THE COLD THE COLD WARWAR

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WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR?WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR? The Cold War (1945–1991) The Cold War (1945–1991) 46 46

YEARS!!!YEARS!!!

a state of political conflict, military a state of political conflict, military tension, and economic competition tension, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–existing after World War II (1939–1945) 1945)

Tensions arose between the USSR Tensions arose between the USSR and its satellite states, and the and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, powers of the Western world, including the United States. including the United States.

Conflicts included military Conflicts included military coalitions, strategic conventional coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, a nuclear arms force deployments, a nuclear arms race, espionage, proxy wars, race, espionage, proxy wars, propaganda, and technological propaganda, and technological competition, e.g. the Space Race.competition, e.g. the Space Race.

“Somewhere In the USSR.” Photo from Soviet Photo magazine 1970. Via Soviet Photo Daily.

THE AXIS VS THE THE AXIS VS THE ALLIESALLIES During WWII major disagreements formed between allied powers During WWII major disagreements formed between allied powers

including the USSR, the US, the United Kingdom and France including the USSR, the US, the United Kingdom and France • Disagreements arose regarding the configuration of the post-war Disagreements arose regarding the configuration of the post-war

world. world.

At the end of the war, they occupied most of Europe At the end of the war, they occupied most of Europe

The US and USSR became most powerful military forces.The US and USSR became most powerful military forces.

The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc with the eastern The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc with the eastern European countries it occupied, annexing some as Soviet European countries it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states, Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states, some of which were later consolidated as the Warsaw Pact some of which were later consolidated as the Warsaw Pact (1955–1991). (1955–1991).

The US and some western European countries established The US and some western European countries established containment of communism as a defensive policy, establishing containment of communism as a defensive policy, establishing alliances (e.g. NATO, 1949) to that end.alliances (e.g. NATO, 1949) to that end.

INCREASED OPPOSITION:INCREASED OPPOSITION:The emergence of CommunismThe emergence of Communism

Nations coordinated the rebuilding of western Europe Nations coordinated the rebuilding of western Europe (post WWII), particularly western Germany.(post WWII), particularly western Germany.

USSR shared a strong opposition to Germany. USSR shared a strong opposition to Germany.

In Latin America and Southeast Asia, the USSR In Latin America and Southeast Asia, the USSR harbored communist revolutions.harbored communist revolutions.• Were in opposition to several western countries and their Were in opposition to several western countries and their

regional allies. regional allies.

Some countries aligned with NATO and the Warsaw Some countries aligned with NATO and the Warsaw Pact but in turn, non-aligned country blocs also Pact but in turn, non-aligned country blocs also emerged.emerged.

WARSAW PACT AND NATOWARSAW PACT AND NATO Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact the informal name for the the informal name for the

mutual defense mutual defense Treaty of Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistanceand Mutual Assistance commonly known as the commonly known as the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact subscribed subscribed by eight communist states by eight communist states in Eastern Europe, which in Eastern Europe, which was established at the was established at the USSR’s initiative and USSR’s initiative and realized on 14 May 1955, in realized on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw, Poland.Warsaw, Poland.

NATOIn the year 1949, an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security

INTERNATIONAL TENSIONSINTERNATIONAL TENSIONS“The Arms Race”“The Arms Race”

The Cold War featured international The Cold War featured international high tensionhigh tension• the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949) the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949)

The Korean War (1950–1953) The Korean War (1950–1953) The Berlin Crisis of 1961 The Berlin Crisis of 1961 The Vietnam War (1959–1975), the The Vietnam War (1959–1975), the

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) – We will Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) – We will discuss this in our next lecturediscuss this in our next lecture

The Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–The Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989), and the Able Archer 83 NATO 1989), and the Able Archer 83 NATO exercises in November 1983. exercises in November 1983.

Mutual Assured DestructionMutual Assured Destruction

HOW THE COLD WAR HOW THE COLD WAR AFFECTED THE UNITED AFFECTED THE UNITED

STATESSTATESTHE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS AND THE BAY OF THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS AND THE BAY OF PIGSPIGS

The Bay of Pigs Invasion or “La Batalla de Girón, The Bay of Pigs Invasion or “La Batalla de Girón, or Playa Girón in Cuba” or Playa Girón in Cuba”

• unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exilesunsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles• invade southern Cuba with support from US government invade southern Cuba with support from US government

armed forces armed forces • to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.• April 1961April 1961

The Cuban armed forcesThe Cuban armed forces• trained and equipped by Eastern Bloc nations, defeated the trained and equipped by Eastern Bloc nations, defeated the

exile combatants in three days. Bad Cuban-American exile combatants in three days. Bad Cuban-American relations were made worse by the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.relations were made worse by the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.

