The Cold War AP World History II A Marriage of Convenience The Cold War alliances of the US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union was uneasy, at best. Conferences Tehran (11/43) Yalta (2/45) Potsdam (7/45) Goals of the Conferences USSR wanted Britain and France to open second front on the east to defeat Germany Deal with JapanStalin agrees to fight Japan only once Germany was defeated Division and Denazification of Germany and Austria United Nations Fate of Eastern Europe Bretton Woods Conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire Creation of the International Bank (World Bank) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Goal: TO PROMOTE MONETARY STABILITY The USSR refuses to join Cold War After WWII, Soviet Union installs pro-Communist governments in E. Germany, Poland, and many other E. European nations. In response to the rise of Communism in the East that Churchill declares an iron curtain has descended upon Europe. All of this violates promises Stalin made at Yalta Cold War Stalins Policy: TO GAIN AS MUCH TERRITORY AS POSSIBLE without a fight. Wants a buffer zone between USSR and the West The Berlin Blockade: Soviets cut off highway and railroad traffic between West Berlin and W. Germany. The US engages in the Berlin Airlift, where we fly goods in and out of Berlin. Stalin backs down. Cold War US policy: Containment Communist threats in Greece and Turkey worsened. Truman Doctrine: moral and material aid to any and all countries whose political stability is threatened by communism. Marshall Plan (economic recovery plan)- economic assistance to wartorn nations threatened by communism NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)- Military commitment which bound the US, Canada, Britain and 9 other Western European States into a formal strategic alliance. Cold War Containment did not equal war It did give the Soviets the initiative USSR formed its own alliances as well COMECON-Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Warsaw Pact-military alliance designed to combat NATO After 1949, the Cold War goes Global! 1949 Europe joins NATO Soviets test their first A-bomb Chinas Civil War comes to end with a victory for Mao Zedong and his Communist forces Nationalist forces flee to Taiwan Korean War After WWII, the Korean Peninsula was divided into two zones North-Communist South-non-Communist Aided by the victorious Mao, North Korea invades South. US intervenes on behalf of the UN, and the North Koreans are pushed back to the original line of division. STALIN DIES! 1953-Stalin Dies Nikita Khrushchev ( ) Leonid Brezhnev ( ) Nuclear Arms Race By 1949, both sides were armed with Atomic weaponry ICBMs: Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction ABM: Anti-Ballistic Missile System The Third World Europe was entrenched Many nations is Africa, Asia, and Latin America, however, were Freeing themselves of their colonial bonds Giving birth to industrial economies Had weak political structures Were non-aligned in the Cold War The developing world was commonly referred to as the third world Domino Theory: if one nation falls to communism, an entire region would fall to communism America supports dictatorial leaders often simply because they are anti-communist 1950s 1956-Hungary tries to leave the Soviet bloc: Khrushchev invades 1956-Egyptian nationalization of Suez Canal Embarrasses France and Britain US and Soviet Union are in control as the superpowers 1957-Sputnik Cuban Revolution of 1959 USSR supported Fidel Castro overthrows right wing dictator Fulgencio Batista. Goals: modernize, industrialize, increase literacy rates, and eliminate economic inequality He and Ernesto Che Guevara combated what they believed to be US imperialism in Latin America 1960s-The Hottest it gets! 1961-JFK authorizes the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba Tried to depose Castro (fails) Castro (Khrushchev) installs nuclear missiles in Cuba (uh-oh!) Building of the Berlin Wall 1962-Cuban Missile Crisis JFK blockades Cuba Soviets back down with promise not to invade Cuba and remove missiles from Turkey Mid-Late 60s 1963-Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Red Phone, or Hot Line was installed, and directly connected the Kremlin to the White House 1964-Khrushchev overthrown Brezhnev assumes power Space Race ends with US dominance and our land on the moon. Growing rift between Communist brothers China and USSR Vietnam War Superpowers never fought each other directlythey intervened in the many conflicts going on in the Third World. Ho Chi Minh helps allies during WWII to defeat the Japanese In exchange for assistance in getting rid of the French in Vietnam after the war. Instead, the allies help the French attempt to get rid of Ho Chi Minh which fails by 1954 Vietnam War South Vietnam was non-communist, unpopular, but had US support. To prevent the domino theory, the US sends over 500,000 troops by the late 60s Early 70s-fighting spreads to Laos and Cambodia By 1975, all of Vietnam became communist The US pulls out in 1973, having lost 58,000 lives The 70s-Air Conditioning Dtente-a peaceful period of the cold war (relaxation of tensions) US gets closer diplomatically to China (Nixon visits China) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( ) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1975) Early-Mid 80s: Call the repairman! 