The Cold War Begins 1945- 1952“The United States Stand atthe Summit of the World”Winston Churchill, 1945

Post-War EconomyPost-War Economy After WWII, many Americans worried that we might sink After WWII, many Americans worried that we might sink

into the Depression again…into the Depression again… 1946-1947: GNP dropped, inflation (33%), epidemic 1946-1947: GNP dropped, inflation (33%), epidemic

strikes (4.6 million workers)strikes (4.6 million workers) 1947- 1947- Republicans took control of CongressRepublicans took control of Congress (1 (1stst time in 14 time in 14

years!!)years!!)

**Taft-Hartley Act**Taft-Hartley Act – (over Truman’s veto): – (over Truman’s veto): outlawed closed shopsoutlawed closed shops unions liable for damages from jurisdictional disputesunions liable for damages from jurisdictional disputes required union leaders to take non-communist oath. required union leaders to take non-communist oath. * Union membership & organization would decline in years * Union membership & organization would decline in years

after WWII.after WWII.

Union Membership DeclinesUnion Membership Declines

Unions failed to unionize – South & WestUnions failed to unionize – South & West

1948- CIO’s “1948- CIO’s “Operation DixieOperation Dixie” –failed to ” –failed to unionize southern textile workers & steel unionize southern textile workers & steel workers.workers.

Service Sector grew = middle-aged women= Service Sector grew = middle-aged women= hard to organize. hard to organize.

Government Actions to Prop up the Government Actions to Prop up the EconomyEconomy

Sold war factories to private businesses at low pricesSold war factories to private businesses at low prices

1.1. 1946- 1946- Employment Act-Employment Act- became government policy became government policy to promote maximum employment, production, & to promote maximum employment, production, & purchasing power. purchasing power.

Council of Economic Advisors-Council of Economic Advisors- created to advise created to advise president on economic issuespresident on economic issues

2. ** 2. ** Servicemen’s Readjustment ActServicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944)- (1944)- ““The GIThe GI Bill”Bill” - provided veterans with loans for college, homes, - provided veterans with loans for college, homes, businesses (through the VA)businesses (through the VA)

8 million veterans received higher education8 million veterans received higher education $14.5 Billion- (paid by taxpayers)$14.5 Billion- (paid by taxpayers) Economic property 1950-1970.Economic property 1950-1970.

The Economic BOOM 1950-1970The Economic BOOM 1950-1970 National income doubled-1960’s ($1 trillion-1973)National income doubled-1960’s ($1 trillion-1973) Americans (6% world’s population) had (40% Americans (6% world’s population) had (40%

wealth)wealth) Paved the way for: Paved the way for: social mobilitysocial mobility, civil rights , civil rights

movement, new entitlements= Medicare, movement, new entitlements= Medicare, Medicaid, Cold War leadership.Medicaid, Cold War leadership.

Size of the Middle-Class doubledSize of the Middle-Class doubled 90% owned TV sets by end of the 1950’s90% owned TV sets by end of the 1950’s 60% owned homes60% owned homes• Women reaped greatest rewards of prosperity = Women reaped greatest rewards of prosperity =

offices & shops= more employment offices & shops= more employment • 1995- women accounted for 50% workforce1995- women accounted for 50% workforce

Prosperity of the 1950’s & 1960’sProsperity of the 1950’s & 1960’sa. a. Military SpendingMilitary Spending 1950’s –economy fueled by Korean War1950’s –economy fueled by Korean War 1960’s Cold War spending= 10% of GNP defense 1960’s Cold War spending= 10% of GNP defense

spendingspending Defense Spending= money for aerospace, plastics, & Defense Spending= money for aerospace, plastics, &

electronics- research (Rand Corp)electronics- research (Rand Corp)b. b. Cheap Energy-Cheap Energy- US & Britain controlled cheap oil from US & Britain controlled cheap oil from

Middle East= US builds highways, electricity generation Middle East= US builds highways, electricity generation (1945-1970)(1945-1970)

c. c. Worker Productivity Increased-Worker Productivity Increased- due to better education due to better education (1950-1960’s- standard of living doubled)(1950-1960’s- standard of living doubled)

d. d. Rise of large Agribusinesses-Rise of large Agribusinesses- Americans left farming= Americans left farming= farms consolidated (giant machinery, new fertilizers )farms consolidated (giant machinery, new fertilizers )

* 1990’s= 2% of US population farms= produces most of * 1990’s= 2% of US population farms= produces most of the world’s food. the world’s food.

