The Cold War1945 – 1960

CHAPTER 19

EUPOPE: Following V-E Day, the dropping of the atomic bomb and Japan’s surrender, Allied countries (U.S., Great Britain, France and Soviet Union) carried out plans developed at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences.

Yalta Conference : Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met to plan for postwar peace.

1. Stalin would assist U.S. with Japan 3 months after German surrender

2. Divide & occupy Germany3. Plans for a new international peace

organization Potsdam Conference : Truman, Churchill (later Attlee) and

Stalin worked out details of German occupation.

1. Divided Germany into 4 zones (Soviets controlled the poorer, more rural eastern part)

2. Divided Austria into zones3. Crush Nazi Party and re-establish local

governments.4. Rebuild German industry5. Return German refugees to homes

All isn’t well… Allies nervous that Soviet Union occupied much of Eastern Europe and weren’t sure of the Soviets demand for immediate reparations from Germany.

JAPAN: U.S. occupied from 1945-1952 and Japan was destroyed – remember, they did get hit by TWO atomic bombs! Their economy & buildings were devastated!! This is what was done to stabilize Japan:

1. Hirohito remained in palace, but had no POWER!

2. Demobilization of several million troops3. New constitution & democratic government4. Constitution gave women rights, freedom of

religion and prohibited military power.5. Fixed economy by giving land to farmers,

allowed labor unions and broke up huge, single family corporations = zaibatsu

1

trialsNuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials

Where: Nuremberg, Germany Where: Tokyo, JapanWhen: Nov. 1945 – Sept. 1946 When: May 1946 – Nov. 1948What happened:

Tried Nazi leaders on planning the war, committing war crimes and other crimes against humanity and conspiring to commit the crimes.

What happened:

Persecuted the leaders of Japan’s military for war crimes. These trials set standards for international law and conduct of war holding countries and individuals accountable.

Outcome:

12 Nazi leaders = death7 Nazi leaders = jail time3 Nazi leaders = acquitted

Outcome:

7 Leaders = death Other leaders = life in prison

CREATION OF UNITED NATIONSMaintains world security, made of all officially recognized nations of

the world

General Assembly:- All member nations

Security Council: Security Council Responsibilities:- France - Veto power- Soviet Union - Makes decisions regarding

international - Great Britain disputes- China- United States

Student INVESTIGATION: Go to United Nations website; look at the OVERVIEW & PEACEKEEPING MISSION photos.http://www.un.org/Overview/uninbrief/index.shtml http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/gallery.jsp?mode=auto&query=organization%3AUNMIK%20AND%20category%3A%22Field%20coverage%22

On a separate piece of paper, write a 500 WORD PAPER describing the following information:

What the UN does to affect our lives today How the UN works TWO METHODS the UN uses to assist others and give examples

of countries they helped and how they helped those countriesUses Correct Grammar -4 5-6 7-8 9-10Includes how UN affects our life -4 5-6 7-8 9-10Includes how UN works -4 5-6 7-8 9-10Includes a Method of UN assistance and example -4 5-6 7-8 9-10

2

Includes a Method of UN assistance and example -4 5-6 7-8 9-10 /50

** PAPER DUE DATE OF TEST **

3

First Major Conflict

Palestine

Claimed by Jews & Arabs Many European Jews moved to after WWII – Arabs Protested!! 1947 – Britain turned issue to UN

They divided into two states Arabs rejected proposal

Victory for Zionism – movement seeking Jewish homeland British forces left Palestine in 1948 Zionist leaders proclaimed as Israel U.S. & Soviet Union recognized the new nation Caused ARAB-ISRAELI WAR

Arabs would not recognize Israel 1949 UN Agreement

Divided Jerusalem Gave Egypt Gaza Strip Gave Jordan West Bank of Jordan River Unresolved issues: What about Arabs living in Israel??

Cold WarThe competition between U.S. & Soviet Union for global power and influence.

Containment of Communism = Cold War

The Containment boxes to the left are an attempt to stop spread of Communism and the events on the right are responses to these efforts.

Soviet Union threatened that with it’s influence on Eastern Europe and it’s creation of Satellite Nations – Countries in Eastern Europe that had Communists governments imposed by Soviet Union in order to make sure they would side with Russia.

