' -V

J O U R N A L O E A N A R C H I S T - C O M M U N I S M . __ J r .

YOl. XX.- MANCH, 1906. Monthly ; /One Pens'?'

The Commune of ". Paris.' , 'The 18th of March, 1871, is a date which will com*t in history. On that day the people o f Phvis rose .up against its Government and pro­claimed that henceforward the great city'intended to be a, free, Independent Command. ' ' . .. .

This; time Paris did. not intend to govern France. ' It simply •asserted its right to be a free, self-governed unit. Its populationnvas ready to accept even more than its due share of the military defence of'

, the country ; it was .ready to accept its share of the national debt; , ready to federate with all other‘parts of France for common action. But it rafiXSOfl toJae governed by .the amphibious Government, repub­lican by name and monarchist in reality,, which had seized the. power after the overthrow °f Napoleon III.

that revolutions.are no longer possible—this being taught on the very, eve of the Russian R evolution! .

A fight which brings about only a change of government is not a revolution. It is only one of its first episodes.' Because a revolution consists—as. we see it now in Russia and saw a hundred yearn ago .in TijahcV4—'of thousands and* thousands of small acts, individual.and .

„collective. Thousands of insurrections, iu- towns and villages, of the. Thasses and of separate individuals ; thousands of partial.acts by which the old institutions are-destroyed on;the spot; thousands of individual - and collective refusals'-of' obedience, of payment of taxes, of accepting rules and obiigalioirr&^ThOusands of violations of" the old laws—this is what revohttiohsJxayeTieen. and are still nowadays.. u ' • ; . V

But this takes thne^ and 'this is what- the Paris Gommnile, beihgisolated and having to concentrate its at ten tip tto h; self -d e fender h ad hot

It claimed the right to give itself its own democratic Government,1 ■4-V»r\c>A rmaudni-oo ' nrinonun'iand to" take those measures'concerning' industries, trade, education,

and so on as .the population of Paris”itself would like to take. I f its population'desired to take a step in' the Socialist direction, let . i t be free to’take that step, without being compelled- to~xestrain itself because there j^ist -people in France who still swear by the name of an emperor or a king. ,

the advantage of. I t lived' only seventy Jays, t ; • ', .Besides, the very ideas about what socialism means were not yet

•sufficiently clear, The International Working Men’s Association had been at/ work only a few years; it had only just begun tcrwork out ■tire leading ideas- of modern,Socialism and Anarchism. ■ The Kvp'opriatddii o f all that isMiecegsany-fop-Living and.Producing Whs a. Word that had hardly been pronounced'-then-in small circles. The necessity of Direct i-Lcdon- on behalf of the workers themselves was not job understood, antktpp muchtrbst was-laid in the elected Government of the Communeir • - • , . . . '$ * IT

yet,- a great historical significance lies in the Paris CommunoMany*causes had contributed;to jthat results- Since the suppression^ , And •o,f the Revolution of l'848, aiid duritag the dark years of the Second ,-.-of418Tl. I t has shown us the way, .Empire, everything had been-clone ill France to kill intellectual life in / „ W ejlow know one great thing: I t is-udt through th&.G'oveuim,\ont .

. fclie provinces. Therefore Paris had developed immensely in advance V no^tln ough the State, that the Great Revolution will come. • * of the remaiiider of FrpW > Theii4the tradition oh.the revolutionary " '-• It is frdffi tte free, independent, self-acting Communes. \ ■Commune of Paris of the yeaVg 1T92‘and 1793—the Commune which j . This " is the. political form which . Socialist creative action will, dominated the Gonyentioh and/ took tTie lead of all revolutionary assume! •*: \Autocracy -.was the /political form of , aristocratic rule., measures—had' been revived^so soon' a s ' a' new popular movement .Parliament' is the political form of mid'dle-Qlass Rule. '.in ' the Socialist direction/?had begun • in' France. A t ,thei same* a 'The Commune v'ill be the political form of Socialism. . •■■.time ’th e . idea that tlie/B t’atV, might take social reform into''- its • • ""Each Revolution gives the .elements ‘for - .the subsequent •EvohtU^n.^ hands was'abandoned after 'the'failure of State Socialism in ISIS. And So it Was w ith the Paris Commune. _ The enormous spread ,6f the ,

. finally, the people of Bat is, after having passed five months in isolation * somalled Municipal Socialism., in France', Germany and Britnur m a from the outer worldJuring the siege, must have realised in.itself-such direct* j u t co file of tijie ^Commune- of 1871; - A ll-over the world the a tremendous creative force that it fe lt- it -could mnkbjsome use f of it. .. working men saw that it js to the Commune—not to the State—anil

>tn th.e Trade unions'—not to the Minietry-r-that they must- ltok for thg#■ •

"It was the working— • TheAvholeJiovement wo|>'thoroughly popular. . . .men of PariVwho lin’d all the management of it.— that extremely in.telli- »entj bright population, engaged for the most part in' small industries

' which|iiffiuntain the intelligence^ the inventiveness, and the artistic and creatiy^ power of the' worker." A population, revolutionary through

fits history' and • full of organising •’.capacities, of which it gave Such wcntderful proofs.in the gloomiest years of'J‘ clmung tlffi last siege, Now they were the master were the elected, heads of the militia battalions; the mayors of the vestries, the military commanders of the fortifications, the palaces, the barracks; the fields of all tile treasuries of wealth and'art which- the great world-’city contains in its walls, ■ And—wli-At stuubfiecTflie" world—they managed, all that iu the most democratic /pirib (the highest salary of a functionary- w-as-TIs. a day), and with such, an order that the foreigners who .had remained in. Paris could-not find words to express their admiration. . , . - 1 ( ,

' In one of.• the pamphlets, published by FuEEDOsr, The I f iris Commune, the readers will find "more about this wonderful movement, and still more about the horrible ways in wliicil it,was suppressed by the French middle classes.after an existence of seventy days. .