Social Themes of the Post-warSocial Themes of the Post-war1.1. MigrationsMigrations- 1945-1975- 30 million people - 1945-1975- 30 million people

moved every three years.moved every three years. Families affected- distance divided parents Families affected- distance divided parents

from childrenfrom children

Dr. Spock’sDr. Spock’s The Common Sense Book of The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care – Baby and Child Care – gave child raising gave child raising advice once given by parents & grandparents.advice once given by parents & grandparents.

Friendships hard to sustainFriendships hard to sustain

Social ThemesSocial Themes2. 2. Growth of the SunbeltGrowth of the Sunbelt – 15 states from – 15 states from

Virginia to Florida & California.Virginia to Florida & California. Better climate & lower taxes lured manyBetter climate & lower taxes lured many Jobs- California electronics; aerospace in Jobs- California electronics; aerospace in

Florida & TexasFlorida & Texas Federal dollars- increased job growth ($125 Federal dollars- increased job growth ($125

billion more than northeast)billion more than northeast) Northeast Northeast – “– “RustbeltRustbelt”” Every President since 1964= came from Every President since 1964= came from

Sunbelt= South & West more political powerSunbelt= South & West more political power

Social ThemesSocial Themes3. 3. The Baby Boom-The Baby Boom- birth explosion for decade birth explosion for decade

and half after 1945. and half after 1945. 50 million children50 million children Crested in 1957 then birth rates droppedCrested in 1957 then birth rates dropped 1970- elementary school attendance= 34 1970- elementary school attendance= 34

millionmillion Canned & baby food productsCanned & baby food products

36.2 (Page 862-872) 36.2 (Page 862-872) Presidency of Harry Truman Presidency of Harry Truman & the Cold War& the Cold War

Assumes presidency (1945-48) when FDR dies Assumes presidency (1945-48) when FDR dies Serves a second term – 1948-1952Serves a second term – 1948-1952 former WWI officer– US Senator from Missouriformer WWI officer– US Senator from Missouri Last President without a college degreeLast President without a college degree Famous quotes: “The Buck Stops Here” & “If you Famous quotes: “The Buck Stops Here” & “If you

can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen”. can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen”.

Europe after WWII

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold WarA. A. Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference (Feb. 1945)- major issues regarding post (Feb. 1945)- major issues regarding post

war Europe were discussed.war Europe were discussed.1.1. PolandPoland- Churchill & FDR agreed to recognize Polish - Churchill & FDR agreed to recognize Polish

government set up by Sovietsgovernment set up by Soviets Stalin agreed to include members of pre-war Polish Stalin agreed to include members of pre-war Polish

government (non-communists) & allow free elections “as government (non-communists) & allow free elections “as soon as possible”. soon as possible”.

2.2. Declaration of Liberated Europe-Declaration of Liberated Europe- the right to people to the right to people to choose their own government – democratic governments! choose their own government – democratic governments!

3.3. Divide Germany into 4 zonesDivide Germany into 4 zones (US, Britain, France, & (US, Britain, France, & USSR)- also divide Berlin into 4 zones.USSR)- also divide Berlin into 4 zones.

** Stalin wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations to USSR & ** Stalin wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations to USSR & FDR urged him to accept equipment from US, French, FDR urged him to accept equipment from US, French, British zones.British zones.

