The Cold WarThe Cold WarAfter World War Two the After World War Two the

world is broken into two world is broken into two main groups: main groups:

The Democratic WestThe Democratic West

The Communist EastThe Communist East

Lead byLead by

1.1. The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union

2.2. The United StatesThe United States

What is the Cold War?What is the Cold War?

Period lasting from 1945 – 1989.Period lasting from 1945 – 1989. Characterized by tension and Characterized by tension and

hostility between the Communist hostility between the Communist Soviet Union and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies and the Capitalist and democratic United Capitalist and democratic United States and its allies.States and its allies.

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Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USPost WWII/Cold War Goals for US

Promote open markets for Promote open markets for US US goods to prevent goods to prevent another another depressiondepression Promote democracy Promote democracy throughout throughout the world, especially in Asia the world, especially in Asia and Africaand Africa Stop the spread of Stop the spread of communismcommunism

•““Domino EffectDomino Effect””

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Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSRPost WWII/Cold War Goals for USSR

Create greater security for itselfCreate greater security for itself• lost tens of millions of lost tens of millions of people in WWII and people in WWII and StalinStalin’’s purgess purges• feared a strong Germanyfeared a strong Germany

Establish defensible bordersEstablish defensible bordersEncourage friendly Encourage friendly governments on its bordersgovernments on its bordersSpread communism around the Spread communism around the worldworld

The Cold War BeginsThe Cold War Begins

End of WW2End of WW2 A divided Europe in ruinsA divided Europe in ruins Totalitarian vs. DemocracyTotalitarian vs. Democracy Communism vs. CapitalismCommunism vs. Capitalism Formation of the United NationsFormation of the United Nations Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Marshall PlanMarshall Plan Warsaw Pact, NATO, Berlin AirliftWarsaw Pact, NATO, Berlin Airlift

Europe – EAST AND WESTEurope – EAST AND WEST

Separated by Separated by the “Iron the “Iron Curtain”Curtain”• Coined by Coined by

Churchill to Churchill to describe the describe the break break between East between East and Westand West

Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech March, 1946March, 1946

““From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.”and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.”

Excerpt from Winston ChurchillExcerpt from Winston Churchill’’s s ““Iron Curtain Speech.Iron Curtain Speech.””

Berlin and Germany SplitBerlin and Germany Split

BerlinBerlin

Truman Doctrine and Marshall Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, 1947Plan, 1947

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine: US would : US would tolerate Soviet expansion to its 1947 tolerate Soviet expansion to its 1947 limits (principle of limits (principle of coexistencecoexistence) but ) but would resist any further would resist any further encroachment (principle of encroachment (principle of containmentcontainment))

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan: Economic aid to : Economic aid to rebuild European economies. An rebuild European economies. An instrument to aid non-communist instrument to aid non-communist states (economic imperialism?) states (economic imperialism?)

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The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949 1948: three western controlled zones of Germany united; grew in prosperity due to the Marshall Plan1948: three western controlled zones of Germany united; grew in prosperity due to the Marshall Plan West wanted East to rejoin; West wanted East to rejoin; many were fleeing Soviet Berlin.many were fleeing Soviet Berlin. Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security. June 1948: Stalin decided to try and gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside the Eastern Sector. June 1948: Stalin decided to try and gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside the Eastern Sector. So in 1948, the So in 1948, the Soviets blockade all the ground links to West BerlinSoviets blockade all the ground links to West Berlin

Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to survive.West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to survive.

All supplies needed are ferried in to Berlin through air corridors from the West. Stalin eventually gives up.All supplies needed are ferried in to Berlin through air corridors from the West. Stalin eventually gives up. May 1949: USSR lifted the blockadeMay 1949: USSR lifted the blockade1961 - Soviets decide to put up 1961 - Soviets decide to put up BerlinBerlin wallwall to keep people into keep people in. .

Berlin Air LiftBerlin Air Lift

Planes lined up for take off.Planes lined up for take off.

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Building the WallBuilding the Wall

Defection from the EastDefection from the East

Canada and the Cold WarCanada and the Cold War Caught in the Middle – Caught in the Middle –

USSR on top, USA USSR on top, USA underneath…main underneath…main missile and bomber missile and bomber route. Wrong place at route. Wrong place at the wrong time.the wrong time.

Sided with the US and Sided with the US and NATONATO

Canada’s Spy RingCanada’s Spy Ring

Igor GouzenkoIgor Gouzenko Russian clerk from Soviet Embassy Russian clerk from Soviet Embassy

delivers files to Canada proving the delivers files to Canada proving the existence of a Soviet spy ring in existence of a Soviet spy ring in Canada.Canada.