■ A :

oi'ganisatron of collective enjoyment oj v'euitjt a)id collectwf production. To; the Commune. tliey 'will . look . now for'.-berinning the. SocialRgvolutioh.' ’ ' , >/ ' ■ ,> 4 . -" Moreover, another- great ’ object lesson was given. It is the eujo/p went of, commodities: kind 'wealth vMe’fi pnust come m tsf. Viyduciict'a pivst comp hert. T/ten onlp will it l-e guided If/ the heeds oj the: Com-

'the great EevoUiiion and . mnot 'Iflasteie of their city. Thiy T ^ , ls '/xhem ely iroMv ant pomt,-

two ' Socialised nrodnction next !• This is the lesson of-Communism first!-.

Socialised production next !■ This is"the lessoii of the last half-centur)/. _ Aiid the Comnvime gives the practical instrunient for realising it.. 1 .

i4j. 1 * I r

!a n e w- This is what our Paris brothers did im 1871. ' They oj era for the future : the erji of Socialist^pommunes. . . / ;

Their {attempt was stified in'Idoojl, 'Once more the great heart of the tvoidd was bled tor tile world’s enlig^itenm'enfc. '

The orgies of" the White JPwroii after the .fall of the Commune were simply unimaginable l ir Jtheir bloodthirstiness. , bpmething similar went on lately in Moscow. . ' . x 7 ‘. But even these orgies of W hite Ter^r gave us a lesson:

-Tn revolutions don’tJd tilings by halves ! What was the use

ter

. . . ...............It is this-: . „ , tWith the Prussian guns turned against Paris* immediately after a of the Communards protecting middle-class property ? uWhat was the

crible. war, this movement could mot possibly sgcceed. The. only use of their mounting guard round the National B ank? ’They Urere’ " " ' * .............. ... ” ’ . . .. hundred, with machine1 guns and buried *the shrieking

______ could _ _possibility of success was if several''other Targe .cities had followed the shot by the hum,— ..... - ---------- .example of Paris, anct also proclaimed the Commune, and constituted a, wounded jn d tile dead in the same quicklime beds—just {is if they,had . federation of rebel cities. But those 'which followed Paris, like pillaged all middle-class properties aucl all banks. “ You have made

' Saint-Etieijne, \ybre few.; The idea of independent cities becoming us tremble; this is enough.,— you shah die l1" • . ' ,•- centres-;of 'by' Soeialinti,/' Revolutioii -diad not .yet ripened. Nay, the Therefore, let the workers remember it. -The moment they touch

very ideas as to how a city might proceed forJbeginning such a revplu-, fmyihiny in'our middle-class society they will be treated as the .worst tiop were'.not yet sufficiently clear,' Jveii in Paris, and the Comnhine brigand's! 'And ^s everything.hoids together-in modern capitalismit yet sufficiently clear /even did not take-dhe lead in a Communistic r given it more chances of success. 1 1

■ 'And then, one important thing must not be forgotten, read so much about barricades and street '* ‘1 _ ^

which might hav

W&Tiave

smallscale would be treated'as robbery. The Commune m u st-m a d e;o ti.a grand scale—-with a grand, all-embracing conception of Socialist aims and of the ’general welfare. Then *only will it have a chance' ~e

h-''

of

\.\have comeif •«* ..city.

to conceive a revolution as a;. fighting that many of us ancl of the ’genea-al welfare. Then-only will ic nave a cnance oifew days’ street fight in a su'ecess. Then phly will i t answer its historical -mission;'' that of being

/u . ■ i, . • • Ji;__if—.-, j-i.-___Cf______ :-i . - D X ^ x l -•This is why the workers have been so .^blemnly taught lately the medium for the coming.Social Revolution.

FREEDOM. 'Jn*£

’March, 1906*.■ * * , .

c mA JOURNAL 1 OfI ANARCHIST ' COMMUXISM.

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meet-the usual desire for prompt, if- superficial, information on the subject of the {International Working Men's Assdfeintion, Those who-

.esteem painstaking historic research,. which is "the'basis of even the smallest real historic knowledge1, ‘will read this volume of ■ James Guillaume’s memoirs with delight, and consider it fe one of, the. very few serious contributions which -we 1 possess as yet towards a.'real history of Socialism. " ' ■ • . ’ ■

XaUre to ffyhswtebe.rs.—Jf there is a Wab Vriavk against this notice.your siilfee j|>- <5 ion is'1 no. Mid inii fc'bo sent before next mon Ii if yon wish to gtjoii recciringthe papUr.

Forty: years have gone, since the foundation Qf^hu^Iuteimationar (St. Martin’s Hall, September 28, 1864), and many features of-the or^anisatioh of . that-society, seem to us quite obsolete n ow / Whowould think now pf,a Central Council,, residtrfg in London, to connect

In fu buro All payable to T ..a jJ le p ll

•and Postal Orders sh o u ld ’be made\

\

T\vo

N O T E S ,\-X,

L abour P olitic^

the' past few _meaning

. to seb how these new-parties dre.likelj ____ . H • .I.L.P.’.-iakes the plade of the-advanced Radical,\wing, and in that \ ’ tr 16 -mfPOSltlOH: Will USS ltllQ. A d a \ , P GUIGDresult, j&sie.of • t

the. different national groups, to supervise tliieir policy, etc ? legends have grown round this central bo^y—the-bourgeois legend, which ascyibes : to it the mysterious power pf a centre*^?conspirators, and tli-.e Social Democratic legend, which makes the -brain of Karl Mhrx rule the General Council* -and by, its intermediary, the whble