OPTIONS:1.) Naval blockade - shipments of missiles2.) The “do nothing” option was not feasible because Congress had already passed a joint resolution backing military action if offensive weapons were found in Cuba, and Republicans were using the possibility of the existence of 3.) Diplomacy and Peace Talks between Khrushchev

and Kennedy.

THE CUBAN MISSILE THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISISCRISIS The Cuban Missile Crisis was a The Cuban Missile Crisis was a

confrontation between the United confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union and States, the Soviet Union and Cuba in October 1962,,Cuba in October 1962,,

In the Soviet Union, former In the Soviet Union, former Eastern Bloc countries, and other Eastern Bloc countries, and other communist countries such as communist countries such as North Korea and the nation of North Korea and the nation of China.China.

In September 1962, the Cuban In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments placed and Soviet governments placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. nuclear missiles in Cuba.

When United States military When United States military intelligence discovered the intelligence discovered the weapons, the U.S. government weapons, the U.S. government sought to do all it could to ensure sought to do all it could to ensure the removal of the missiles. the removal of the missiles.

The crisis ranks with the Berlin The crisis ranks with the Berlin Blockade as one of the major Blockade as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War.confrontations of the Cold War.

ARMS RACE AND PARANOIA

CUBAN MISSILE CUBAN MISSILE CRISISCRISIS

(continued)(continued)

At 9 a.m., on October 28th, a new message from At 9 a.m., on October 28th, a new message from Khrushchev was broadcast on Radio Moscow. Khrushchev was broadcast on Radio Moscow.

Khrushchev stated that, "the Soviet government, in Khrushchev stated that, "the Soviet government, in addition to previously issued instructions on the addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as 'offensive' and of the weapons which you describe as 'offensive' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union.“their crating and return to the Soviet Union.“

Testimony from retired Air Force Major (WWII sailor, Cold War), Testimony from retired Air Force Major (WWII sailor, Cold War), Roberto Roberto

De La Cruz (Sara’s grandfather), referencing the Cuban Missile De La Cruz (Sara’s grandfather), referencing the Cuban Missile Crisis paranoia. Crisis paranoia.

“ “We (the United States Air Force) were given direct orders by We (the United States Air Force) were given direct orders by Kennedy to prepare the launching of our Missiles from the Kennedy to prepare the launching of our Missiles from the Niagara Falls Missile Site. Nora (Sara’s grandmother) and your Niagara Falls Missile Site. Nora (Sara’s grandmother) and your mother (Sara’s mother) were told to go underground and take mother (Sara’s mother) were told to go underground and take the children on base with them when I made the call to launch the children on base with them when I made the call to launch the missiles. We did not know if we would wake up the next the missiles. We did not know if we would wake up the next morning as it may have been the end of the world.”morning as it may have been the end of the world.”

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS AND PRESIDENT KENNEYAND PRESIDENT KENNEY

Kennedy immediately responded, issuing a Kennedy immediately responded, issuing a statement calling the letter "an important and statement calling the letter "an important and constructive contribution to peace…I consider constructive contribution to peace…I consider my letter to you of October twenty-seventh and my letter to you of October twenty-seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out... The U.S. will make a promptly carried out... The U.S. will make a statement in the framework of the Security statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows: it will Council in reference to Cuba as follows: it will declare that the United States of America will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba, used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba, and will restrain those who would plan to carry and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba, either from U.S. an aggression against Cuba, either from U.S. territory or from the territory of other countries territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba."neighboring to Cuba."

THE COLLAPSE OF THE THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION

1980s – US increased diplomatic, military, and economic 1980s – US increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures against the USSR, which had already suffered pressures against the USSR, which had already suffered severe economic stagnation. severe economic stagnation.

Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the “liberalizing reforms of perestroika”“liberalizing reforms of perestroika”• "reconstruction“ or "reorganization“ - year 1987 "reconstruction“ or "reorganization“ - year 1987 • glasnost or "openness“ - year 1985). glasnost or "openness“ - year 1985). • The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 • The collapse of The Soviet Union left the United States as the The collapse of The Soviet Union left the United States as the

MOST POWERFUL military power.MOST POWERFUL military power.• On the contrary, the collapse of the Soviet Union left Russia On the contrary, the collapse of the Soviet Union left Russia

possessing most of the Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal. possessing most of the Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal. • Russia’s nuclear arsenal poses a great militaristic threat to the Russia’s nuclear arsenal poses a great militaristic threat to the

global community.global community.