Gouzenko and family are given Gouzenko and family are given asylum and new IDs in Ontario.asylum and new IDs in Ontario.

Sept 1945 – Igor Gouzenko was awas aRussian working in theRussian working in the Soviet Soviet Embassy in Embassy in

OttawaOttawaHe He defected – – (deserted his country)(deserted his country) and asked the Canadian government to and asked the Canadian government to

protect him and his familyprotect him and his family -gave the government secret files revealing -gave the government secret files revealing

Russian spies in the Russian spies in the Canadian, US and British GovernmentCanadian, US and British Government were stealing important information, like the were stealing important information, like the

plans for building the atomic bomb. plans for building the atomic bomb. ResultResult fear of communism and communists fear of communism and communists (the (the

““Red MenaceRed Menace””)) spread spread

The Red Scare in North AmericaThe Red Scare in North America

United StatesUnited States

US Congress formed US Congress formed

““Committee on Un-American ActivitiesCommittee on Un-American Activities””

led by led by Senator Joseph McCarthySenator Joseph McCarthy

GoGoalal -- to -- to findfind any communists any communists

became a became a ““witch huntwitch hunt””

anyone suspected of being a Communist anyone suspected of being a Communist could be persecuted, fired, could be persecuted, fired, blacklistedblacklisted (prevented from getting a job)(prevented from getting a job)

Communism in CanadaCommunism in Canada

PM PM Louis Louis St. LaurentSt. Laurent refused to outlaw communism becauserefused to outlaw communism because it was it was not democraticnot democratic ( (was was against freedom of speech), but against freedom of speech), but

an an RCMP special branch kept an eye on anyone thought to RCMP special branch kept an eye on anyone thought to be a communist – performing secret checks on government be a communist – performing secret checks on government employees. Union leaders were especially suspected.employees. Union leaders were especially suspected.

QuebecQuebec Premier Maurice DuplessisPremier Maurice Duplessis fearefeared d communism and hated unions.communism and hated unions.““Padlock LawPadlock Law”” police police allowed allowed toto raid places in search of raid places in search of ““revolutionary revolutionary

materialmaterial”” and shut down any organizations and and shut down any organizations and newspapers thought to be communist.newspapers thought to be communist.

  

NATO and Warsaw PactNATO and Warsaw Pact

WEST – NATO (1949)WEST – NATO (1949)• Military Alliance (sound familiar?)Military Alliance (sound familiar?)• North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization• Led by the United StatesLed by the United States

EAST – Warsaw Pact (1955)EAST – Warsaw Pact (1955)• Military Alliance, response to NATO Military Alliance, response to NATO

threatthreat• Led by Soviet RussiaLed by Soviet Russia

NATO NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization– North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Canadian PM Louis St LaurentCanadian PM Louis St Laurent – – encouragedencouraged an alliance of democratic an alliance of democratic countries in the countries in the North AtlanticNorth Atlantic region. region.

Result - - 1949 --1949 -- NATO NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization

was formed. was formed. it was agreed thatit was agreed that an attack on one an attack on one

member was an attack on all.member was an attack on all.Members of NATOMembers of NATOUS US CanadaCanada FranceFrance BritainBritain HollandHollandItalItaly y Iceland Iceland PortugalPortugal Belgium Belgium GreeceGreece TurkeyTurkey SpainSpain DenmarkDenmark NorwayNorway West Germany West Germany Luxembourg Luxembourg

19491949 – – Mao ZhedongMao Zhedong, communist revolutionary, took , communist revolutionary, took control of control of ChinaChina and his opponents, supported by and his opponents, supported by the US, fled to the US, fled to TaiwanTaiwan. .

USSR announced it had discovered the USSR announced it had discovered the atomic bombatomic bomb

ResultResult Arms RaceArms Race competition between USSR and US to build competition between USSR and US to build

nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons 19551955 -- -- USSRUSSR -- angered by the formation of NATO, -- angered by the formation of NATO,

formed the formed the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact Members of the Warsaw PactMembers of the Warsaw Pact

USSRUSSR CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia RomaniaRomania HungaryHungary Poland Poland EastEast GermanyGermany AlbaniaAlbania BulgariaBulgaria

REVIEW: What were the causes of REVIEW: What were the causes of WW1?WW1?

In partners, apply your knowledge of In partners, apply your knowledge of WW1 causes to the Cold War situationWW1 causes to the Cold War situation

What do you find is similar? different?What do you find is similar? different?