*** Stalin’s goal- keep Germany weak economically & set up *** Stalin’s goal- keep Germany weak economically & set up “friendly governments” as a buffer.“friendly governments” as a buffer.

A FEW WEEKS AFTER THE CONFERENCE- USSR DID NOT A FEW WEEKS AFTER THE CONFERENCE- USSR DID NOT ALLOW FREE ELCETIONS IN POLAND. ALLOW FREE ELCETIONS IN POLAND.

Germany, 1947- Allied Zones

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold WarB. B. Mutual SuspicionsMutual Suspicions (US terminated lend-lease aid 1945) & (US terminated lend-lease aid 1945) &

Differing Goals-Differing Goals- over German recovery (US wants rapid over German recovery (US wants rapid recovery & Soviets want Germany weak).recovery & Soviets want Germany weak).

C. C. Communism vs. Capitalism-Communism vs. Capitalism- diametrically opposed ideas diametrically opposed ideasD. D. US did not include USSR in atomic bomb developmentUS did not include USSR in atomic bomb development

**The Cold War-**The Cold War- era of conflict between the US & USSR era of conflict between the US & USSR for domination of the world (lasted 45 years)for domination of the world (lasted 45 years)

** **

ContainmenContainmentt- (1947-1989)US strategy during the Cold - (1947-1989)US strategy during the Cold War.War.

Developed by Developed by **George KennanGeorge Kennan (Russian expert) (Russian expert) Wrote theWrote the**“long telegram”**“long telegram” (8,000 plus words) that was (8,000 plus words) that was

the origin of “containment” the origin of “containment”

US Efforts to Rebuild the World & Keep it US Efforts to Rebuild the World & Keep it SafeSafe

1.1. **The Breton Woods ConferenceThe Breton Woods Conference (1944) New (1944) New Hampshire; Allies create IMF & World Bank.Hampshire; Allies create IMF & World Bank.

International Monetary Fund-International Monetary Fund- encourage world trade by encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange.regulating currency exchange.

World Bank-World Bank- to promote growth of underdeveloped to promote growth of underdeveloped countries (war ravaged)countries (war ravaged)

• USSR did not participateUSSR did not participate2. **2. **The United NationsThe United Nations (1945): (1945): 50 nations met in San 50 nations met in San

Francisco; drew up UN Charter.Francisco; drew up UN Charter.• Security Council – dominated by the “Big Five”- US, Security Council – dominated by the “Big Five”- US,

Britain, USSR, France, China (all have veto power)- Britain, USSR, France, China (all have veto power)- **diff. from League of Nations**diff. from League of Nations

• General Assembly- all nations are membersGeneral Assembly- all nations are members• Approved by US Senate (89-2) Approved by US Senate (89-2) • Permanent home = NYC Permanent home = NYC

United NationsUnited Nations SuccessesSuccesses- preserve peace in Iran, Kashmir - preserve peace in Iran, Kashmir

(Pakistan), Israel (Pakistan), Israel ****Greatest Achievements-Greatest Achievements- WHO (Health), FAO WHO (Health), FAO

(Hunger), UNESCO (Education)(Hunger), UNESCO (Education)

The UN & the Atomic QuestionThe UN & the Atomic Question 1946- US delegate to the UN (Bernard Baruch) 1946- US delegate to the UN (Bernard Baruch)

wanted the UN free from great power veto with wanted the UN free from great power veto with world wide authority over atomic energy weapons world wide authority over atomic energy weapons & research.& research.

Soviets proposed atomic weapons by all nations Soviets proposed atomic weapons by all nations be outlawed- Truman refused & the Soviets shot be outlawed- Truman refused & the Soviets shot down Baruch’s proposal.down Baruch’s proposal.

The “Iron Curtain” DescendsThe “Iron Curtain” Descends

March 1946- Winston Churchill gives a speech in March 1946- Winston Churchill gives a speech in the US – “… an iron curtain has descended across the US – “… an iron curtain has descended across the continent.” the continent.”