• Working-class movement of the sixties and early seventieST The truth -ihas to jbe.foundby careful research-, and the result isuntirelyin favour of common'Sense. Frond 1864- to 1869 the Council did not interfere with the. Continental movement to;Uny serious extent, and hence was bene-

to lSt72, when.its powers were extended a little more lively—-it misused its authority, as

eateddr.general revolt, which did

:L

The new bW fnsW the LabouPpaHy have, begun'to W e p , and the ■ movement um ous extent, and JRusty,and muslyitmos'phere.of the Commons has been quite agitated-' tolef tef j 1869 to 1872 when.its power:as a result, ^ k e r w fo t the'pnst few ‘ veal;s of -'Tory tactics have give& ~ JU? t^ make a kfct ? mf® hyely—it misused rus it-is nbt dkcultV'to make som'e show of meaning business. But ^..expected, and thereby created^general re . —already we.begih to seh how'these new-pm^ties dre likely to work.' TheV S°od bJ ™ ”g P®°Pj® se® tl}* evds of authority, even if wielded

' ' - 3ced Radical Win r .nnH in by the mdst trusted Social Revolutionists, Anarchism as a general\tlie. vihip'ofwth’e ‘ compact m ^ a lk m fop ty ,^ . .A s a 1 ^ ^ ^ ftus im plfcr;whic h ^ h te e d ^ 4 4 io -

K'Staibs of tbe..-years“drYeacti6nVffl 6gures ot Marx- and Bakunm, but- had many younger sup-I^nd if populaPaglM idns are maintained, some reforms due twenty s ^ s ; . and anaong xthe foremogt ones-in the.years ago" wfll be clfrie'd out*. It is an. interesting situation fo^all o f - naithoritywas. James Guillaume, the present author. .us'to-watch. But Hie real, lever, of theWorkers’ emancipation lies m Z -'' J i. •eI «^ails °L tins struggle are of larger interest than the mere

• "Side of the public aiWia, and the great work to be d o n e t h e field of ^ te rn a id u story of a society.. Tins-^struggle ^ almost _like a.chapteV , direct ipjtion will lmve no help from these new champions of PhHia-- p f nv, a fal'"°“ Vtopia aetjedaio-ea} life. ,1 mean this : the Interna- ‘

rdbntatx methods. The Anarchists; however, find i in* this a field l^oraprehended all the-unany d.iflerent types of Socialists• and- -action $fiat will prove, most fertile in the coming yeara and they tu n l" « • the time, and. it was believed by all parties even,, at

.to it full of I,hope? . v - _ - . • nrs,t—that some^sort of an equitable, honest government like the General»v . *’ ; * * .'••;* . •" A’ _____ - . - .. * ‘ - Council, consisting of picked Socialists and trade unionists, was possible .

E xample bett^A P olitics* " . r" . and useful.- Actual experience proved the contrary, and in-the course. Here are the-detYils; of what . the press calls a .« Hebridean ^ thi,s ,resistance, afterwards revolt, the ideas'of Anarchism1 wereReyolution ” : ■i. by and by worked outj ancL- in the fqrm of a free organisation accepted '

An-Edinburgh wire says that tli> crofters of Aton bridge- toWirsliip ' by. the Geneva- Congress o f.l873~eyen quit in' practice; to .make--way ." lift Y6 marched Oil" ftd/l +h/» flnm«AlnL T /M Ji fintyifi VfiftVS Is fiPT fpT1 AttOM lAAOfll» llAn C O nf lin tfornnin nAttn/Jil 'amand seized - the Ormielate-lands, 'liettf Loch Olay, and. are

I I/ i Fa TA A m H I a _. . . ._ *__ ' .occupying the Ormiclate hills for cattle grazing.The cottars of Hojvbeg, headcdLy .pipers and with flags fiyiiunil fh a ffli'iup .rd7 H i a.+n - ’ /il. > . _ v marclied

y .(Jordon

_ ess of ,isv 3—eyen put in' practice; to some years later for even looser-bonds. The authoritarian Council,'on the otheir hand,.transplanted to the United States in 1872, shrivelled up very soon,‘ to become a little mummy incapable of ianytliing but further -’“•L----- 1 -1 - 1 1 - ' a • *•Gatheart), and took possession, i . V ,'P • on further internal- quarrelling and fantastic decrees of excopimpnicatibn.

_■ They divided the land upland are'’-proceeding to'manure the ground aghinSt the rest of the International, which hardly' knew of its con­fer potato cultivation. ..The «$arra <?otta-ra who seized the Island ”of tinuecl existence, until its extinction in 187.6. This-is the ibost striking Yattersay three weeks 'ligo are still in full possession, and havd the land Utopian story, the refutation, of governmentalism by actual experience,

W Jlitev^com etof'it, this is a splendid eW’mple.of Dineot Action,'and , enS f ' T J ^ «>uld1 be gathered to r n the pre-Jtngland to.ght turn their eyes from ... Fedpratiimira book published in 1873 and written by jim es Guiliaume

■ ........ 1 “ (pot signed). fpChethreb.;. volumes’which Guillaume is now1 preparing

we wouldAhat the workers bf,>•*1 - -• hS,t. Stepheps and learn-the true* moral of it,; i; ■ ■ v ■

Too Old at 35!We read that on 26th January.•fipo f'.lir'nnrl ftff wif.hcaterers tur'ned off, with one week’s

v ill-known nptice,

London -firm of their whole ’ staff of

waitresses, and filled theiApIaces with younger girls at lowajr wages ”I t isa fine specimen bf the ea-ploitmg spirit! A woman of 3 5 a t MarsuSt publications should Also be read fitst, chiefly L’AUiancc * ta

be had for • :'Dernocratie Socialists 1Q?rq •• r+ ^ 4;h5„.ih -------

are, so to speak, anjnfinitely enlargedqand rearranged edition of this Memoti'e. But all, to whom the Memo ire of, 1S73 is accessible could * do nothing better than to -read iiubefore reading the present volume ; this will; enable them to see at once the relative importance of .- the fijfibrent matters which Guillaume now discusses at fuILlengthVl^jf po'ssiblh, tire

^Icnko T? A 7 / J* 7/tof 1873,* It is difficult JiC find a greater

biSS-Ue of.perfidious- Misrepresentations and lies than this pamphlet, ahd

. w spirit -3 A womanten shillings per.week is “ boo old ” when girls of 20-ean seven shillings. So these unfortunate viepims are, sacrificed for thebene^t.of the bloodsucking: shareholders, j And these' unfortunate vof ife•liA, m w 'Jn i . .... * • ■ , , .* ,,*• -x. »•■>sisters of our, uhemptoyed, drifting h itherL d thither, finulle brokefi reproduced a, d,engrosSed as gospel truth in the-Serman .and crushed, as many ' will be, on the w h& of capitalism, will d ii 7 * ^ c c r e c e n t ly .

