The Cold War and The Cold War and CanadaCanada Igor Gouzenko brought the realities of the Igor Gouzenko brought the realities of the

Cold War homeCold War home Canada was now a part of the Cold War; Canada was now a part of the Cold War;

importance of Canada on a world stage importance of Canada on a world stage (plus right next door to Soviet threat: The (plus right next door to Soviet threat: The Americans!)Americans!)

Growing Cold War tensions meant that Growing Cold War tensions meant that Canada needed to increase its defencesCanada needed to increase its defences

Military spending in ‘peacetime’?!?!!Military spending in ‘peacetime’?!?!! Need to develop a defense partnership Need to develop a defense partnership

with the US and other democratic nations with the US and other democratic nations to stop spread of communismto stop spread of communism

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty NATO: North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization

April, 1949April, 1949 Canada’s first ever Canada’s first ever peace-time alliance; peace-time alliance; developed by Canadadeveloped by Canada Canada would play a Canada would play a significant role in world significant role in world affairs and defence affairs and defence policiespolicies Founding nations: Canada, Founding nations: Canada, US, France, Britain, Norway, US, France, Britain, Norway, Holland, etc.Holland, etc.

Commitment by founding nations: Commitment by founding nations: army, navy, air force to NATO defense army, navy, air force to NATO defense (like an alliance)(like an alliance)

Canada: stationed troops abroad as Canada: stationed troops abroad as peacetime alliance (France and peacetime alliance (France and Belgium; RCAF squadrons)Belgium; RCAF squadrons)

Soviets responded with the WARSAW Soviets responded with the WARSAW PACT in 1955: Poland, Czechoslovakia, PACT in 1955: Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Bulgaria, etc.East Germany, Bulgaria, etc.

NORAD: North American Air Defense NORAD: North American Air Defense Agreement/north American Agreement/north American

Aerospace Defense CommandAerospace Defense Command Technology of WWII: RadarTechnology of WWII: Radar Significant importance; need to protect Significant importance; need to protect

themselves of a possible attack by air themselves of a possible attack by air from Sovietsfrom Soviets

Canada put in money to build up radar Canada put in money to build up radar defences (1954: 150 million!!)defences (1954: 150 million!!)

Integrated the air defense forces of Integrated the air defense forces of America and CanadaAmerica and Canada

Diefenbaker (new PM 1957) signed Diefenbaker (new PM 1957) signed NORAD agreement.NORAD agreement.

But responsibilities? (join wars?)But responsibilities? (join wars?)

Nuclear Research and Nuclear Nuclear Research and Nuclear ThreatsThreats

a Cold War signifier; the more nuclear power a Cold War signifier; the more nuclear power you had, the better equip you were for waryou had, the better equip you were for war

Nuclear energy as a good thing: Energy needs Nuclear energy as a good thing: Energy needs in Canada; cheap, widely available, in Canada; cheap, widely available, inexpensive (constructive uses, as well)inexpensive (constructive uses, as well)

Nuclear Arms race (fear of Cold War Nuclear Arms race (fear of Cold War engagement)engagement)

1949: Soviets develop nuclear weapons; now 1949: Soviets develop nuclear weapons; now US not only one with nuclear capabilitiesUS not only one with nuclear capabilities

Hydrogen Bomb (1957): 100 times more Hydrogen Bomb (1957): 100 times more powerful than atomic bombpowerful than atomic bomb

But MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction): no But MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction): no nation would use nuclear weapons because it nation would use nuclear weapons because it would destroy them bothwould destroy them both

What do you think this picture means?

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962-1963)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962-1963) realities of nuclear war realities of nuclear war to our ‘backyard’to our ‘backyard’ Soviets wanted to Soviets wanted to station nuclear weapons station nuclear weapons in Cuba (a communist country)in Cuba (a communist country) US Navy formed a US Navy formed a blockade around Cubablockade around Cuba Military action to stop Military action to stop ships from S.U. carrying ships from S.U. carrying nuclear weapons?!?nuclear weapons?!?

Brink of nuclear war (S.U. ships positioned Brink of nuclear war (S.U. ships positioned along the blockade; if the Americans along the blockade; if the Americans launched an attack, it would blow up the launched an attack, it would blow up the weapons aboard and possibly?!?!?!)weapons aboard and possibly?!?!?!)

Canada’s Role: put armed forces on Canada’s Role: put armed forces on Military alertMilitary alert

Dief said ok, but quietly put them on alert Dief said ok, but quietly put them on alert then announces alert 2 days later (to then announces alert 2 days later (to signify Canadian independence)signify Canadian independence)

The Race for SpaceThe Race for Space

Sputnik I (Soviet Satellite): deliver nuclear Sputnik I (Soviet Satellite): deliver nuclear warheads anywhere in NA because can warheads anywhere in NA because can detect radar systems; Soviets had better detect radar systems; Soviets had better missile launch capabilities.missile launch capabilities.

protection needed in Space (satellites)! protection needed in Space (satellites)! Hence the moon landing (Americans prove Hence the moon landing (Americans prove they have better ‘space capabilities’)they have better ‘space capabilities’)

NASA: Canada’s Role: Launch satellite NASA: Canada’s Role: Launch satellite Alouette I in Sept. 1962 (Canada now 3rd Alouette I in Sept. 1962 (Canada now 3rd nation in space)nation in space)

First Living Organism in First Living Organism in Space?Space?

Laika: her place in space history is assured and the information she provided proved that a living organism could tolerate a long time in weightlessness and paved the way for humans in space.