The Nuremburg TrialsThe Nuremburg Trials (1945-1946) (1945-1946) Allied trials of German war criminals (officers)Allied trials of German war criminals (officers) Highest ranking officer on trial (Herman Goering)Highest ranking officer on trial (Herman Goering) 12 Nazis hanged, 7 sentenced to prison 12 Nazis hanged, 7 sentenced to prison

The Iran CrisisThe Iran Crisis At the end of WWII US & Soviet troops occupied At the end of WWII US & Soviet troops occupied

Iran.Iran. 1946- Stalin refused to remove his troops from 1946- Stalin refused to remove his troops from

Iran= threatened oil suppliesIran= threatened oil supplies Truman sent the USS Missouri to eastern Truman sent the USS Missouri to eastern

Mediterranean & sent a strong message.Mediterranean & sent a strong message. The Soviets withdrew The Soviets withdrew

**The Truman Doctrine**The Truman Doctrine 1947- “1947- “ContainmentContainment” developed as US policy” developed as US policyGreeceGreece – 1947 – 1947 Britain can no longer afford to fight & support Britain can no longer afford to fight & support

efforts against anti-Communist groups in Greeceefforts against anti-Communist groups in Greece* If Greece fell- Turkey might fall to the Soviets* If Greece fell- Turkey might fall to the Soviets Truman asks Congress for money to support Truman asks Congress for money to support

groups fighting against communists in Greecegroups fighting against communists in Greece $400 million sent to Greece & Turkey= $400 million sent to Greece & Turkey= TrumanTruman

DoctrineDoctrine * “it must be the policy of the US to support the free * “it must be the policy of the US to support the free

peoples who are resisting attempted peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation…” subjugation…”

** The Marshall Plan** The Marshall Plan

1947- France, Italy, & Germany threatened with chaos & 1947- France, Italy, & Germany threatened with chaos & hunger due to the war= communist parties in these hunger due to the war= communist parties in these countries appealed to many.countries appealed to many.

June 1947- June 1947- Sec. of State George C. MarshallSec. of State George C. Marshall invited invited Europeans to work out a joint plan of economic recovery & Europeans to work out a joint plan of economic recovery & the US would fund it. the US would fund it.

Democratic nations developed a plan (Paris)Democratic nations developed a plan (Paris) Marshall offered Soviets the same – Soviets refusedMarshall offered Soviets the same – Soviets refused Plan provided aid mainly to Europe but also to AsiaPlan provided aid mainly to Europe but also to Asia Approximately $50 billion totalApproximately $50 billion totalEffectsEffects1.1. Prevented Italy & France from turning CommunistPrevented Italy & France from turning Communist2.2. Created a plan for European UnionCreated a plan for European Union3.3. Beginnings of “globalization”Beginnings of “globalization”

Devastation of Europe

American Aid –Marshall Plan

Aid Logo

Recognition of IsraelRecognition of Israel After WWII- a state for Jewish people was After WWII- a state for Jewish people was

carved from Palestine (Arab claimed land) with carved from Palestine (Arab claimed land) with approval of the United Nations.approval of the United Nations.

May 1946- President Truman officially May 1946- President Truman officially recognized Israel.recognized Israel.

Effects: complicates US /Arab relations, US Effects: complicates US /Arab relations, US dependence on oil will be used against us dependence on oil will be used against us

The US Military Industrial Complex The US Military Industrial Complex GrowsGrows

***1947- ***1947- National Security ActNational Security Act: :

1.1. Department of Defense & Sec. of DefenseDepartment of Defense & Sec. of Defense created (located in Pentagon- leads military)created (located in Pentagon- leads military)

2.2. Joint Chiefs of Staff-Joint Chiefs of Staff- top commanders of all top commanders of all service branches advise future presidents on service branches advise future presidents on military matters.military matters.