•before their time, the while tile doughty ch.atnpiohs of labour1 at West- ' ‘ ' 0 exPos t*’ese ^bthoods and to demonstrate the realmiuster- ave clamouring .for pld-pensions to. begin at 65 ! ' What agodsend palliatives will provey-to the governing classes. v'"' o;

...;E20BC17ffIOir.r-©Bl.. RUSSIAN ANARCHISTS."" The %'emps Xouveaiix of 27th January gives some of the names, of

facts "by documents, letters,-etc., Guillaume had to dismiss,many facts at greater^length tharn the casual'reader would tlfipk becessary. This book will be.the^mpre useful and interesting the -better the reader is prepared to appreciate by previous studies the importance of the very great number,of facts discussed'of alluded to.

our brave comrades who . ha^JbScome Martyrs to the reaction Thev r / J 1? 3? , ^ o y m g once for all the Marxist legends about thehave beam shot-for being Jfiar.clust Communists and taldng active n t l S n T r V % A°k C° f ' T & ^ c o n t r ib u t io n s towards ^.history

•pa’rt in the recent revolts. Their names a/e : Rosenzweisr Holscbdin 2 ! ^oclaks Tand Anaich>t movement in the Swiss Jura,- chiefly in ’Rin/'ivd ’Spbflidi- 'ind a ■. , ° ’ , , J ^he cdntort of JNeuehatel, I his is not of local interest only, as might

T ! ? 0* ’' 1® be toppw a.' The'real importance df the work of the International Anarchists even in the face of L i r ' t u S e p s ° No \ 7 ^ 7 eZwhere'W :J»TO to domeasure the W r f- th o s e >rare young.so„is_hut they heroes . f^ 0^ 4 ^

- / 'changed, for the worse to-day.iff a great cause.

. /•’*• ' ' , ‘ i ' '■{ ‘ u‘; I : - ; ' ' I M P O R T A N T ! .’ qWilh any comrades who are able c^nff-willing, to give .any sort of assistance iff a Children’s Sunday-sch'ocjl- in the’ East-end kindly com­municate with Lillian’Wess; G^Oapwcir.fch Street, Leyton, who will be

y g M to hear from any one. interested in the subject ? ’ ’ ... ;•"’.n- ^ 1 '• ....... ’ ■ . . . tY

To what extent has the International affected or helped the local \ movements in different countries ? ' " . , ' ‘ . ,

In the thirties and forties most Socialists gathered round certain . mpn, and'formed the . schools of Owen, Fourier, Broudhon,' and many

others,- The. Chartists and the French propagandists from 1848 to 1851 alone gathered larger, masses , to fo\'m, to ^ome extent; Socialist Labdu^. parties.- , In , the fifties all this, dwindled down, but when in the early ./ •(.

V 7

■f

, March, 1906. FREEDOM. ■ 41

:g ' sixties—after Garibaldi did dare and do, and anew spirit of enthusiasm - tiVProleiarmrlo itilk a# vf

aros! everywliere when ..m'/the ’s.ities, then', the subterranean move; natioD j'in Spaiu7 «went came to the surface again, the time Of. tlfe old schools was gone, intentions, but also a sign of how much of that h istory^ already lost

l^ ito c r e n tg working mail’s ,* « * ,« sRrungnP-,everywRer*- And wiH never be recm&edr*•*?«*, ^ lpl0 aU4rind 0tllJrs» ,in (x^ » 1}ny Wltil La«iMIe, 111 England Ita ly the International is treated quite superfieiJiy • hereThone that

\ T-lb J*,?1® ^®forK1 •Movement, etc. W hilst themld schools were con- , Em-ico Malatesta will-give us at last a'book of memoirs that will telli'6fntmg each otner and their.different ideas coukl this story as,lie alone now can tell it in full. P . Kropotkin’s memoirs

not be amalgamated* ithe new .parties were all united in the .struggle give,us glimpses' of the International in Switzerland^ the seventies ~r' °?xy' m m - bJ sohdanty wifch other PaVties in . bufc as he hurries towards the end of the book they are far too short’

other countries—-not.in their owl£ p t course-. The Parisians, them- and' will also, I hope, find further e x te lio u some dHy S h e story of- H t a feW bundl‘®ds f tbe beginning, were glad to th row n the -face the Belgian International remains to be written, not to splak of that

» . . , 1 ir, PPon®D stlie hundreds of thousands of British trade unionists of the English International, which, however: wn« Wu• , - - • ------- — .----- -------- mo English International, which, however; was less brillinnfc-f-.h'm• P n a lid h ^ S ?he? r f 6: ^ Tied the"I»Jernational—and the young that of other countries, as even those Englishmen who emancipated

English Rafoirn leaders, at The time when Garibaldi and Mazzini were themselves from the General -Council remained”under -the thraldom’ofkniowp a n # W u r e d by the Englislnmasses, were delighted to be able*, politics. . ' council lemamea nuclei the thialdom of

of th* Paris workers' with - them and so on. . , A fpresent Guillaume is alone in the f i e ld e d is working on his 'ih u s between, these two1 young straggling groups of politicians the ldst two volumes which will bring bis story to. the- Ha<me C on fess

