The Civil War The Civil War BeginsBegins

Strategy, Military, Strategy, Military, and Manpowerand Manpower

Crittenden CompromiseCrittenden Compromise• last ditch effortlast ditch effort• maintains slavery maintains slavery

where it waswhere it was• extends 36 30 (Missouri extends 36 30 (Missouri

Compromise) line to Compromise) line to CaliforniaCalifornia

- slavery allowed - slavery allowed S. S.

of the lineof the line• Fails! – war is Fails! – war is

inevitableinevitable

South Carolina SecedesSouth Carolina Secedes• Dec. 20, 1860Dec. 20, 1860• Why?Why?

- election of Lincoln- election of Lincoln

- believe Lincoln will - believe Lincoln will

end slaveryend slavery

““his opinions and his opinions and purposes are hostile to purposes are hostile to slavery. He declared, slavery. He declared, “Government cannot “Government cannot endure permanently half endure permanently half slave, half free.”slave, half free.”

Confederacy FormsConfederacy Forms• SC joined by SC joined by

Mississippi 1-9Mississippi 1-9

Florida 1-10Florida 1-10

Alabama 1-11Alabama 1-11

Georgia 1-19Georgia 1-19

Louisiana 1-26Louisiana 1-26

Texas 2-1Texas 2-1

• February 1861February 1861

Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis• President of ConfederacyPresident of Confederacy

FYIFYI

- - Black hawk war 1831Black hawk war 1831

- cotton planter- cotton planter

- member of US House of Reps- member of US House of Reps

- colonel Mex. Am War- colonel Mex. Am War

- Senator- Senator

- Sec. of war for Pres. Pierce- Sec. of war for Pres. Pierce

- Senator- Senator

- inaugurated Feb. 22 1862 - inaugurated Feb. 22 1862

We feel that our cause is just and holy; we We feel that our cause is just and holy; we protest solemnly in the face of mankind protest solemnly in the face of mankind

that we desire peace at any sacrifice save that we desire peace at any sacrifice save that of honour and independence; we ask that of honour and independence; we ask

no conquest, no aggrandizement, no no conquest, no aggrandizement, no concession of any kind from the States with concession of any kind from the States with which we were lately confederated; all we which we were lately confederated; all we ask is to be let alone; that those who never ask is to be let alone; that those who never held power over us shall not now attempt held power over us shall not now attempt

our subjugation by arms. our subjugation by arms.

Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis

Richmond Richmond VirginiaVirginia

Alexander StephensAlexander Stephens• Vice President of the Vice President of the

ConfederacyConfederacy

FYIFYI

- lawyer- lawyer

- planter/slave owner- planter/slave owner

- Georgia House and - Georgia House and SenateSenate

- US House of Reps- US House of Reps

- voted against secession - voted against secession in GA conventionin GA convention

Lincoln’s InaugurationLincoln’s Inauguration• ““no State upon its own mere no State upon its own mere

motion can lawfully get out of motion can lawfully get out of the Union”the Union”

• ““I am loath to close. We are I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our by the better angels of our nature.”nature.”

Fort Sumter CrisisFort Sumter Crisis• 18611861• federal fort in Confederate federal fort in Confederate

territoryterritory

- Ft. Sumter Charleston, - Ft. Sumter Charleston, SCSC

- Ft. Pickens Pensacola, FL- Ft. Pickens Pensacola, FL• Lincoln’s choicesLincoln’s choices

- send in troop = aggressor- send in troop = aggressor

- leave it to Confed = weak- leave it to Confed = weak

- chooses ½ way send in - chooses ½ way send in suppliessupplies

• April 12, 1861 rebels attack the fortApril 12, 1861 rebels attack the fort• 2 days later it falls to Confederacy2 days later it falls to Confederacy

Lincoln ReactsLincoln Reacts• calls for 75,000 calls for 75,000

militiamenmilitiamen• 4 more states secede4 more states secede

Virginia 4-17Virginia 4-17Arkansas 5-6Arkansas 5-6Tennessee 5-7Tennessee 5-7N. Carolina 5-20N. Carolina 5-20

• April 19 calls for a April 19 calls for a blockade of southern blockade of southern portsports

United States Of United States Of AmericaAmerica

Blue, YankeesBlue, Yankees

Confederate States Of Confederate States Of AmericaAmerica

Grey, RebelsGrey, Rebels

Choosing SidesChoosing Sides• Robert E. Lee- VARobert E. Lee- VA• Son of “Lighthorse Harry” Lee Son of “Lighthorse Harry” Lee

a Revolutionary Hero and a Revolutionary Hero and married to a descendant of married to a descendant of Martha WashingtonMartha Washington

• offered command of the offered command of the Federal forces (Union)Federal forces (Union)

• decides he cannot go decides he cannot go against his “country” (VA)against his “country” (VA)

• He could not “raise my He could not “raise my hand against my hand against my birthplace, my home, my birthplace, my home, my children.”children.”

