pursued by the manner of trawls or seines, or stupefied by poisons or dynamite. If it does move it will put its head in a gill-net, be entangled in trammel nets, or enter into one kind of trap or another. ranging from the enormous tuna traps of the Mediterra- nean to devices that look more like rat traps or rabbit snares (Figure 249) than anything used by a normal fisher- man (though this volume shows that it is wrong to think of anything so standardized as a ‘normal’ fisherman). If it attempts to feed it will be caught by hook or line or another variety of trap. At any moment cast nets may drop on it from above, or lift nets hoist it up in the air, and if it does leave the water in fright, or like salmon to leap over an obstacle, it will find special- ized gears (Figure 361, Figure 364) awaiting it. And so on through several hundred separately identified methods.

And yet. A favourable review will often note that the book reviewed will fill a significant gap on the shelves. Certainly this book will have a place in any fishery library, but it leaves partial or complete gaps to each side of it. On the more practical side the inevitably small space allowed for each indi-

vidual gear means that the descrip- tions are far from sufficient as practic- al guides on how to fish. On the policy side the book gives little systematic information on the relative contribu- tions of the different types of gear to the world’s fish supply, and how these contributions are changing. The gaps on the practical side can be filled, sometimes very well, by existing books, volumes such as those of David Thomson on seine fishing (from the same publishers), and others listed in the extensive bibliography, including FAO fishery manuals, can provide much of the needed information.

The gap on the policy side is more serious. The FAO gear congresses of a couple of decades ago came at the beginning of - and indeed played a significant part in - a dynamic burst of development of fishing methods, in which the emphasis was on being bigger and better. In the industrialized world the picture was dominated by the super-trawler and the super- seiner, and even the poorer countries were putting their efforts into modern mechanized fishing rather than tradi- tional methods.

All this has now changed. Changes in the law of the sea ended the

CFP: the first two years THE COMMON FISHERIES POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

by Mark Wise

~ethuen, London, 1984

The Council of Ministers of the Euro- pean Community adopted a common fisheries policy (CFP) adapted to the new international regime of 200-mile fishery zones on 25 January 1983. Since then the EEC Commission has been responsible for managing fishery resources within the European Com- munity zone and for proposing mea- sures to modernize the Community fishing fleet and stabilize the common market in fish. In addition the Com- mission has negotiated fisheries agree- ments with third countries as diverse as Canada and the Cape Verde is-

lands. The Community’s new in- spectorate has scored some successes, including the much publicized expo- sure of ‘grey market’ operations in the Netherlands. TACs and quotas for 1985 were adopted in good time be- fore the start of the fishing year. But fishermen are reluctant to accept the discipline of Community regulations and have discovered numerous techni- ques for evading them. Nonetheless after two years of operation the CFP has established itself as the only inter- national fisheries regime which is effectively backed by the force of law. The CFP is the Community’s second integrated commw policy, following the Common Agricultural Policy, and as such marks an important stage in the process of European integration.

Given the significance of the CFP it is scarcely surprising that it has drawn considerable scholarly attention.

Book reviews

dominance of long-distance fishing; successive oil crises emphasized the need for fuel economy; and full or overexploitation of many stocks switched attention from the most powerful fishing methods to those that were most economic or best served national or local social needs.

These issues were addressed at the earlier FAO congresses. However there has not been any similar broadly based discussions of these problems since 1970 - they were not touched on to any significant extent at the 1984 FAO World Conference on Fishing Management and Development - and those wishing to find discussions of the fishing gear problems of the 1960s and 1970s will find these, and some ideas for the solutions of the problems, in the proceedings of those earlier con- gresses. The time seems ripe for furth- er congresses, and associated publica- tions, to address the gear problems of the 1980s and 1990s.

John GuNand FRS Centre for En~ifon~ental Technol~y

Topeka/ Co/lege of Scieme and Technology London, UK

Mark Wise’s attractively presented book is the third full-length study in English to have appeared since the new CFP was adopted.’ It comple- ments earlier studies in that it presents a geographer’s point of view rather than one based on political science or fisheries economics. The book con- tains several maps, tables, and ex- tracts from Community legislation which help to clarify the often abstruse arguments of ministers around the council table. The iong debate over access to coastal fishing grounds around the UK and Ireland is much easier to follow with the aid of Wise’s well-drawn maps. The book is particu- larly strong on the origins of the CFP. Wise explains the links between trade liberalization in the 1950s and 1960s and subsequent demands for common policies on markets, structures and conservation. The positions of differ-

MARINE POLICY July 1985 245

Book reviews

ent member states are related to their different industrial structures and to pressures from domestic interest groups. Hence, for example, the already well-organized producers’ organizations in Germany and the Netherlands saw less need for an expensive structural policy than their more vulnerable colleagues in France and Italy. Wise also sheds light upon the linkages between the ‘access’ issue and the problem of sharing out fish resources between the member states.

