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THE COLD WAR Competition between superpowers for influence in the world after WWII Clash of ideologies Democracy vs Dictatorship Capitalism vs Communism “Cold” b/c US & USSR never actually fought each other
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THE COLD WAR Competition between superpowers for influence in
the world after WWII Clash of ideologies Democracy vs Dictatorship
Capitalism vs Communism Cold b/c US & USSR never actually
fought each other Soviet Post-War Goals Communist Goals Stalins
Goals
Consolidation of communist controls where it already existed Spread
of communism to new areas Eventual world domination Rebuilding of
Soviet Union Creation of Buffer Zone to protect USSR from future
invasions Cold War Strategies Arms Race Aid to rebel or govt forces
Espionage
Propaganda Space Race Origins of the Cold War Big Three
1945 Bringing World War II to an end Feb YALTA CONFERENCE Big Three
Purpose:to work out future of Poland & Germany Yalta Decisions
What to do with a defeated Germany?
Will the Soviet Union help defeat Japan? What about Poland? How can
future wars be prevented? Germany was divided into 4 occupation
zones
Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones.When the Soviet Union
refused to join its zone with the French, British, and American
zones and allow the German people to assume control of their own
government, the Cold War began. Nuremberg Trials High German
officials tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Soviet
Union declared war on Japan the day after the
first atomic bomb was dropped. Poland - Occupied by Soviet
Army
- Stalin agreed to free elections after the war United Nations
Strengths: Weaknesses: Created to help keep the
peace and to promote the betterment of humanity Strengths:
Weaknesses: *Membership for all nations * No power to enforce
decisions *Participation by world powers* Veto power of Sec.
Council *No military of its own Economic and Social Council
International Court of Justice
General Assembly All nations One vote each Security Council 15
members 5 permanent Veto power US, GB, FR, USSR, China Economic and
Social Council International Court of Justice Secretariat Potsdam
Conference July 1945 New leaders: Truman (FDR had died)
Clement Atlee (Replaced Churchill as British PM during the
Conference) Increases tensions over reparations and territory IRON
CURTAIN Part of the old border defenses between South Moravia and
lower Austria View of East G From West G CONTAINMENT policy of
keeping communism contained within its present territory through
the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions Marshall Plan
$12 billion to aid in the economic recovery of Europe Truman
Doctrine $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey to fight
communist rebels Marshall Plan same offer made to Soviet Union with
conditions, rejected Truman Doctrine US would supply any nation
with economic and military aid to prevent falling under the Soviet
sphere of influence COMECON Soviet response to Marshall plan
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Estd 1949 Communist Takeover
in Czechoslovakia
Feb. 1948 Key members of Czech govt die mysteriously Pro-western
President forced to resign, new constitution ratified Complete
takeover by Czech communists Berlin Airlift Blockade of Berlin
began on June 24, 48
From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British planes airlift 1.5
million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin. After
200,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade. NATO North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
United States Belgium Britain Canada Denmark France Iceland Italy
Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Portugal 1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany 1983: Spain Warsaw Pact (1955) U. S. S. R.
Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
East Germany Hungary Poland Rumania Bipolarization of Europe The
Arms Race: A Missile Gap?
The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. Now there were
two nuclear superpowers! Communism in China Civil War Resumes
1946-1949 Mao Zedong Communist
Chiang Kai Shek Nationalist Victory by Chinese communists under the
leadership of Mao Zedong.
US supported nationalists were forced to retreat to Taiwan.
Mainland China = Peoples Republic of China (Communist China) Taiwan
= Republic of China (non-communist) Korea Divided Korean War June
1950 North Korean forces crossed the 38th Parallel.
UN sent in forces (led by US)to aid South Korea. General Douglas
MacArthur Never technically declared a war -but was considered a
police action. China Enters the Korean War
US-UN troops pushed North Koreans back over the 38th Parallel and
into North Korea. When Americans reached the border between North
Korea and China, the Chinese attacked, pushing the Americans back
into South Korea. War ended with a truce still in force. Korea
remains divided at the 38th Parallel. MacArthur was fired by Truman
after criticizing the Presidents handling of the war. The Shifting
Map of Korea [1950-1953] Attitudes at Home Lived with threat of
nuclear war
Possibility of massive retaliation Fallout shelters built New Red
Scare Government Response Creation of Department of Defense,
National Security Council, and CIA HUAC House Un-American
Activities Committee formed to root out communists in American
government Blacklisting of many Hollywood activists McCarthyism:
1950 - 54 Witch Hunt led by Senator Joseph McCarthy
Convinced communists had infiltrated the US government and the US
military. Series of hearings of suspected communists Finally ended
after televised hearings showed how off the wall McCarthy was. The
Space Race SPUTNIK 1 Oct 4, 1957 First artificial satellite
Alarmed US Response = US space program (NASA) Increased emphasis on
math & science in schools Race to Space USSR USA April 1961
Yuri Gagarin 1958 - Explorer I
first human in space June 1963 Valentina Tereshkova first woman in
space Explorer I first American satellite May 1961 Alan Shepard
first American in space Feb 1962 John Glenn first Am. to orbit
earth July 1969 Neil Armstrong first to set foot on the moon Cuban
Revolution 1956 Fidel Castro led a revolution against a
dictatorship. In its place, set up a communist dictatorship. Bay of
Pigs 1961 US-CIA sponsored invasion of Cuba by 1500 C. exiles
Total disaster Embarrassment for JFK Cuban Missile Crisis Soviet
Union put missiles in Cuba that were capable of reaching US cities.
US demanded removal of the missiles. Almost went to war with Soviet
Union! Vietnam War Vietnam = Part of French colonial empire
US first got involved helping the French put down rebellion. 1954
Vietnam was divided into North (communist) Vietnam and South
(non-communist) Vietnam Vietnam War Grew out of efforts by North
Vietnam to gain control of South Vietnam NV Leader = Ho Chi Minh US
supported South V. as part of its containment policy and the domino
theory. War ended with Communist conquest of South Vietnam in 1975.
Tet Offensive Turning Point in Vietnam War
1968 Viet Cong and N Vietnamese campaign to drive Americans out
Lasted 8 months Ultimately failed to achieve its goal but did lead
many people in the US to question our presence in Vietnam. Led to
strong anti-war movement in US End of Cold War Michael Gorbachev
Ronald Reagan 1991