875-1885, followed by his son Alfonso XIII from 1902-1931.

• Alfonso XIII was born in 1885 (shortly after his father’s death). His mother oversaw the government as his regent in the interim.

• In typical Bourbon fashion, Spain quickly begins a downslide, marked by the loss of it last remaining colonies in 1898 and embarassing military defeats in Morocco

Alfonso XIII• Unable to put a stop to the political tension

and low morale of the country, Alfonso XIII allows a military general to establish a dictatorship from 1923-1931

• The dictatorship is unable to solve the problems of the country

• In 1931, elections are held to determine if Spain should continue a monarchy or give democracy another try

Let’s try this again…

• The Second Republic of Spain is established in 1931, ushering in an era of hope and optimism

• They set up a new, progressive constitution, which gives women the right to vote, allows divorce, separates the Church from the State, and creates public schools

Can’t we all just get along?

• The new government creates an even deeper political and social divide

• The military, the Church and the upper classes think there are too many changes going on

• Socialists and Communist factions think there are not enough changes and want more change, faster.

• Result?

CIVIL WAR!!!• General Francisco Franco stages a

military revolt in 1936, beginning the Civil War

• Franco’s fascist troops are aided by forces from Germany and Italy

• Republican forces get very little help

• War ends in 1939, with Franco’s Nationalist forces winning

Guernica

Las Vanguardias

• A creative and innovative movement in art and literature began in Spain in the first decades of the 20th Century

• Surrealism depicts the fantastic, the images from dreams. Dali, Miro

• Federico Garcia Lorca—poet, playwright• Luis Buñuel—film director• Picasso creates cubism• Gaudi creates modernist architecture

Salvador Dali

Joan Miro

Pablo Picasso

Gaudi

FRANCISCO FRANCO

• Fascist dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975

• Idealized “glory years” of Spain under Carlos V and Felipe II

• Gender roles, religion, regionalism banned, censorship

• Exile of artists, intellectuals, scientists

One more time!! • Basque terrorist group

ETA assassinates Franco’s chosen successor

• Franco chooses grandson of Alfonso XIII to take over

• Upon Franco’s death in 1975, Juan Carlos I de Borbon becomes King of Spain

Whaaa?

• Instead of continuing Franco’s policies or establishing an absolute monarchy, Juan Carlos declares democracy in Spain

• He names Adolfo Suarez as first Prime Minister. Suarez begins the period known as the Transition

Democracia

• In 1978, Suarez is elected in the first elections held in Spain since 1936

• In 80’s Felipe Gonzalez leads Spain out of isolation, joining NATO and the EU.

• Jose Maria Aznar increases Spain’s influence in the world, with a growing economy and a strong alliance with the USA

La Movida

• After Franco’s death, a cultural awakening ocurred, sparking a renaissance in film, a new freedom in the press, and an active nightlife, especially in Madrid

• Pedro Almodovar led this cultural revolution with his internationally acclaimed films

11-M

• On March 11, 2004, Islamic fundamentalist terrorists place bombs on several commuter trains in Madrid, killing nearly 200 and injuring over 2000

A new direction…• 2 days after the attack, elections proclaim Jose

Luis Rodriguez Zapatero the new Prime Minister of Spain

• His first action, as promised, was to withdraw Spanish troops from the US war with Iraq.

• Under his government, Spain joined several other European nations in legalizing same-sex marriages (Franco rolls in grave)

• He won re-election in 2008.

LA FAMILIA REAL

• As a parliamentary monarchy, Spain retains its royal family, although all government decisions are handled by Parliament and the President of the Government.

ESPAÑA HOY

• Alejandro Amenabar• Pedro Almodovar• Penelope Cruz• Javier Bardem

ESPAÑA HOY

• Real Madrid• FC Barcelona• Rafael Nadal• Pau y Marc Gasol

EURO CHAMPIONS 2008

COLORIN, COLORADO,ESTE CUENTO SE HA

ACABADO

¿Questions?