3.3. CIACIA (Central Intelligence Agency)- coordinates (Central Intelligence Agency)- coordinates US government spy service & info gathering.US government spy service & info gathering.

4.4. National Security CouncilNational Security Council – advises the – advises the president on foreign issues president on foreign issues

5.5. 1948-1971- Conscription of 19-25 year olds 1948-1971- Conscription of 19-25 year olds

The German CrisisThe German Crisis Germany had been divided into 4 zones (controlled Germany had been divided into 4 zones (controlled

by the Big Five)by the Big Five) Berlin (capital city) divided into 4 zonesBerlin (capital city) divided into 4 zones Western Allies (US, Britain, France) refused to Western Allies (US, Britain, France) refused to

allow USSR to have reparations from their zones allow USSR to have reparations from their zones (Stalin believed this was a promise made at Yalta)(Stalin believed this was a promise made at Yalta)

Western Allies advocated for the reunification of Western Allies advocated for the reunification of Germany- angered the Soviets.Germany- angered the Soviets.

East Germany, Poland, Hungary= “East Germany, Poland, Hungary= “satellite satellite nationsnations” bound to the USSR” bound to the USSR

West Germany linked to the West (US)West Germany linked to the West (US)

**The Berlin Airlift-1948**The Berlin Airlift-1948 Berlin was located deep in the USSR zone- but Berlin was located deep in the USSR zone- but

divided into sectors occupied by all allies.divided into sectors occupied by all allies. 1948- USSR cut off all rail & road traffic to Berlin1948- USSR cut off all rail & road traffic to Berlin Berliners – not yet recovered from the war might Berliners – not yet recovered from the war might

starvestarve President Truman- authorized US planes to airlift President Truman- authorized US planes to airlift

supplies into Berlin (1000’s of tons a day- for a supplies into Berlin (1000’s of tons a day- for a year).year).

May 1949- USSR removed the blockade – two May 1949- USSR removed the blockade – two separate German governments resultedseparate German governments resulted

**NATO v. the **Warsaw Pact**NATO v. the **Warsaw Pact April 1949- April 1949- NATONATO est. ( est. (North Atlantic TreatyNorth Atlantic Treaty

OrganizationOrganization)- Western European democracies )- Western European democracies & US form alliance.& US form alliance.

*** HUGE CHANGE IN US FOREIGN POLICY*** HUGE CHANGE IN US FOREIGN POLICY11STST Foreign treaty since Franco-American treaty Foreign treaty since Franco-American treaty

1788 that commits troops to battle overseas1788 that commits troops to battle overseas• ““an attack on one is an attack on all…”an attack on one is an attack on all…”• Senate approves -82-13= TreatySenate approves -82-13= Treaty• 15 countries participate15 countries participate The Warsaw PactThe Warsaw Pact• Defensive alliance for Soviets & Eastern Defensive alliance for Soviets & Eastern

European allies= “iron curtain” commiesEuropean allies= “iron curtain” commies

NATO Versus the Warsaw Pact

Reconstruction of JapanReconstruction of Japan Reconstruction in Japan commanded by Gen. Reconstruction in Japan commanded by Gen.

Douglas MacArthur= goal= DemocratizationDouglas MacArthur= goal= Democratization 1946-1948- War Crimes Trials of Japanese 1946-1948- War Crimes Trials of Japanese

officials= 18 served prison terms; 7 hangedofficials= 18 served prison terms; 7 hanged** Japanese cooperation helped speed the process ** Japanese cooperation helped speed the process

upup 1946- Japan adopted a1946- Japan adopted a constitution constitution (drawn up (drawn up

by MacArthur)by MacArthur)1.1. Renounced militarismRenounced militarism2.2. Provided for female equalityProvided for female equality3.3. Western style democracyWestern style democracy** Within 20 years= Japan became an industrial ** Within 20 years= Japan became an industrial

power power

China Turns RedChina Turns Red A bloody civil war between Nationalists (Jiang A bloody civil war between Nationalists (Jiang

Jieshi)) Communists led by Jieshi)) Communists led by Mao ZedongMao Zedong. . US supported the government led by NationalistUS supported the government led by Nationalist 1949- Jiang Jieshi fled to Formosa (Tiawan) & 1949- Jiang Jieshi fled to Formosa (Tiawan) &

China fell to the communist (500 million people)China fell to the communist (500 million people)

** US lost a major ally in Asia** US lost a major ally in Asia

*** Republicans blamed President Truman for *** Republicans blamed President Truman for allowing China to fall to the Communists. allowing China to fall to the Communists.