4

Israel(1949)

Containment Cold Warof Communism

WarsawPact

NATOFormed

MarshallPlan

BerlinAirlift

KoreanWar

Berlin Wall

CubanMissileCrisis

VietnamWar

Iron Curtain: Churchill’s reference to this spread of communism.

RESULTS: Led to an arms race that could have easily destroyed the world.

5

US Foreign Policy:to make sure communism would not spread

Truman Doctrine –

What: Policy to help any country fighting communism

When: 1947

Who/ Why U.S. aided: Congress approved $400 million to aid Greece & Turkey because we didn’t want them to become Communist countries

Marshall Plan –

What: A major effort to promote European recovery

When: 1948

Who/ Why U.S. aided: Aided Czechoslovakia when pro-Soviet Communists overthrew their government

Berlin Airlift –

What: US & British flew over 2 million tons of food & supplies to citizens of West Berlin

When: 1948

Who/ Why U.S. aided: Helped people of Berlin because Soviets cut all shipments to city hoping to drive Western powers out of Berlin

NATO –

What: North Atlantic Treaty Organization – Each member nation pledged to defend others in case of an outside attack.

When: 1949

Who/ Why U.S. aided: Stationed troops in Europe and gave aid to European allies

Warsaw Pact –

What: Soviet Union formed its own Communist alliance in response to NATO

When: 1955

Who was aided? Military alliance with other communist countries in Eastern Europe

6

Student INVESTIGATION:Look at Pg. 568-571 to fill in WKSH.

How Chinese Communists Gain Control of China

Leader of Communist Party:

Mao Zedong

Leader of Nationalist PartyChiang Kai-shek (Jiang

Jieshi)

Which side the U.S. supported and why did they support them?We supported the

nationalists because we did not

want the country to be a

communist government.

Opinion: Does the U.S. have a right to oppose a revolution supported by many of a country’s residents?OPINION – Answer yes or no – but include that most of the country supported the Communists

38th Parallel-Japan ruled Korea from 1910-1945

-WWII ended Japan rule and divided Korea

*Soviets occupied north - Communist North Korea (Kim Il Sung)*U.S. occupied south - Republic of Korea (Syngman Rhee)

-1949: U.S. & Soviets pulled troops out of Korea

-1950: North Korea invaded South Korea*June 1950: Led to U.S. supporting South Korea and conflict

-Douglas MacArthur commanded troops

7

Student INVESTIGATION:Look at Pg. 572to fill in graphic organizer and to answer questions.

1911 Chinese revolution left an unstable republic

1920’s A civil war started between Nationalists and Communists

During WWII Communists and Nationalists cooperated in order to resist Japanese attacks

1949 Mao’s forces gain control of most of China

Outcome: People’s Republic of China (Communist) – US rejects new gov. and supports Nationalist gov.

-In beginning U.S. & Southern forces not doing well

*Sept. 1950: U.S. counterattack

*Oct. 1950: UN forces went across 38th parallel

*Nov. 1950: China entered!!

*U.S. and UN forces fell back to 38th parallel

8

1. Explain the conflict between Truman and MacArthur during the Korean War?Truman did not want Korea to lead to another World War – MacArthur felt Korea was a world conflict between Democracy and Communism.

2. Explain the election of 1952:

Who were the candidates? Truman vs. Eisenhower

Who won? Eisenhower

Why did they win? He was patriotic “I like Ike” – or – he promised to resist communism and end the Korean War.

3. Describe how the Korean War ended.

Who ended it on the U.S. side? Eisenhower used military force to get peace negotiations moving

When did it end? July 27, 1953

What was the outcome? Divided country into 2 nations @ 38th Parallel – not much changed from before the war.

Why did the Korean War affect the status of democrats in the U.S.?Democrats lost a 20-year hold on the White House – or – Truman was unpopular because he fired MacArthur

How did this war affect the world? OPINION – but you can say we continued trying to contain communism, we learned the war did not change a lot, but it carried great loss of lives, money and items.