^ ! ° nal .0ng^ ted’ . / 'SOrt of. corfiale;hardly anything . (1872) and to the Berne trial (1877) respectively. * * ’else jin th^^pinioiimf -these groups. It seems due.tp the useful selec- * ■ ; » .tion of-the first' members of the Central Council among French and m, f • - , j ■' . . - - . / ' .German Socialist refugees arid others—a selection and preparatory - ^ T , b°obr canr b<* obtained, post-paid, for four francs, from. efforts due toL e Lubez—that the superficial political,element of-London TeM& b u rea u x , o, rue Broca,*.Pans. - .and Paris- Labour politicians was counterbalanced by real Socialists, among whom KanLMarx, by his talent and writing power, soon pre- .' - dominated. Nexfc'to .thife'.f.h*. -r.—in:t, ev...:iL._iT _v-

N,

Next to this the Congresses held ip London, Switzerland,'and Belgium easily permitted to distinguish mere oratory, Reform talk,

- ..from, real ^Socialist aspirations, and a was created, for inter­state and anti-State Socialists.- The

INTERNATIONAL NOTES,national emulation between

.<inneral - Council was no doubt a useful intermediary in'many matters, . enjoyed general confidence. Brit -here its role-ends’; and as this

1 ‘ * at Ei.e Marxist view of the case,’ the fact has to be■ ■; . : : Stated. o - ■' : •' ' .... ■ ;. ■ •. . .., ■ : ' •• ; t -

.t' f ; U nnlon'-vgroUps considered' tlve- council their work, and elected ' ^Council which the Council thought wise to accept,Council which the Council thought w ise to accept,

' - - other, inembers 'from its own choice. Thesb E n glS i. - ihst h knew matters'too well to respect the Council as some­

—-— • and far-distant, had to -strive for years to make the ;; them.the-constitution! of a-separate-British Federation,-

” ■.. ■'■ •wunfeu to-“iwjeld the lever ” of the Revolution h,imself. - The• ■' . ‘hiring those years of excitement which .preceded the-!

* " -the Empire and the^-^ommune;,%certainly acted for themselves8 no advice nor direction from the General Council. The

I gu - ly.issallean movement in Germany was outside o£* the^Inter-.. national, and the slew; arduous -ways by which Bebel, Liebknecht -and htliers won oveT.the democratic societies of Germany-to Socialism could 1 not be shortened by Marx in London. The Belgian' movement dated * from the beginning of the sixties, before the International existed, and the Belgians were *on_ gpod terms with the General'"Council' fust—

. because it interfered in no way,whatever with their moveflfentr The Italian movement in Naples, Sfeily, the Roinagnaj -Florence, tiilan etc was begun -by the friends, of Bakpniur: Ip Spam, Bakunin’s fr ien d

Switzerland. . . h V ‘ - _ “ - .- -We have received the following from a Swiss friend :— .. •J.1 ■ • Th^/ Russian*■ Revolution and the spirit of the new French

syndicalist (trade unionist) movement h&e.aiot been without influence on the Bwiss movement ;• and all of ijs who are known as revolutionaries have been, I am glad to say, much in request for the,.past month, and almost daily we.have had to make reports on anti-ruilitarisni direct

. action, and the generaL strike. It'is a joy to see how eagerly pvph nm- . trade _unionists, in spite of the lively -opposition of .the trade- unionist oflicials, take-up the “ new*!?. ideas;, anck thisithey cj0 with a

natural aptitude tha6 proves they thoroughiy understand them.We-have also gained a great number of eoropules who are ardent

co-workers \aud Tor-the first .time for years one f'Cels in the circle' of fe,How-workers a warmTeCling °f brotherlraod—that'feeling which we' have missed so.'much of late. : We have founded an 'ihiti-mihfcarisfc

, League, which already,has many sections in Switzerland, and t6 which in Zurich about half of the unions belong. But -we always, .consider as our-chief aim not this..organisation,*which should only be a means of

; •but;-the.'educational w.5rk ca’cried out-on- the broader linesThus'we have also begun'an agitation in tire country By the aid. of leaf­

----- ktSy-so as to spread among the peasants the idea of throwing'off tl e ' barren of rDortgageSj and" o f introducing comnnyiarl ownership and now we intend to attack regularly one place after another, •*. ■ —‘ Frie.debcrg, from Berlin, was here lately; He has just made a tour of propaganda through Germany ; he -is convinced* that the spirit of the German unions is quite diffeuent'from what people irnamned it was- after , the Congress of. the. union officials in Cologne,' He intends to

- FaijellrTouMed - the flfst sections of' tlfe S f e ! 5 itiMl»n.V‘Q l i ' t t 7 wrote” ,ls Swi,zeVlaml ■> tl"!- workers in CataloniaLadTdng since had their owrflsoeietiecr cei-ou our tuemii'vrote .— ; *;> ’ ’ .

rapid spread,and strength of the Spanish Internabjonal etc’ ' " ' • H iiL, ^ ' ss antr-mdttftm^gathenng-v'took place at *. 1 T '.a *«. i j i . opaiusn xuteinaojonat, etc. , Lucerne. . It consisted'of delegates from the f7ehiiian and. Frenrh**• t-An Swi zerland democratic'societies and' trade organisations existed, and also the Italians, representing about -1,000’njeii.i The Zurich coni-

which easily changed names to become sections o|. the; International:/^' ' r^de3 propose;! th^t I)r. -Friedeberg shmtld make a lecturing to u rJ-But they continued their electoral-.politics., and their Socialism was of- '"’i ah Switzerland and speak1 about his: Aharchist-Soeialthe deepest blue. In the J urasaian.Mountains;rLowever, tliese sec- ' - ; - Tflereqpon there-[arose a-very hot.au<hinteresting>(lebate about Parlih-tiomS by and byUhreiy over politics, and becahje lIL uw —V A J ’ ’ 'Gollectivjst groups. This'was done under theexperience, political; 'ahd.economical,and ,the- details o f,th is typical .evolution fillsa krg?;.paH of Gfujllaumo’s book. Again, flhis reads like Etopia in reaHife. -Here are, £s ,T sard- before, working, men iisingi the ' political machinery Under the most favourable Conditions possible, and *