Choosing Sides- a House Divided!Choosing Sides- a House Divided!• In every state except SC regiments were organized to fight in In every state except SC regiments were organized to fight in

the Unionthe Union

• approximately 100,000 Southerners fought for the Unionapproximately 100,000 Southerners fought for the Union

• 1 of every 5 from Arkansas killed in the war fought for the 1 of every 5 from Arkansas killed in the war fought for the UnionUnion

• In Texas German Americans opposed Secession and the warIn Texas German Americans opposed Secession and the war

- Confederates send in troops to repress Union - Confederates send in troops to repress Union sentimentsentiment

- Any German criticizing the Confederate cause was - Any German criticizing the Confederate cause was hanged,hanged,

shot, or whippedshot, or whipped

- killed 35 German-Am trying to escape to Mexico- killed 35 German-Am trying to escape to Mexico

• Confederacy kills several members of the Arkansas Peace Confederacy kills several members of the Arkansas Peace Society Society

• 23 states including 4 23 states including 4 borderborder

• 22 million people22 million people

• 2x Railroads2x Railroads• more industrymore industry• produced 97% of produced 97% of

countries firearmscountries firearms• more farm productionmore farm production• more access to capitalmore access to capital

• 11 states11 states

• 9 million people 9 million people (4million are slaves)(4million are slaves)

UnionUnion ConfederacyConfederacyEconomic ComparisonEconomic Comparison

• navy grows from 90 navy grows from 90 ships to 650ships to 650• better leaders by end better leaders by end

of warof war

• defensive wardefensive war• knowledge of landknowledge of land• more experienced leadersmore experienced leaders - strong military tradition- strong military tradition in Southin South - Citadel and VA Military- Citadel and VA Military InstituteInstitute

- West Point- West Point

UnionUnion ConfederacyConfederacyMilitary ComparisonMilitary Comparison

Union StrategyUnion StrategyAnaconda PlanAnaconda Plan

1.1. Blockade Confederate SeaportsBlockade Confederate Seaports

- choke off flow of foreign funds- choke off flow of foreign funds

2.2. Go after the Capital-RichmondGo after the Capital-Richmond

3.3. Penetrate the Heart of the Penetrate the Heart of the ConfederacyConfederacy

- take the Mississippi River- take the Mississippi River

- Divide the Confederacy- Divide the Confederacy

• DefendDefend

- the Union will give up and leave them - the Union will give up and leave them alonealone

• Get support from EuropeGet support from Europe

- GB and France- GB and France

- similar to Revolutionary War- similar to Revolutionary War

- believe King Cotton Diplomacy will ensure - believe King Cotton Diplomacy will ensure aidaid

Southern StrategySouthern Strategy

CoastliCoastline ne 3,500 3,500 milesmilesTerritory Territory

750,000 750,000 sq. msq. m

• taxes- 1st income tax

• paper currency- “greenbacks”- not backed by gold & silver- causes inflation

• borrowing- sold bonds to people- loans from banks

• 1st attempt-requisition

funds from states• 1863 income tax• borrowing

- ineffectively sold bonds

- could not convince Europe

• focused on paper money

- huge inflation!

Union ConfederacyFinancing the War

• begins w/ voluntary begins w/ voluntary recruitmentrecruitment

• March 1863 Draft lawMarch 1863 Draft law-avoid draft by -avoid draft by

1. hiring 1. hiring

replacementreplacement2. pay $300 fee2. pay $300 fee

• begins w/ voluntary begins w/ voluntary recruitmentrecruitment

• April 1862 Conscription Act April 1862 Conscription Act = Draft= Draft- white males 18-35 yrs - white males 18-35 yrs - by 1864 17-50yrs- by 1864 17-50yrs- avoid draft by- avoid draft by

1. hiring substitute1. hiring substitute2. exemption of 1 2. exemption of 1 man on man on

plantations plantations w/ more w/ more than 20 than 20 slaves slaves

UnionUnion ConfederacyConfederacyRaising an ArmyRaising an Army

• manual labormanual labor

- building fortifications, - building fortifications, digging trenches, etc…digging trenches, etc…

• cooking, laundry, etccooking, laundry, etc

• last desperate measurelast desperate measure

- passed conscription for - passed conscription for 300,000300,000

- war ended before used- war ended before used

UnionUnion ConfederacyConfederacyUse of African AmericansUse of African Americans

• originally excluded from originally excluded from warwar

• After Emancipation After Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

- enlisted in army to - enlisted in army to

fightfight

- dig trenches and build - dig trenches and build fortificationsfortifications