9

Student INVESTIGATION:Look at Pg. 575to answer the following questions in COMPLETE sentences.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Brinkmanship: policy in the 1950’s that would go all the way to the “brink of war” in order to stop communism-Eisenhower used “secret” means to pursue goals of containing communism

*CIA – gathered information and pursued

Cold War goals-Iran (1951)

*U.S. suspended aide*Used CIA to organize a coup

against Iranian leader

-Achieved goal of removing leader

-Caused anti-American feelings-Guatemala (1954)

*Suspected president of being communist

sympathizer*Used CIA to install a pro-U.S.

government-Achieved goal and reversed

reform programs-Caused resentment throughout Latin America

-Suez Crisis (1956)*U.S. refused to fund a large dam

in Egypt*Threatened western oil trade and

shipping to Israel

*Israel attacked Egyptian territory

-Britain & France took waterway

-Soviet Union threatened war -U.S. supported UN resolution

-Eastern Europe (1956)*Khrushev new leader of Soviet

Union and

10

accused Stalin of ruthless crimes*Hungarians demanded reform

-Wanted western style democracy and

secession from Warsaw Pact-Soviet leader crushed revolt-Pleaded for help from U.S.

*Eisenhower condemned actions,

but did not aid rebels*Allowed immigration to

U.S.-Eisenhower Re-elected (1956)-Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

* Military aid to Middle Eastern nations

seeking help in resisting Communist aggression.

-Thaw in Cold War (1959)*U.S. & Soviet Union to improve

relations and future discussion of arms reduction*May 1960: A U.S. U-2 plane shot down over Soviet Union*The U-2 Incident brought end to

the thaw

Life in U.S. during Cold War

3. What AGENCIES (2) and ACTS (1) were created to limit communism at home?

National Security Council (NSC) – Advised President on strategic mattersHouse Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – Looked into political ties of peopleInternal Security Act – Communist members and organizations had to register with the federal government4. How did these agencies and acts affect people living in the U.S.?

11

Student INVESTIGATION:Look at Pg. 579 to answer the following questions in COMPLETE sentences.

People were accused sometimes for no reason – or – EVERYONE was under suspicion

5. Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy held hearing to investigate Communist infiltration in the government. Why were the hearings important to the U.S.?

He waged war against communist sympathizers and ruined the lives and reputations of hundreds of US citizens with little or no evidence

Who were Ethel and Julius Rosenberg and what happened to them? (Pg. 580)Allegedly they provided Soviets with atomic energy secrets – there was a trial and they were executed in 1953

6. What were McCarthy’s tactics compared to? (Pg. 582)Salem Witch Trials – time when they hunted “witches” and convicted with little or no evidence

What is your opinion on this? Why do you feel this way?OPINION

7. Read pages 583-584 and explain 4 ways Americans reacted to the prospect of nuclear war and the launch of Sputnik.

-Turned to religion -Continued to support arms race & space exploration-Built bomb shelters -Conducted air-raid drills-Civil Defense educational campaigns -Organized SANE

12

Read the DIAGRAM OF SPY RING (http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_DIAG.HTM) and explain how McCarthy felt the Rosenberg’s were connected to Stalin.

Read 3 BIOGRAPHIES (http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_BIOG.HTM) of trial participants and answer the following questions.

1. Who did you read about?

How are they related to the trial?

List 3 IMPORTANT FACTS about this person from the biography:

1. 2. 3.

2. Who did you read about?

How are they related to the trial?

List 3 IMPORTANT FACTS about this person from the biography:

1. 2. 3.

3. Who did you read about?

How are they related to the trial?

List 3 IMPORTANT FACTS about this person from the biography:

1. 13

Student INVESTIGATION:Go to the Rosenberg Famous Trial website at: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/rosenb/ROSENB.HTM

2. 3.

Read THE JUDGES STATEMENT (http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_SENT.HTM) , what does the judge say about the Rosenberg’s AND how does this compare to your own opinion?

Read THE FINAL LETTERS TO THE SONS (http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_LTR.HTM ), why do you think there was outrage at their conviction and execution?

What can we learn about the Second Red Scare that can be applied to our lives today?

What can we learn about the Rosenberg Trial that can be applied to our lives today?