-set they arrive at the complete1 rejectionTf electoral politics;' ’ .j Thus,-this part ,of . the itbiy-rslhe emancipation o'f the ' Jurassian •

* ' a 1 i 61 St^ ° m pc'hticSj is as typical as the other part, the emancipation ofxthe International from J authority and the origin -Of—the modern

the views of hue Reveil: or Geneva (the organ, of pur comrades BerEon'i , au<t- Herzvg). • I t may also interest yefu to kqo^Uhat M l “the Swjss

delegates, with one* exception,' Vere,; manBal-workers, the youiigesff’of ■them being, thirty-five, and all of them pure-bred Swiss. P, . '• r ; - - ' ' . v ' - ' j - .- • • . * '

R ussia . V ” - l ,." ;. ;V “ On the last day tliat I was -in^Eiga two girls, received fifty strokes of

__ _ the lashTor stitching a led-flag,” So writes-a well-known correspondent to aAnarchist movement. And-tbe cbarhctbrs'are’all alive and soonhe^come- boma'-«^. tbe^pr>Hent situation \h

ders—Bakunin, Constant Meuron, “ " " l‘s' ’a at n rr,“” ... .. .... " " " ^ - ” 1 ’ ” ' 'T V a • B a a m a “P i _ . . 1 “n - . » (•' ’ i . ever so

andro-all filivA cno,-. C . T ' London- daily, and the brief senttffice sums '

familiar tp . the readers-Bakunin, Constant Meuron GuillamST' ' ®;»ssia “ a,p ’ r.flaw of rytoric t o l i t ni»t. I t is the old, old Russia ofSchwitzgbebel, Perro2, Y S lin , Dei V - * . ,W>many others.

[Of the book itself, it may be said that the author who, after leaving Switzerland in 1878, has for many years studied the history of the French Revolution from documents, ha3 .made every effort to be scrupulously exact, and 'discusses .on eaclrdoubtful detail the value of his sources, etc. He used -quantities of-old letters, written by-'himself- at the time, the contemporary publications now almost lost, and he has been able to supplement this by the great number of., documents and letters of Bakunin which came td.'light since tho:>e days. • *

A s be tells the greater part of. the events almost day by day as

ssia as a greater flow of rhetoric Hifght not.! w.k'fi^the^chajig. aiKl fire Scaffold, the.Tsardom that, unashamed, has’

faced the world \stf£ce Peter'the Great-put his only son to the terthre. and -' stood gloating over‘Ids agony. lRach Tsar, that-ha-& reigned after this

1 supreme devil has ruled his people in tire same way when they'showed * restivepess. Aud/ioW the weakest and smallestJof the brood ,shuffles about- his palace-prisop impervious to the cry of his suffering people, applauding the cruelty of his officials, or by very silence ratifying it, dfflim we can leave' tot late. u“ 0n-somebodyV soul all this must fall,” said aTu isvoitclack to-ra friend of the writer.- *It will. A few extracts from a recent letter from one • of '.the. capitals may interest our) readers: “ From the. first niome'fit-of'*

‘ arrival the prevailing fueling o£ suppression took Isold of'oue, and is only : ^ ngthened by later impressions. .Just now ever} thing goes smoothly,

Taffic, business, etc. ; the. streets are full of. people, but everything is so! "Chey happened, events of general find of minor importance- are’oftetff sullen, so lifeless ; but for tire occasional |liout of a sleigh-driver one would put side by side, and the accidental reader will find tbig a' drawback thiuk ifc aqi^ of g^ost?-—no gaiety; ire sm|Jfi even. v On every Street

' Ik ought, however, to give an impulse to him to master'the sirWect’ ^ and8au arnled policeman'with a loaded rifle beside him; apd.the ' ', more thorbughlv, for 'almost everyth in o- ic rtf « y^f tioops aie leady at a moments notice to begin (•lreir bloody work at the'mi.:- ln'cifnE v Vide i j . A a ©itain iiimpdi’tance. slightest attempt at street disturbance. Forty ■ thousand men and womenMarxist wilfcers fW H t0 ^ an. eMentiMsified by • are in piflsoh as ‘ politicals ’U.)ad food, ill-treatment,' and typhus are helping ”Marxist wnfceis th at.th e ocular demonstration of them bad faith is ’ to kill thrfem off as much as the soldiers’ ballets.. 'Evefy- morning the naners valso of typical valuq, aiid the reader who knows the'tafes of Marx will ................................. 'enjoy the. complete demolition of the ..Marxist system1 of.,writing

'history. . . X , . r . ■ =Ifc is a-.^reat pity that other' pounfcries hai^Ms yet* no similar books

on the International... Anselmo Borenzo ■published three' years *. - ■ ; . r

ago

.. ,, . - —/ery-morning the papers.contain endless orders from1 the different governors, each more senseless, and cruel, than the other. ; Ope was to the effect thar if in a certain southern village A single dagger was found, the place .Would be burnt to the ground. Of the cruelties going on in the Baltic provinces T canireb"-write r-tp think of them makes one'nok only sick, but savage. It is a stiflin condition. A day of retribution musb come. ; , , Cob Id you jmt se

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FREEDOM. . March, 1906- *-

»r -dwellaMn-^ajcU--vtbe-poverthut, that the people are packed-.together in a small apace like 'herrings, that they are not shot because their labour is-needed’,, while they are but ' dirt in the" eyes »of. the Government!-. ". * j. -Forgive me for saving so

. much A’houfc the conditions here—bot one cannot forget them—one breathes ' them.” (That last—wl\£ ‘a significant phrase !) * . , •" .