‘Access’ and ‘quotas’ have indeed been key issues but Wise tends to dwell on them to an extent which precludes systematic analysis of other aspects of the CFP. Between lY76 and 1983 the principal achievements of the CFP were the imposition of technical conservation measures by the Com- mission supported by the Court of Justice, in the absence of Council action, and the negotiation of bilateral and multilateral fisheries conventions. Yet these two areas are passed over quickly with little analysis of the issues

involved. Besides the inherent importance of

the Community’s long-term fisheries agreement with Canada, which estab- lished the precedent of an exchange between access to fishing grounds and access to markets, it and other third- country agreements had a consider- able impact on the debate over quotas. Similarly, the Community’s trade concessions on fish to Norway and Iceland, in the context of its free-trade agreements with these countries, created the point of depar- ture for demands by other third coun- tries. The Community’s tense annual negotiations with Spain about access for trawlers from Galician and Basque ports to the Community zone affected the development of the CFP and conditioned the subsequent enlarge- ment negotiations in which fisheries have, once again, proved to be one of the most recalcitrant problems. Nonetheless, Wise’s book glosses over external aspects of the CFP and does not analyse in any detail the implica- tions of Spanish and Portuguese acces- sion or indeed of Greenland’s with- drawal. Nor is there any discussion of the Community’s key role in negotiat- ing and implementing new interna-

246

tional fisheries conventions such as the North Atlantic Salmon Convention and the Antarctic Marine Living Re- sources convention. These conven- tions form an integral part of the acquis cornn7unautaire in fisheries and bring together important legal, ecolo- gical, political and conservation

issues. It is unreasonable to criticize a book

for not addressing issues which it did not set out to examine. But the reader may well expect a work entitled The Common Fisheries Policy of the Euro- pean Community to provide a compre- hensive introduction to the subject, including both internal and external aspects. It would also have been in- teresting for a study appearing nearly two years after the settlement of Janu- ary 1983 to have attempted some assessment of the CFP’s operation at

least during its first year. But this may have been precluded by production schedules. Nevertheless, The Com- ~ZOFZ F~~~~lerie,~ Poticy of the European ~omrnunity is a useful addition to the literature and may encourage geog- raphers to take a greater interest in the European Community.

Dr Leigh, who wrote this review in a personal capacity, is a European Com- munity official and former Vice Chairman of the North West Atlantic Fisheries Orga- nization.

‘Michael Leigh, European Megration and the Common Fisheries Policy, Croom Helm, London, 1983; John Farnell and James Ellis, In Search of a Common Fisheries Policy, Gower, Aldershot. 1984.

Handsome set of ocean maps

THE TIMES ATLAS OF THE

OCEANS

edited by Alastair Coupet

Times Books Limited, London, 1983,

272 PP

With the growing interest, world- wide, in matters relating to the nature,

use, and control of the oceans a concomitant growing need has de- veloped for relevant maps, diagrams, statistical tables, and concise explana- tory texts relating to these topics. There have, it is true, been many thematic maps, tables, and other de- scriptive data published on such sub- jects as the floor of the oceans, marine uses in regional seas, or the global patterns of ocean trade routes. But each of these tends to present only one perspective of the oceans, unon- netted with other aspects of the marine environment. In The Times Atlas of the Ocean; we have, for the first time, a truly comprehensive and coordinated approach to ocean affairs, depicted by over 400 maps, diagrams, and colour photographs, sup- plemented by numerous tables, charts and explanatory texts.

This publication is the latest in the series of atlases published by Times Books of London, and is designed ‘to be of value to the marine specialist, useful for the policy-maker and com- prehensible to any intelligent person who wishes to know more about ocean research, resources, uses and policies’. Within its 208 pages of cartographic materials are maps ranging in size from two-page spreads to small in- serts, two- and three-dimensional dia- grams, and photographs of objects ranging from mesopelagic lantern fish to the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz. and from waterspouts off California to salt pans on the coast of Lebanon. The colour reproduction is magnificent.

The atlas consists of four parts, each divided into sections. First is ‘The ocean environment’, deafing with the geography of the ocean basins and their bottom topography, seafloor spreading and the drifting continents, the ocean-atmosphere system, and the biological environment - including plankton, benthic organisms, fishes, and ocean birds. Included in this section are also such topics as global winds and weather, oceanic circula- tion, waves, tides, hurricanes, and the polar oceans. Abbreviated texts de-

MARINE POLICY July 1985