The Colonies Become New Nations

Chapter 18

The Indian Subcontinent

Section 1

Discuss

• 1. Who had colonies?

• 2. What are colonies?

• 3. Name some of the colonies.

Independence

• Indians fight for the British in World War II• Gandhi leads noncooperation movement

Independence

Hindus• 350 million • Congress Party

Muslims• 100 million• Muslim League• Leader = Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Independence

• Britain has war debts• Muslims do not want independence

with Hindu dominated govt. • Riots between Hindus and Muslims• Partition = divide India into 2

nations• India – Hindu• Pakistan = Muslim

• 1947 – Britain says two nations will be created in one month

Independence

• 10 million people on the move• 1 million die

Independence

• Gandhi asks Hindus to treat Muslims better• He is killed in 1948

The Battle for Kashmir

Modern India

• Independent 1947• Nehru = first prime minister• Democratic• Neutral during the Cold War

Modern India

• 1974 – nuclear weapon• 1984 - Indira Gandhi is

assassinated by Sikh extremists who want their own nation• 1998 – Pakistan has a nuke

Pakistan

• 1971 – Civil War – East Pakistan breaks away from West Pakistan and calls itself Bangladesh

• Bangladesh is helped by India

• Pakistan loses

• Bangladesh’s economy struggles

Sri Lanka

• Former British colony• Buddhists vs. Hindus• Civil war continues today

Annotation Notes (First Servant of the Indian People)

• Underline major points using a pen/pencil

• Circle key words/phrases that are confusing

• Use margin to write quotations, connections, surprises, etc.

15

Get into groups

• Reread paragraph 2

• What does he mean when he says “rid ourselves of the burden of the past?”

• Reread paragraph 3

• What responsibilities is he referring to?

• Reread paragraph 7

• How does the Indian government plan to solve its economic problems?

• Reread paragraph 8

• What are the conflicts he is referring to?

Southeast Asia - Independence

Section 2

The U.S. and the Philippines

• 1946 – Independence• Bell Act = free trade between

the two countries and U.S. will send $620 million• U.S. keeps military bases until

1992

The Philippines

• Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1985) – steals hundreds of millions $• Corazon Aquino (1986-1992)–

more democratic govt. and new constitution• Moro National Liberation Front –

radical Muslims gain their own region in the south

Burma (Myanmar)

• Independence (1948) - British• Communists and ethnic

minorities• Military govt. prevents

democratic leader Aung San Suu Kyi from leading

Malaysia

• Former British colony• Many ethnic groups • Malaya, Sarawak, Sabah• Singapore forms its own country

Indonesia

• Independence from the Dutch in 1949• 300 ethnic groups, 250

languages• Sukarno = tries to build

democratic nation• Suharto = general puts down the

rebellion and takes control -> kills a million people -> corrupt,

East Timor

• 2002 – independence from Indonesia after much bloodshed and UN intervention

Assignment

• Pp. 575

• Questions 1-5

• On the top of your paper• Name • Period• Questions 1-5 pp. 575

Conflicts in the Middle East

Section 4

Israel

Israel

Jews• 3,000 years ago Jewish kings

ruled from Jerusalem

Palestinians• Land has belonged to them since

the Jews were driven out in A.D. 135

Arabs – conquered the area in 600 A.D.

Israel

• Jewish people settled in different countries (Diaspora) starting around A.D. 135

• Late 1800s – Zionists (Jews who wanted their own country) returned to Palestine

• Britain took control of the region after WWI

Israel

• 1917 – Balfour Declaration – the idea to create a Jewish country fails

• After WWII – the U.S. and European nations feel sympatric toward the Jewish people

• UN – 1947 – Palestine is divided into a Jewish state and Palestinian state

• Jews = 35% of pop. and 55% of land

Israel

• All Islamic countries voted against its creation

• 1948 – Israel is created

Israel vs. Arab States

• Day after Israel obtains independence they are invaded • Israel wins• Palestinians do not obtain land

to create their own country • Palestinians rejected to having

only part of the mandate

1956 Suez Crisis

• Israel defeats Egyptians but UN gives control of the canal back to Egypt

Arab-Israeli Wars

• Six Day War - 1967

• Egypt plans attack on Israel • Israel defeats Egypt and its allies• Palestinians who lived outside

Jerusalem were not offered Israeli citizenship

Arab-Israeli Wars

• 1973 – Yom Kippur War

• Arabs lose

Palestine Liberation Organization

• Israel keeps a lot of Palestinian land for national security• PLO is formed in 1964 = want the

creation of a Palestinian country • Achieve their goal by attacking

Israel

Camp David Accords

• American Pres. Jimmy Carter invites Israeli and Egyptian leader to his camp• Israel agrees to return the Sinai

Peninsula• Egypt recognizes Israel as

legitimate country

Issues with the Palestinians

• Many Palestinians lived in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (occupied by Israel)• Intifada = uprising against Israel• After a lot of fighting Israel

withdraws from several Palestinian regions

New Nations in AfricaSection 3

What does Africa look like in the 1800s?