The Arms Race BeginsThe Arms Race Begins September 1949- Soviet Union detonated their 1September 1949- Soviet Union detonated their 1stst

atomic bombatomic bomb Truman ordered the US to develop the H-Bomb Truman ordered the US to develop the H-Bomb

(1000 times more powerful) than the atom bomb.(1000 times more powerful) than the atom bomb.

• Scientists like J. Robert Oppenheimer warned the Scientists like J. Robert Oppenheimer warned the president against development of this bomb president against development of this bomb (“genocide”)(“genocide”)

• 1952- US detonated the 11952- US detonated the 1stst H-Bomb H-Bomb

• 1953- Soviets detonated their 11953- Soviets detonated their 1stst H-Bomb H-Bomb

• ““Mutual Assured DestructionMutual Assured Destruction”- peace through ”- peace through mutual terror= prevented a nuclear exchange.mutual terror= prevented a nuclear exchange.

The Red Scare at HomeThe Red Scare at Home 1947- 1947- Igor GouzenkoIgor Gouzenko (Soviet) in Canada (Soviet) in Canada

defected to the US carrying papers that proved defected to the US carrying papers that proved Soviets spies were trying to infiltrate US & Soviets spies were trying to infiltrate US & Canadian governments.Canadian governments.

A. The Loyalty Review ProgramA. The Loyalty Review Program (1947) – US (1947) – US attorney general drew up a list of 90 “disloyal” attorney general drew up a list of 90 “disloyal” organizations.organizations.

1.1. Investigated more than 3 million federal Investigated more than 3 million federal employees (3,000 resigned or were fired).employees (3,000 resigned or were fired).

B. StatesB. States: required “oaths of loyalty” from state : required “oaths of loyalty” from state workers.workers.

““Could we retain our freedoms during the Cold Could we retain our freedoms during the Cold War”? War”?

HUAC & Alger Hiss HUAC & Alger Hiss 1938 Congress created*1938 Congress created*House Un-AmericanHouse Un-American

Activities CommitteeActivities Committee (HUAC)- to investigate (HUAC)- to investigate “subversion”. “subversion”.

1948- HUAC member Congressman Richard Nixon 1948- HUAC member Congressman Richard Nixon led investigation of Alger Hiss.led investigation of Alger Hiss.

Hiss was accused of being a communist agent in Hiss was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930’s (former New Dealer- work in FDR the 1930’s (former New Dealer- work in FDR administration)administration)

Hiss denied everything under oathHiss denied everything under oath The Pumpkin Papers-The Pumpkin Papers- a key witness against Hiss a key witness against Hiss

testified & produced evidence said to have been left testified & produced evidence said to have been left for him by Hiss in a hollowed out pumpkin.for him by Hiss in a hollowed out pumpkin.

1950 - Hiss was convicted of perjury & 5 years in 1950 - Hiss was convicted of perjury & 5 years in prison. prison.

