THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR

ORIGINS & THE BERLIN ORIGINS & THE BERLIN BLOCKADE: 1948-49BLOCKADE: 1948-49

Post-Yalta TensionsPost-Yalta Tensions

► Yalta Success…at Yalta Success…at firstfirst

► Soviet Aim Clear: Soviet Aim Clear: ExpansionExpansion

► Reasons Not So ClearReasons Not So Clear

► Straining of Allied Straining of Allied RelationsRelations

‘‘Visiting the Romanian capital, Vyshinsky Visiting the Romanian capital, Vyshinsky (the Soviet deputy Minister for Foreign (the Soviet deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs) stormed into the King’s study, Affairs) stormed into the King’s study,

slammed his fist on the table and slammed his fist on the table and demanded a new, pro-Moscow demanded a new, pro-Moscow

government. When the King of Romania government. When the King of Romania demurred, noting the Yalta Agreement demurred, noting the Yalta Agreement guaranteed free elections, Vyshinsky guaranteed free elections, Vyshinsky

looked at his watch. “I will announce the looked at his watch. “I will announce the new government in exactly two hours new government in exactly two hours

and five minutes,” Vyshinsky snapped, and five minutes,” Vyshinsky snapped, and stalked out, slamming the door so and stalked out, slamming the door so

hard the plaster cracked.’hard the plaster cracked.’

The Potsdam ConferenceThe Potsdam Conference

Potsdam’s ResultsPotsdam’s Results

► Decisions ReachedDecisions Reached Germany would be split Germany would be split

into 4 zones of into 4 zones of occupation, each run by occupation, each run by an allied armyan allied army

Germany was to be Germany was to be disarmeddisarmed

The Nazi Party would be The Nazi Party would be abolishedabolished

War criminals put on trialWar criminals put on trial Germany to pay Germany to pay

reparations for war reparations for war damagesdamages

► No DecisionsNo Decisions They did not draw up a They did not draw up a

peace treaty with peace treaty with GermanyGermany

They did not agree on a They did not agree on a frontier between Poland frontier between Poland and Germanyand Germany

They did not confirm the They did not confirm the promise they had made promise they had made at Yalta to allow at Yalta to allow democratic elections in democratic elections in eastern Europe.eastern Europe.

The Division of Europe: East & The Division of Europe: East & WestWest

The Atomic BombThe Atomic Bomb

► Tension IncreasesTension Increases

► Successful Test of A-Successful Test of A-BombBomb

► USSR Aware of A-USSR Aware of A-BombBomb

►Dropping of bombs Dropping of bombs on Japanon Japan

Europe 1945-1948: The Iron Europe 1945-1948: The Iron CurtainCurtain

The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain

An iron curtain is drawn An iron curtain is drawn upon their front. We do upon their front. We do not know what is going not know what is going on behind. There seems on behind. There seems to be little doubt that to be little doubt that the whole of the regions the whole of the regions east of the line Lubeck-east of the line Lubeck-Trieste-Corfu will soon Trieste-Corfu will soon be completely in their be completely in their hands.hands.

- Churchill to - Churchill to TrumanTruman

The Soviet Union’s loss of life (in The Soviet Union’s loss of life (in WWII) has been several times WWII) has been several times greater than that of Britain and greater than that of Britain and the USA put together…So what is the USA put together…So what is so surprising about the Soviet so surprising about the Soviet Union, anxious for its future Union, anxious for its future safety, trying to see that loyal safety, trying to see that loyal governments should exist in these governments should exist in these countries?countries?

- Stalin- Stalin

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

► US Response to US Response to Stalin: George Kenan Stalin: George Kenan & the & the Long TelegramLong Telegram

► Greece Left Alone?Greece Left Alone?

► Britain No Longer Britain No Longer Capable of Capable of SupportingSupporting

► The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

At the present moment nearly At the present moment nearly every nation must choose every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based on one. One way of life is based on the will of the majority and is the will of the majority and is distinguished by free institutions, distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and liberty, freedom of speech and religion and freedom from religion and freedom from political oppression…political oppression…

The second way of life is based The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed controlled press and radio, fixed elections and the suppressions of elections and the suppressions of personal freedoms. I believe it must personal freedoms. I believe it must be the policy of the USA to support be the policy of the USA to support free peoples who are resisting free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.by outside pressures.

