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Classical China Zhou Dynasty
(1046-256 BCE) Feudalism Mandate of Heaven
Decline of Zhou Dynasty Confucianism Daoism Legalism
Warring States Period 481 BCE – 221 BCE Kingdom of Qin began
expanding during the 3rd century BCE
Qin Dynasty (221-202 BCE) Used Legalism to
restore order Land reforms
weakened aristocracy Peasants were given
land rights to farm remote territories
Centralized bureaucracy
Unified China Standardized script,
laws, and weights & measures
Qin Shi Huangdi Proclaimed himself
“First Emperor” of China
Centralized Power Disarmed local militaries Built roads & defensive
walls Demanded burning of
books Used forced labor to
complete public works projects
Early Han Dynasty (202 BCE-9 CE) Founded by Liu Bang
Prevailed in warfare after collapse of Qin Dynasty
Used Legalism to lesser extent Used Confucianism as
basis of government jobs
Conquered northern Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia Tribute System
Economic Power Iron metallurgy was introduced
Allowed for innovations in weapons and agriculture
Monopolized iron, salt, and liquor Government controlled these business’s Why?
Silk Roads Connected Han Empire with Central Asia, India, Roman
Empire
Emperor Wu Ruled from 141-87 BCE
Supported Legalism and Confucianism
Two Goals Centralize government Expand the empire
Reforms Expanded bureaucracy Started an imperial university Confucian examination system Expanded the Silk Roads
Pax Sinica
Fall of Han Dynasty Overextended
Border pressure (Barbarian) High taxes on peasants Wealth disparity
Weak leaders and succession disagreements
Beginning of collapse 184 C.E.
Rome Beginnings Ruled by Etruscan’s
Roman nobility overthrew Etruscans 509 BCE
Set up a Republic form of government Elect people to do
governing for the people
Roman Republic (509-44 BCE) Political System
Consuls Senate (patricians) Tribunes (plebeians)
Twelve Tables Created a standardized
system of laws Established rights for
defendants Military expansion
Assimilated conquered peoples
Social ClassesPatricians Wealthy, land
owners Senators Consuls Inherited
title/estates
Plebeians Artisans,
merchants No Senate until
later Elected Tribunes to
make changes for them
12 Tables (in Forum)
End of Republic Growing tensions
between rich & poor Latifundias
Large plantations in conquered lands controlled by aristocrats
Julius Caesar Dictator for life in 47 BCE Reforms
Sought to relieve tension between the classes
Executed by aristocratic conspirators
Roman Empire (31 BCE-476 CE) Established by Augustus
Republic in name only Continued military expansion Pax Romana
NOT a dynasty Succession often depended
upon military strength Tolerated local customs &
religions (assimilation) Laws & culture/patriotism
held empire together
Pax Romana 27 BCE – 180 CE Trade
Needed precious metals Kept roads safe (silk road)
Cultural Achievements Adopted Greek language, literature, architecture Coliseum and Aqueducts
Religion Paganism (Polytheism) Tolerated unique pagan religions Persecuted Jews and Christians
Persian Empire (558-332 BCE)
Rise: Founded by Cyrus the
Great (558-530 BCE) Incorporated surrounding
kingdoms Darius I (522-486 BCE)
Divided government into 20 provinces ran by satraps
Decentralized government Built the Royal Road Red Sea Canal
Persian Empire (Pax) Persian Economy
Government coined money Facilitated trade from Greece
to India Persian Religion
Zoroastrianism Local religions tolerated
First written Persian script Protected system of roads Legal codes
Reflected local usage Construction of four capital
cities
Fall of Persian Empire Not enough tax
revenue Unable to collect taxes
efficiently
Loss of Hegemony Never had a national
identity
Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian
Empire in 330 BCE
Ashoka (268-232 BCE) Conquered most of India
Used elephants in warfare Battle of Kalinga
Reforms Pillars of Ashoka Centralized bureaucracy Expanded agriculture Built roads to promote trade
Promoted the spread of Buddhism
Empire declined after Ashoka’s death
Gupta Dynasty (320-565 CE) Founded by Chandra
Gupta Used alliances, tribute
& conquest Gupta Government
Coalition of regional kingdoms
Policy & administration left to local rulers
Eventually destroyed by the White Huns
Ancient Greece Geography prevented
political unification Culturally unified
City-States Cities offered safety and
wealth Different political systems
Unified when threatened Persian Wars
Wars weaken city-states Peloponnesian War (431-
404 BCE)
Alexander the Great (332-323 BCE)
Father, Philip II, conquered most of Greece
Built a massive empire Conquered Persia & Egypt Threatened India
Empire divided into 3 parts after his death Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt Seleucid Empire in Persia
Maya (300–900 CE) Heirs to Olmec traditions Culturally unified city-
states Never form a unified
political system Built elaborate religious
and commercial centers Tikal & Chichen-Itza
Traded luxury products Advanced math &
science Zero, solar year, etc.