14

Vocabulary & MapDefine the following words /terms:

United Nations: Maintains world security – made of all officially recognized nations

General Assembly: All member nations of UN

Security Council: France, Soviet Union, GB, China, US have veto power and make decisions involving international disputes within the UNZionism: Movement of people seeking Jewish homeland

Containment: stop the spread of Communism

Satellite Nations: Countries in Eastern Europe that had Communist governments imposed by Soviet Union in order to ensure they support RussiaIron Curtain: Winston Churchill called the spread of communism this

Truman Doctrine: Policy to aid any country fighting communism

Marshall Plan: A major effort to promote European recovery

Berlin Airlift: US & British planes gave aid to people of West Berlin

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Org. – Member nations pledged to defend each other from outside attacksMao Zedong: Leader of the People’s Republic of China (Communist)

Kim Il Sung: Leader of Communist North Korea

Eisenhower Doctrine: Military aid to Middle eastern nations seeking help to resist CommunismU-2 Incident: Ending of Cold War thaw – Soviets shot down a US spy plane

McCarthyism: Convinced that spies and communists were everywhere

Sputnik: First artificial satellite - 1957

Hydrogen bomb: 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb

15

16

6. Japan7. China8. Soviet Union9. Great Britain10. France

Korean War – Key PlacesIdentify the following places on the map by labeling and coloring each location with a DIFFERENT COLOR.

1. United States2. Israel3. Syria4. Jordan5. Egypt

16. North Korea17. South Korea18. Iran19. Guatemala20. Suez Canal

11. Hungary12. Pacific Ocean13. Atlantic Ocean14. Honduras15. Brazil

1

14

19

15

13

9

10

11

518

8

7

612

17

16

Chapter 19 Review

Yalta Conference(Who was there, why was it held?)

FDR, Stalin & Churchill met BEFORE WWII was over in order to discuss peace efforts after the war.

Potsdam Conference(Who was there, why was it held?)

Truman, Churchill & Stalin met AFTER WWII was over and divided Germany into four zones and discussed how to rebuild industry & gov.

Nuremberg Trial(Where was it held, why was it held?)

Nuremberg, Germany - they decided the fate of Nazi leaders accusing them of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Tokyo Trial(Where was it held, why was it held and what did it set standards for?)

Tokyo, Japan – set standards for international law and conduct of war and it was held to hold individuals accountable for their actions.

United Nations(What is it, who is involved?)

Maintains world security, made of ALL officially recognized nations of the world

UN Security Council(What is it, what power does it have and who is involved?)

Security Council made of France, Soviet Union, Great Britain, China & U.S. and they can veto and make decisions regarding international disputes

Palestine(How is this tied to UN, why was it important?)

First major conflict the UN faced and it was important because it caused the Arab-Israeli War and included unresolved issues that we deal with today.

Arab-Israeli War(Where is it held, how is US involved, why did it happen?)

Held in Palestine because UN recognized Israel as a new nation – making Arabs unhappy – Arabs DID NOT recognize Israel as a new nation. U.S. was involved because they recognized Israel as a new nation.

Reasons for Cold War (3) -Soviet Union influenced Eastern Europe with satellite nations-US and Soviet Union began arms build up and competition for global power-US goal was to contain communism

38th Parallel(What is it, why is it important, what did it divide?)

Split between communist North Korea and nationalist South Korea – It was important because of the Korean War started and ended at the 38th Parallel

CIA(How did Eisenhower use this and where was it used in “secret” to influence governments)

Eisenhower used this in order to secretly contain communism & to put Pro-democratic/anti-communist governments in power.

Joseph McCarthy He was a Senator from WI, who led an anti-

17

(What was he in charge of, what were his tactics compared to?)

communist campaign in the U.S. His tactics were compared to the Salem Witch Trials because he accused individuals of being under communist influence with little or no evidence.

Sputnick(What is it, who launched it?)

Sputnick was the first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union.

Requirements made in order to stabilize Japan (5)

-Hirohito – leader – remained in the palace, but his powers were taken away.-Demobilized several million Japanese troops-Gave a new constitution and democratic government.-Constitution gave women rights, freedom of religion and prohibited military power.-Fixed the economy by giving the land to the farmers, allowing unions and breaking up zaibatus.

Korean War(Background, who was on each side, which side did U.S. support, which side did Soviet Union support, how did it end?)

We wanted to contain communism, so when Communist North Korea invaded Nationalist South Korea, we stepped in…U.S. – supported South KoreaSoviet Union – supported North Korea and later, China also supported North Korea.

The war began at the 38th Parallel, was incredibly bloody and had many costs in lives, weapons and money, but eventually ended back at the 38th Parallel.

Look over VOCABULARY (Pg. 11) and MAP (Pg. 12):Vocabulary 10 Points on testMap 10 Points on test

Test Breakdown

13 Multiple Choice10 Vocabulary Matching7 Short Answer10 Map Identification40 Points Total

18