- President Harry Truman- President Harry Truman

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

► The Beginning of The Beginning of American AidAmerican Aid

► US Secretary of US Secretary of State, George State, George MarshallMarshall

► The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall PlanThe US should do whatever it The US should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic return of normal economic health in the world, without health in the world, without which there can be no which there can be no political stability and assured political stability and assured peace. Our policy is directed peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and poverty, desperation and chaos. Its purpose should be chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working the revival of a working economy in the world so as economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of to permit the emergence of political and social conditions political and social conditions in which free institutions can in which free institutions can exist. exist. - George Marshall- George Marshall

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

Stalin’s ReactionStalin’s Reaction

► Stalin Critical of Stalin Critical of Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine and Marshall Planand Marshall Plan

► Tightens Grip on Tightens Grip on Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

► Cominform and Cominform and ComeconComecon

The Division of EuropeThe Division of Europe

►Division of Europe Division of Europe Complete by 1948Complete by 1948

►Division More than Division More than Just a BorderJust a Border

TWO VISIONS OF TWO VISIONS OF GERMANY’S FUTUREGERMANY’S FUTURE

SOVIET EAST GERMANYSOVIET EAST GERMANY

► Keep Germany Keep Germany WeakWeak

►Make Germany PayMake Germany Pay

►German German CommunismCommunism

►No Marshall AidNo Marshall Aid

US, UK & FRENCH WEST US, UK & FRENCH WEST GERMANYGERMANY

► Capitalist West Capitalist West GermanyGermany

► Question of Keeping Question of Keeping Germany WeakGermany Weak

► Marshall Plan Aid to Marshall Plan Aid to West GermanyWest Germany

► Creation of the Creation of the DeutschmarkDeutschmark

► Growth of West Growth of West GermanyGermany

STALIN’S SUSPICIONSSTALIN’S SUSPICIONS

►Handling of Handling of Germany Germany Provocative?Provocative?

►No Power over No Power over Western ZoneWestern Zone

►Where did he have Where did he have power?power?

THE BERLIN BLOCKADETHE BERLIN BLOCKADE

► Force the Allies out Force the Allies out of Berlinof Berlin

► Closure of BerlinClosure of Berlin

► Impact on East Impact on East BerlinersBerliners

REACTION TO THE CLOSURE REACTION TO THE CLOSURE OF BERLINOF BERLIN

► Berlin will not be Berlin will not be abandonedabandoned

► The AirliftThe Airlift

THE BERLIN AIRLIFTTHE BERLIN AIRLIFT

THE BERLIN AIRLIFTTHE BERLIN AIRLIFT

► Fear of WarFear of War

►Massive Massive CommitmentCommitment

► Statistics of the Statistics of the AirliftAirlift

► Cost of AirliftCost of Airlift

We are going to stay, period…even We are going to stay, period…even if it takes every Piper Cub in the if it takes every Piper Cub in the United States. If we move out of United States. If we move out of

Berlin, we have lost everything we Berlin, we have lost everything we are fighting for.are fighting for.

-President Truman-President Truman

We refused to be forced out of the We refused to be forced out of the city of Berlin. We demonstrated to city of Berlin. We demonstrated to the people of Europe that we would the people of Europe that we would act and act resolutely, when their act and act resolutely, when their freedom was threatened. Politically freedom was threatened. Politically it brought the people of Western it brought the people of Western Europe closer to us. The Berlin Europe closer to us. The Berlin Blockade was a move to test our Blockade was a move to test our ability and our will to resist.ability and our will to resist.

- President Truman- President Truman

BERLIN AIRLIFT: THE BERLIN AIRLIFT: THE RESULTSRESULTS

► Stalin ends the Stalin ends the blockadeblockade

►Military ThreatMilitary Threat

► Europe now totally Europe now totally divideddivided