Until with increased pay and better food the Government ■feagain got the whip-hand' of the troops, a show of leniency, of, imnay be, *’ studied pusillanimity, seemed best for coping with the situation ; but once with’ an army. behind him, Nicholas', again is master for a.’’time. Perhaps it is best so. Future Gapons and leaders will not again point to.a Duma as a possible step to freedom ; the people themselves now know- that not a promise, not a, word‘spoken by'their rulers ig to be believed;' “these will lie and lie, kill-anfi killv *So has it always been, ao.in Russia-’ w ill- if always be while an autocrat sRs on the throne. * -Both-.must go. But- meanwhile ? Meanwhile every thinking • man, every, out-spoken

< (woman, the “ intellectuals,” Socialists, peasants,- all who of late have dared to act or speak freely, are being massacred or imprisoned, .. When the reactionist party grows weary of the smell of blfiod it^will paused and then, theh the peasants will haVe something to say. Nowthey.are 'sulUn and silent. They see their women stripped and lashed by soldiers,

’.their homes burnt, their trusted leaders .shot without trial before their ’ ey£a,. Defenceless, their amis gone,* they can but stand and. wait., “ On somebody’s soul all this'must fall.” ■ ' , . . . „ * :

Due of the signs of the ti’rues is the increase of Anarchist groups. • One . year ago Russia hardly knew what Anarchism meant, ’ Now it is-nor

longer, so, for the, new field'has proved a fruitful soil. -As usual, the ihabitual activity ,and determination o f1 those of our creed has led to,- extreme measures! being taken against, them by the Gcwerlinient.' p o f ' AvowedTAharchisfcs 1here is im quarter. ■„ They tare"iTrot orlning without trial in batches wherever found. And this is happening so_ .frequently where a bomb explodes or an official is executed, that'ft is quite- apparent the name is used byMhe authorities to cloak their constant butcheries of '

-ravoUitionArry Socialist^!—Riisaiaia too vast, for ..Anarchist influence tojiavp . risen in one year .to the height claimed for it by Witte’s mercenaries, and the crimson* hands of the gendarmerie and Cossacks need whitewash even in Russia. Anarchist? Haug him. Social-Democrat ? Call him Anarchist- and shoot him. How simple, and saves so much trouble ! --Well, brothers,

L4-T-EM. Nettlaii writes: In Freedom, December last, I called attention

to an* early English Anarchist; pamphlet-which seems almost lost now, and I guessed that its author was A. C. Cvddon. .This is confirmed -bya paper.which Miv/B. R. Tucker, editor of Liberty (P.'O. Box 1,312, New York/, lcindly sent rnd. The PerioSmaL Letter dn the Principles and' Progress of' the 'Equity Movement, vol. jL> No. 4, jQsiah Warren’s, papbr (Modern T im escontains long extracts from “ Tract No. 1 ” of tlie London Confederation of Rational- R efo rm er” (pp. 52—57), besides a letter from J. Warren, to A? 0. Cuddon, in which the'words occur—“ believing.you to have been the author of the fpregoing tract.”

The Question remain^, W hat became of A. C. Guddon after .1862, and are there other; Anarchist writings of his besides the tract and the statement of principles’(1854), the notes to Burke’s Vindication (1S58), which.can safely be ascribed ^o.-him, and the articles in the Dorking Man and the Cosmopolitan Review' (1861-1862) ? • . . -

OPENING OF A NEW’ CLUB IN THE EAST END.

TFTu, life we i two £>f a cr-eed cliffer., death makes ns one, and co‘,die for a people and a‘ cause under any naaie,, be lit Socialist or Anarchist,, folds us in the-self-same and sublime shroud. . ‘ ,

F ran ce. - * , * ' . _ \ V. Anti-militarism is at present the chief point of interest in French revolu­

tionary circles. The savag-e sentences; passed recently-on. the signers of thq,. Paris poster that drew downtlie thunder of the law have neither scotched^ nor- lulled the advocacy of human brotherhood by antbrniUbpista as the- authorities hoped they would. • This plsjcarcl had “perhaps twenty signatories ; -now, we hear of others posted boldly in every tending garrison town, some wj,tlj. eighty-three .-.

- signatures/, others with over a Thousand, all calling upon the conscripts-ito refuse to'light another nation at the inerfecoimnand of the governing part v. - No people,' aV the posters point out; has a constant clepire to fly at its, neighbour's, throat-ill-feeling is Mwt^-todx^place-d a-rlthe dooijj of the respective'.Cabinets, . seldoiit to the nations themselves. The bropajj*uida- increases daily’. and- the 'authorities are at their wits-’ end h'ow to snpprmTt^ At pr'feseiit-they ■ content themselves .with fines and imprisonment, both of which are cheerfully home by ■ the delinquents, ami as these swell in numbers (witness the thousahd'bdd.

' siguatuiasAttached to a recent placard), prosecutiou becomes co.stly. BTa.k|n'in its entirety, the question is by no means an easy oiie. There are t kites' men,must fight—that is, so long’as tlie present system lasts! It is hardly likely that, the Germans could walk rough-shod over France without thefliottest anti*

< militarist risingfin wounded pride to knock down one of‘them, and after that an many as he could; MMbrfn nature is the rock-bed ,of all action.. No man will , stand calmly by to sen wife and children ill-treated or fits house burnt over iits head-. At such moments he mujst raise his hand-fir be no man. But it is only those countries wherjv conscription is rife that know the true meaning'of a standing army, of militarism. * ’Even (n England,- ivithont. conscription, -the vmiousness of barrack-life is an open secret, while the canips-ili India are hot­beds, of unspeakable, degradation .and-- vice,— These things, though m'vt-v , publicly alludipd.to, are well known. Still, in England only a percentage of the population is liable To contamination—-on the Continent eVery woman’s" son has to pass through the fire. And no matter how peaceably disposed a man,by jiiitnve may be,- there something that essentially brutalises Mtn when for one or three years he lives surrounded by talk Or scenes' of blood ajkI away from all -that is elevating to the mi ml and morals. You have but to look down, a weekly list of murders, of assault and cruelty of.one farm-or another, to note tlliftj’iu. almost every siiiglS case the cviminal lias been oi: is. a soldier. The nations!,ate slowly awakening- .to the. full .horror of uii-litariftim and France, as usual, is to'tlie fore. Also as usual, it is a question the people will,.have to solvent)!1 themselves—no 'Government will help -fcheiq to it, bqt •gather baffle tiibin to the utmost. - . ‘ ‘ . ' . - - - ,_ L _ — bl—,— -— ^ -----:— — ---------- -------— ----------