Independence

• After WWII, Europeans are more likely to grant independence• Many Africans helped Europeans fight in WWII

• Problems• Europeans created artificial borders• Traditional ethnic enemies locked into the same country• Create new economies

Ghana

• 1957 – Kwame Nkrumah attains independence from British• Mostly non-violent• New roads, schools, health care facilities hurt the economy• Military take over in 1966• First open elections in 2000

Kenya

• Violence = 10,000 Africans die fighting the British • Led by Jomo Kenyatta and Mau Mau (farmers using guerrilla tactics)• 1963 – independence• Ethnic problems• Free elections in 2002

Algeria

• 1 million French colonists live in Algeria• After WWII they do not want to grant independence• Violence• Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) wins in 1962• Fight for power continues between Islamic militants and military govt.

Congo

• Belgians took most of their rubber and copper• Civil war takes place after independence• Mobutu (army officer) seizes power in 1965• One party rule for 32 years• Temporary peace currently

Angola

• Portuguese colony• Bloody war until 1972• Civil war between communists and non-communists ends in 2002

Rwanda

• Independence 1962• 30 year fight between Hutus and

Tutsis (2 main ethnic groups)• Rwandan president (Hutu) died

in a mysterious plane crash• Hutus slaughtered about 1

million Tutsis

In Their Own Words - Procedure

• Break into groups of 3-4

• Read and annotate each document independently

• As a group you will answer the guiding questions

• As a class we will share our responses to the discussion questions

Annotation Notes • Underline major points using a pen/pencil

• Circle key words/phrases that are confusing

• Use margin to write quotations, connections, surprises, etc.

53

Annotate – The Perpetrator

• Independently

Guiding Questions with Group

The Perpetrator

• Paragraph 7-8

• Why did Pacifique confess?

• Reconciliation = the restoration of friendly relations

Annotate - The Victim

• Independently

Guiding Questions with Group

The Victim

• Paragraphs 4-6

• What does she think about the men who killed her family members?

Annotate – The Activist

• Independently

Guiding Questions with Group

The Activist

• Paragraph 5

• What do the Rwandans need to know? Why do they need to know this?

Annotate – Bill Clinton

• Independently

Guiding Questions

• With your group

Bill Clinton

• Discussion – in depth

• What do you know about the tribal tensions between the Tutsis and Hutus?

Central Asia Struggles Section 5

Describe how Kazakhstan is portrayed

Soviet Union Collapses

• 1991• 15 independent nations emerge

- Transcaucasian Republics

- Central Asian Republics

Why do they struggle?

Economic Problems

• Previously helped by the Soviet Union • Soviets made them grow cotton “white gold” and not much else

Azerbaijan oil

Ethnic Problems

• Soviet Union prevented ethnic fights from occurring

• Azerbaijan = mostly Muslim country with some Armenian Christians fight from 1991-1994

Afghanistan

• Britain fought three wars for control of the borders of its Indian Empire

• British leave in 1919

• Short experience with democracy

• Military leaders with ties to the Soviet Union take over in 1979

• Many Afghans felt communist policies conflicted with teachings of Islam

Afghanistan

• Mujahedeen – holy warriors/rebel forces – fight against the Soviet-supported govt.

• Soviet Union sends their tanks in

• Mujahedeen – use guerilla tactics and are helped by the U.S.

• Soviet Union leaves after a ten year war

Taliban

• Afghan rebel groups fight for control

• Taliban, a conservative Islamic group, wins

• Bring order and business growth

• Extreme interpretation of Islamic law: women cannot go to school, modern t.v. is banned

• Punishment = execution, amputation

Taliban

• Gave terrorist leaders like Osama bin Laden and other al-Qaeda members refuge after 9/11

• U.S. attacked after bin Laden was not handed over to us

• Taliban is driven from power

• Now = ?