The 1948 ElectionThe 1948 Election 1946- Republicans had taken control of Congress1946- Republicans had taken control of Congress Republicans nominated Thomas DeweyRepublicans nominated Thomas Dewey Democratic Party divided– not enthusiastic about Truman- wanted to Democratic Party divided– not enthusiastic about Truman- wanted to

nominate Dwight Eisenhower but he declined.nominate Dwight Eisenhower but he declined. Truman’s nomination opposed by Southern Democrats (13 STATES) Truman’s nomination opposed by Southern Democrats (13 STATES)

because of Truman’s stance on civil rights (**he integrated the US because of Truman’s stance on civil rights (**he integrated the US Armed Forces 1948)Armed Forces 1948)

Democrats nominated TrumanDemocrats nominated Truman Southern Democrats formed the “Southern Democrats formed the “DixiecratsDixiecrats” & nominated ” & nominated Strom Strom

ThurmondThurmond of SC= STATE’S RIGHTS PLATFORM of SC= STATE’S RIGHTS PLATFORM Progressive Party- nominated former Dem. Henry Wallace (supported Progressive Party- nominated former Dem. Henry Wallace (supported

by New Dealers, pacifists, communists)by New Dealers, pacifists, communists) Dewey seemed the front runnerDewey seemed the front runner Election night- some Newspapers printed copies saying “Dewey Wins”Election night- some Newspapers printed copies saying “Dewey Wins” Truman won with help of farmers, workers, blacks Truman won with help of farmers, workers, blacks

DEWEY WINS??????

Truman’s- Point Four & “Fair Deal”Truman’s- Point Four & “Fair Deal” Inaugural address outline “Inaugural address outline “Point FourPoint Four”- lend US money ”- lend US money

& technical support to undeveloped nations= prevent & technical support to undeveloped nations= prevent spread of communism (US helped in Latin America, spread of communism (US helped in Latin America, Africa, Near East, Far East.Africa, Near East, Far East.

The ‘Fair DealThe ‘Fair Deal”- at home promised:”- at home promised:1.1. Improved housingImproved housing2.2. Full employmentFull employment3.3. New TVA’sNew TVA’s4.4. Extension of Social SecurityExtension of Social Security5.5. New min. wageNew min. wage** Southern Democrats & Republicans blocked most of the ** Southern Democrats & Republicans blocked most of the

Fair DealFair DealPassed– public housing (Housing Act), extended SS, raising Passed– public housing (Housing Act), extended SS, raising

min. wage min. wage

The Rosenberg'sThe Rosenberg's Many experts believed that the Soviets had help Many experts believed that the Soviets had help

in attaining the atomic bombin attaining the atomic bomb 1950- US investigated a British scientist who 1950- US investigated a British scientist who

admitted giving secrets to the Soviets & admitted giving secrets to the Soviets & implicated a couple from NY implicated a couple from NY Julius & EthelJulius & Ethel RosenbergRosenberg . .

The Rosenberg's were admittedly Communists The Rosenberg's were admittedly Communists but denied giving secrets to Soviets.but denied giving secrets to Soviets.

Both were executed 1953 (left two orphaned Both were executed 1953 (left two orphaned children)children)

Senator Joseph McCarthySenator Joseph McCarthy Feb. 1950- Feb. 1950- Sen. McCarthySen. McCarthy announced that he had announced that he had

evidence (list of 205 State Department workers) who were evidence (list of 205 State Department workers) who were communists.communists.

1946 McCarthy defeated Robert La Follette by calling him 1946 McCarthy defeated Robert La Follette by calling him a communista communist

1952- Republicans took control of Congress= McCarthy 1952- Republicans took control of Congress= McCarthy placed head of Senate Committee on Investigations= placed head of Senate Committee on Investigations= forced people to testify.forced people to testify.

McCarthy used flimsy evidence to destroy lives & careersMcCarthy used flimsy evidence to destroy lives & careers 1954- 1954- Army-McCarthy Hearings-Army-McCarthy Hearings- McCarthy accused McCarthy accused

members of the armed forces of being communists members of the armed forces of being communists (including George Marshall).(including George Marshall).