■ \ , l ■ ’ <‘ ■ . . 'i ^

The Workers1, Friend Cluj3 and Institute, .“ • 1C5, JU B IL E E STREET, M ILE END, ~E. , * •

* There has been. much rejoioing amonBthe JeWish.corovades recently, and- Fe 1 nura-fy 3 was quite, aired-letter day for tbejm.' The “ Workers’ Friend ” Club

was opened on that day at Jubi.lee-Btreety Mile. End. The meeting was well atfended-,'. and the hall, thpngli large, was pa eked almost to overfioWing. Comrade llocl«r opened proceeqiugsi «nll spfike of the many trials and pprsecu- . tj'o'ns iRhich had rijeen tlieu'^pSi-ience during the last -few years, and liow-it had . '

--fini<Hy';cTtlmttmterl--4a-;tdtrvtet-m'imttjAimi7t-ergefe-a--plnb^HIreRmraTi7-- hrs-Tm4- - -no\r been aecomplislied by the Federation' of Yiddislv-speakrng Anarchist groups.

There was a great burst of enthusiasm when Kropdtkin arrived, and efiper aftei';C,heer went up as he made Ins way ter the. platform'. He began by saving ho’.w"much pleasure itv gave him tcf. be present’ on such an occasion, and-lie

•'--m hce*^-^-ch«gtate;vlatedltha_'eoinra<lest.M sA uift-hall for theiy new.* home; and also tliht it had been done-out .of- their own hard-earned pence with­

out any m!ddle-class..assistance.“ ' He wished them every success in their under­Faking.' He alscr-matie touching reference tb'our comrades in'-Russia. .“ The hearts of.'our brothers,” he srtTdy^'will •be'gladden.ed to knew-that here in Lon­don you ha 'e’h lieme wliem-they w ill. be : sure of .‘finding, a welcome- awaiting ’ them’if circumstances' should-force them to leave, the land where they .are now

- fighting so nobly foi'the cause of Liberty '/ . / . . \ • • ,' Comrade J. ,Turner-gave a short" 'hut very fnteres'ting account df-the-eteV

Beimer Street Club, whicli,?;Jiixany comrades will” doubfi remember. He' ;' expressed tlie hope and'belief tljafc tbis iiew-ventu'rp, would prove the-menns of

helping on both, the English an j ' Jewish; propaganda, and., wopld bring both, ‘- sections, more in touch with each other.-"E. Leggatt and others also .spoke. ’

Letters and tetegrams from comrades in Hull, Norwich, and Belfast, also from Comrade MalateSta, were received, each wishing hearty.success"and prosperity. .- Vocal'ami anstruinentaUmpsic, followed by dancin-g,-brought a very enjoyable

^{fveniug to ayc’ipjse'. \ ___ ‘ •- . . ..E-nglis-b'. classes are'in. pvbgfess, also lectures in A’iddisJiy and'ft’serves :of .

tei,hiiical.,lecture.a ^..beiiig arranged. 'On Snnday-rnqmings English lectures oii if hi; SociuLq u es t ion. are - being gh^nypYhilst Sunday evenings'are pleasantly oecu- r pi^Hiy -veadi-ngs--frbm faniops. tliinkm-s. . ' L • ■ • •" *

. A*Snnilay Scliboi for ‘the children,is to be started as soon as arrangements aye complete.* vijt-'i’ to Be hoped-that, all-CQaiiirdes who-are able will find anoppoidiiuity To visit the club? and, thus give the comrades-the encouragement

.-tlfty-flescrve,..L yL.....:..r ■■■; r’ *.. ‘ • ■ LAlia.s Wess. _

* M O N tH L Y - ACKNOW LEDGM ENTS. f.y.U- ‘V ' •-. ' ■ ' v'--. ' ■- - . • .-„■■■ -V • ._;. -*1 - : ■■ I.FiiEEUdai Gm'fflntee Fwid.MP. K/JOs.-, ’N. Ht Glassb 10a.^Ac M. os, ^

‘ .'FbekhuMMlubseriptiorisiMj?. Casanove Is. (3d., A. ,yly Stirling 4Lr-fid,, J. •“BTeming Is. . 6d., Poiisarcl Jeune 1 s. 6d!

•^Sales' o f 'FkbedojL'- -'M, Paul Is,, J, McAra Ss., P. blandl Is. 4d., R,.Gunderson , 2s..‘0® ^ T f^ . Melinsky 2s. 8d,, Dn.Mauthner Is. 6d., A. TSqhertqek Is. 4d,,

r y - , I).,1 Os. ;-P, Josephs 5s,, ;A. .Pollock 2s. Sd., MorleitSs. t • • 1 ’• PalinpJdet cLif?'ioo&7; '■'Sal^s.r-B; G'.'Smith “2a. fidP, J- ileA fa filTls. 61., A, M- .-

* Us,fficL, F. Large:2sJ >I.. Groves SsUfiL, R- Morleifc 2s.-, P. L'andl4s 6d., A”.Vt. Howie- 2s. 6(1.; M, Roche 3s., T. N.'Melinsky Li ds. 4^d.,JV\. J, lilac^u'tiiey 5s., J. Fleming,] 8s. 6(1.,, Tschertock 3s,, P., Iv. 2s.,H.‘ Croxford-2s., A.- “Brooks Is. lOd. ■r

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