1979-Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Threatened oil supplies in the middle east. Arms control negotiations were abandoned The Arms Race heated up again Moscow (80)/Los Angeles (84) Olympic Boycotts Third World Battlefield! Latin America 1979-Nicaraguan Revolution Cuba and the USSR consistently tried to export communist ideals throughout Latin America. The Marxist, Soviet supported Sandinistas overthrew the established Somoza dictatorship that had ruled Nicaragua since 1937 The US threw its support behind the CONTRAS- a right-wing counterrevolutionary guerrilla movement. Gorbachev Takes over in 1985 and realizes the Soviets could no longer compete with the US in the arms race economically. Berlin Wall is taken down 1991-the Soviet Union collapses The Cold War Begins! "A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by Allied victory.... From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.... Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Bucharest, and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject... not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.... I do not believe that Soviet Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines." ----Winston Churchill, speech delivered March 5, 1946 Germany & the Cold War From World War to Cold War United Nations established to keep peace and protect rights Founding countries include USA, USSR, Britain, France, and Republic of China UN unable to prevent tension from growing between USA and USSR The Berlin Blockade Berlin Stalin chose to back down Bi-Polar World The World quickly divides between Those who support the USA (Western Bloc) Those who support the USSR (Eastern Bloc) Those who hope to stay neutral and receive benefits from both (nonaligned nations) Nonaligned Nations India, most of Africa, the Muslim world, and parts of Central and South America Arms Race Communism in China 1949 Mao Zedong pushes Guomindang into exile in Taiwan, establishes Peoples Republic of China China becomes worlds largest communist nation Today Taiwan rejects Chinas attempts at unification Mao = Stalin Wannabe Maos Great Leap Forward 1950s Plan to create a truly communist industrial economy Collectivization of farming and industry Miserable failure, some call it the Great Leap Backwards Caused famine, millions died More Mao Focuses on building military Tests first Atomic bomb in 1964 Introduces some elements of capitalism, then worries about straying from communist past The Cultural Revolution 1960s Goals: Erase everything old and traditional, create a new society based on communist values Disaster: Red Guards run amuck, students kill teachers, medical students imprison doctors, many arrested and executed for being counter revolutionary "We must learn from our highest director, We must carry out that faithfully, and truthfully and courageously." Ill have capitalism, hold the democracy! Deng Xiaoping takes control of China in 1976 Adds elements of capitalism into economy Similar to Lenins New Economic Policy Remains politically communist, limiting freedoms Tiananmen Square Massacre Will democratic reforms ever take place? Change Over Time Under the communists China has Moved away from Confucianism Banned religion Eliminated the landlord class Granted political and legal equality to women Created laws limiting families to one child only Added elements of capitalism into the economy Begun building one of the worlds strongest economies Berlin In 1961 Soviets built the Berlin Wall surrounding West Berlin The fall of the Berlin wall in December 1989 signified the end of the Cold War and the fall of the USSR Germany After the Cold War Decline of Soviet Bloc leads directly to reunification Berlin Wall torn down in 1989 Mass exodus of people out of East Germany Today Germany struggles with unemployment and economic issues associated with rejoining the economically poor East Germany into West Germany The End of the Cold War Living standards in Western Europe improve drastically Eastern European states begin to revolt against Russia Demand autonomy Democracy Economic freedom Poland Lech Walesa leads Solidarity movement against USSR 1980s Polish govt arrests Walesa 1989 Solidarity legalized 1989 Berlin Wall torn down 1990 Collapse of USSR 1990 Poland gains independence, Lech Walesa elected President USSR Collapses! Long history of economic stagnation and a shortage of consumer goods 1970s USSR invades Afghanistan USA equips the Mujahadeen (freedom fighters) in a guerilla war against USSR War is politically and economically costly USSR Collapses! Mikhail Gorbachev takes power 1985 Institutes two new policies Glasnost (openness) Perestroika (restructuring) Plans meet with disapproval in Russia USA continues to push Arms and Space races Economic and political turmoil lead to USSRs fall.