McCarthy was formally censured by the Senate & died in McCarthy was formally censured by the Senate & died in 19571957

** Red Scare of the 1950’s = “** Red Scare of the 1950’s = “McCarthyismMcCarthyism””

The McCarran ActThe McCarran Act President Truman & others felt the red scare President Truman & others felt the red scare

was turning into a “witch hunt”was turning into a “witch hunt” 1950 1950 McCarran Internal Security Act-McCarran Internal Security Act-

authorized the president to arrest & detain authorized the president to arrest & detain suspicious people during an “internal security suspicious people during an “internal security emergency”emergency”

Truman vetoed the billTruman vetoed the bill Congress passed it over his vetoCongress passed it over his veto

The Korean ConflictThe Korean Conflict US & Soviet troops had occupied Korea during US & Soviet troops had occupied Korea during

WWII (A Japanese colony since 1910).WWII (A Japanese colony since 1910). Japanese troops surrendered there to Soviet & US Japanese troops surrendered there to Soviet & US

forces after the warforces after the war US forces est. a regime in South KoreaUS forces est. a regime in South Korea Soviets est. a regime in North KoreaSoviets est. a regime in North Korea 1949- US & Soviet forces withdrew forces from 1949- US & Soviet forces withdrew forces from

Korea= two hostile armed regimes left behind.Korea= two hostile armed regimes left behind. June 25, 1950- North Korean troops crossed the June 25, 1950- North Korean troops crossed the

3838thth parallel = pushed South Korean forces to parallel = pushed South Korean forces to Pusan perimeter. Pusan perimeter.

North Korean Invasion June 1950

Truman’s ResponseTruman’s Response June 1950- Truman obtained unanimous June 1950- Truman obtained unanimous

condemnation of invasion by UN (USSR WAS condemnation of invasion by UN (USSR WAS ABSENT)ABSENT)

Truman orders US air & naval support for S. Truman orders US air & naval support for S. Korea (*WITHOUT APPROVAL OF Congress) Korea (*WITHOUT APPROVAL OF Congress)

UN Sec. Council called on all members to give UN Sec. Council called on all members to give assistance= multinational “assistance= multinational “police actionpolice action” led by ” led by the US & directed by Gen. MacArthur. the US & directed by Gen. MacArthur.

Sept. 1950- McArthur led invasion at Inchon –Sept. 1950- McArthur led invasion at Inchon –behind enemy lines & pushed the enemy all the behind enemy lines & pushed the enemy all the way to the Yalu River (border with China). way to the Yalu River (border with China).

Nov. 1950- 1000’s of Chinese soldiers crossed Nov. 1950- 1000’s of Chinese soldiers crossed the border & pushed UN troops back to 38the border & pushed UN troops back to 38 thth parallel . parallel .

INCHON INVASION

Stalemate 1951-1953

Limited WarLimited War Limited war-Limited war- a war fought to achieve limited a war fought to achieve limited

objectives.objectives. McArthur wanted to blockade China & even McArthur wanted to blockade China & even

proposed to Truman that we drop the bomb on proposed to Truman that we drop the bomb on them.- “there is no substitute for victory”them.- “there is no substitute for victory”

Truman resisted – Truman pushed for a “limited Truman resisted – Truman pushed for a “limited war” to war” to containcontain communism communism

April 11, 1951 Truman removes McArthur from April 11, 1951 Truman removes McArthur from commandcommand

July 1951- truce talks begin – goes on for nearly July 1951- truce talks begin – goes on for nearly two yearstwo years

National Security Council National Security Council Memorandum #68Memorandum #68

North Korean invasion 1950- provided for an North Korean invasion 1950- provided for an excuse to expand militarilyexcuse to expand militarily

NSC-68NSC-68

1.1. US should quadruple its military spending US should quadruple its military spending

2.2. US spent $50 billion per year (13% GNP) & US spent $50 billion per year (13% GNP) & HAD 3.5 million men in servicesHAD 3.5 million men in services

* * SignificanceSignificance- major increase in militarization of - major increase in militarization of US foreign policyUS foreign policy

* Assumed US economy could absorb costs * Assumed US economy could absorb costs