The Cold WarContinued Change in

China

The Deng Era 1976 - Deng

Xiaoping and the pragmatists gain power• Still Communist

Party control over the Chinese Government

• Deng more willing than Mao to “learn” from the capitalist west

The Deng Era

The Four Modernizations• Agriculture

Replace communes – use “responsibility system” based on family farming

• Industry Increase efficiency – base

production on supply/demand rather than government order

Some private ownership permitted Foreign business and technology

welcomed Special Economic Zones – areas

in China where foreigners could own and operate businesses with little government interference

The Deng Era The Four Modernizations

• Science Increase in research and spending

• Defense Modernization Increase in size and spending

Effects• Increased standard of living• Social gap (rich vs. poor)• Increased crime, corruption

The Deng Era

Tiananmen Square Massacre• Deng refuses political freedoms• Students/intellectuals begin to

protest for a more “open” political system

• May 1989: 100,000 rally for reform at Tiananmen Square in Beijing Troops/tanks sent in to disperse crowd Thousands killed/wounded

• Damages China’s prestige

China After Deng 1989 - Deng steps down and names

Jiang Zemin as President (still controls from “behind the scenes” until 1997)

The Economy• Millions of rural peasants move to cities for

work Pressures: housing, education, pollution, services,

etc.• Capitalist-style reforms

Buying stock in state-run companies

China After Deng The Economy

• Public Works Project – Three Gorges Dam Created jobs Provides electricity 2 million people relocated for construction

• Effects Overcrowding Environmental concerns

China After Deng Human Rights

• Limitations on freedoms Speech and press Procreation (“one-child” policy) “Free” religion

• Growing ethnic unrest China has 56 different ethnic groups

• Strong unrest in Tibet 1950 - Conquered by China Dalai Lama (Buddhist spiritual leader) leads global

movement for independence

China After Deng International Relations

• Strained relations with western nationsTensions: Trade vs. Human Rights issues and Military Development

• Increased trade within AsiaEspecially Japan, North and South Korea

Friendly relations with post-Soviet Russia

Hong Kong Regained from British 1997

• After 156 years of British rule Major global port and financial

center Plan: maintains capitalism and

freedoms for first 50 Had freely-elected legislature

• Opposed by Communists• Replaced by Communist-selected legislature

Taiwan Established by Nationalists under

Chaing Kai-shek during the Chinese civil war• Island of Taiwan was established as the

Republic of China with Taipei as the capital• Both groups recognized it as a province of

China Prosperous trade 1988: President Lee Teng-hui allows

political parties to challenge the Nationalists• Democratic elections

Uncertain political future