Causes of WW1 and Cold WarCauses of WW1 and Cold War

1.Militarism1.Militarism• Nuclear Arms Race…even worseNuclear Arms Race…even worse

2.Alliances2.Alliances• NATO and Warsaw PactNATO and Warsaw Pact

3.Imperialism3.Imperialism• Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence

4.Nationalism4.Nationalism• Economic system instead of nations?Economic system instead of nations?

North American DefenseNorth American Defense

NORADNORAD – North American Air – North American Air Defense AgreementDefense Agreement

HQ buried in Cheyenne Mountain, HQ buried in Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado.Colorado.

Centrally controlled and coordinated Centrally controlled and coordinated defense of North American Air Spacedefense of North American Air Space• Fighter forcesFighter forces• Missile basesMissile bases• Air defense radar Air defense radar

Canada and NORADCanada and NORAD

Protection from Soviet Air Attack Protection from Soviet Air Attack (bombers initially, then missiles)(bombers initially, then missiles)

US built three lines of radar stations US built three lines of radar stations across Canada (built between 1950-57)across Canada (built between 1950-57)• The Pinetree LineThe Pinetree Line• The Mid-Canada LineThe Mid-Canada Line• DEW DEW LineLine (in the artic) - (in the artic) - Distant Early Distant Early

WarningWarning Line Line

DEWDEW ControversyControversy

Many Canadians felt this defense Many Canadians felt this defense system system compromised our compromised our independenceindependence

Was this a necessary price of added Was this a necessary price of added security?security?

This information can be found on This information can be found on pages 131 -136 of pages 131 -136 of CounterpointsCounterpoints

The Nuclear Issue in CanadaThe Nuclear Issue in Canada

In the 1960’s tensions rose between the In the 1960’s tensions rose between the presidents of the U.S.A. and Canadian prime presidents of the U.S.A. and Canadian prime ministers, as a result of a lack of total ministers, as a result of a lack of total commitment by Canada to U.S. defence efforts. commitment by Canada to U.S. defence efforts.

Both Prime Ministers Both Prime Ministers DiefenbakerDiefenbaker and and Pearson Pearson would have confrontations with would have confrontations with Presidents Presidents KennedyKennedy and and Johnson.Johnson.

Canada was hesitant during the Canada was hesitant during the Cuban missileCuban missile crisiscrisis and Pearson was hesitant to allow and Pearson was hesitant to allow nuclear warheadsnuclear warheads on American missiles on on American missiles on Canadian soil. Canadian soil.

Avro ArrowAvro Arrow 1950s Canada begins the development of a 1950s Canada begins the development of a supersonic Jet supersonic Jet

FighterFighter to counteract the threat of Soviet Nuclear armed Bomber to counteract the threat of Soviet Nuclear armed Bomber aircraftaircraft

It was well ahead of its time technologically but would be scrapped It was well ahead of its time technologically but would be scrapped by the Diefenbaker government who maintained modern day by the Diefenbaker government who maintained modern day warfare would be fought with intercontinental missiles rather than jet warfare would be fought with intercontinental missiles rather than jet fighters.fighters.

• Cancelled in 1959Cancelled in 1959 by Diefenbakerby Diefenbaker Some say it was because the plane was too good and US Some say it was because the plane was too good and US

interests did not want competition so US government put interests did not want competition so US government put pressure on the Canadian govt.pressure on the Canadian govt.

Others say it was too costly and intercontinental missiles Others say it was too costly and intercontinental missiles made it obsolete before it was even donemade it obsolete before it was even done

Most of Canadian designers went down too the US and Most of Canadian designers went down too the US and worked for US companies after the Arrow was scrapped worked for US companies after the Arrow was scrapped (cancelled)(cancelled)

The Nuclear Issue growsThe Nuclear Issue grows After the Arrow was scrapped, Canada After the Arrow was scrapped, Canada

agreed to accept US made agreed to accept US made BOMARC BOMARC missilesmissiles on Canadian soil – took years to on Canadian soil – took years to decide as many Canadians did not agreedecide as many Canadians did not agree

Created Huge debateCreated Huge debate in Canadain Canada• Hypocritical Hypocritical to urge the UN to work for to urge the UN to work for

disarmament and have nuclear missiles at the disarmament and have nuclear missiles at the same time!same time!

• LiberalLiberal- “Yes” to missiles under certain - “Yes” to missiles under certain conditions (Business men did not want to make conditions (Business men did not want to make US mad)US mad)

• ConservativesConservatives – “No” to missiles (Canada – “No” to missiles (Canada should not be bullied by US)should not be bullied by US)

Liberals win minority in 1963 – missiles installedLiberals win minority in 1963 – missiles installed 1972 – Trudeau has all nuclear missiles removed1972 – Trudeau has all nuclear missiles removed

BOMARC MISSILESBOMARC MISSILES

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