THE CIVIL W

AR

CHAPTER 6

THE US FALLS APART• In March of 1861, 7 states had seceded and these

rebel states formed the Confederate States of America.

• The Confederacy chose Jefferson Davis as the president and raised a volunteer army.

THE US FALLS APART• War broke out at Fort Sumter which was located in

SC but was still controlled by the US army. • Jefferson Davis tried to make the army surrender but

they refused.• The Confederacy opened fire and the Union had to

surrender two days later.• Lincoln told the Union states to let the government

be in control of their militias.

NC SECEDES• NC governor, John Ellis, was angry at Lincoln’s

request to the militias He seized federal forts, arsenals & the mint so the federal government wouldn’t get access.

• Plantation owners wanted to officially secede Others did not want to leave but were scared to have a war where they were not united with the rest of the South.

• NC unanimously seceded on May 20, 1861.

THE BATTLE OF MANASSAS• Northern Virginia was the first, large battlefront• At this battle, the Union was confident they would

win & met the South at the railroad crossing. • Confederate leader, Thomas Jackson, led such a

strong defense that he earned the nickname, “Stonewall Jackson.” The Union had to retreat to Washington DC.

• 60,000 soldiers fought, 5,000 died.

THE ANACONDA PLAN • War came to the NC coast a month after the Battle of

Manassas• The Union created a plan to fight battles all around

the coast known as the Anaconda Plan.• The Union chose this plan because blocking the coast

would hurt the South’s economy & ability to get supplies.

• The Union planned to set up a naval blockade & also capture the trading cities.

THE ANACONDA PLAN • The Union hit the Outer Banks in August of 1861 &

captured Roanoke, New Bern, Beaufort & Plymouth over the next few months.

• Free African Americans often lived in the coastal cities and were happy to help the Union soldiers.

• The captured cities became havens for the African Americans where they lived with their families & set up churches & schools.

NORTH VS. SOUTH• The Union had more men, money, factories, railroads

and supplies.• The Confederacy had strong generals and family

involvement. • The Union also had better strategies –despite

inexperienced soldiers--& a stronger central government.

• The Confederacy knew the land better but also spent more time growing cash crops rather than supplies.

War on Water•Fort Fisher, south of Wilmington, was NC’s most important fort it was a mile long along the coast & made of mounded earth and sand•The fort protected Wilmington & allowed goods to be shipped in & out•Blockade runners carried cotton to British ports & brought back essentials (like food & water) & luxuries (like wine & perfume)•The ships had to sail at night & had to hug the coast to avoid being seen•The four types of warships in NC were ironclads, cooners, mosquito gunboats & submarines

Emancipation http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=50138069n•The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863 it said all slaves in the Confederacy were free & that African Americans were officially allowed to become Union soldiers. •The Proclamation did NOT free the slaves in the border states of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky or Missouri •The Southern states ignored the Emancipation Proclamation

The War in NC•New Bern became a training center for black soldiers & the women there created a relief organization to help the troops.•Overall, 200,000 African Americans fought with the Union by the end of the war.•A conscription was started in the Spring of 1862 in the Confederacy Healthy men between 18 & 35 had to serve 3 years in the army & farmers had to give up their harvest to the troops•The conscription hurt the small-scale farmers & left them with many food shortages.•The wealthy were not hurt as much & many professionals could avoid having to fight or pay someone to do it.

The War in NC•North Carolinians were mostly stationed in northern Virginia.•NC got its “Tar Heels” nickname during the Civil War some said the name was meant to be a compliment but some said it was an insult.•NC got a new governor, Zebulon Vance, in 1862 he had been against secession & was elected by people who were also against secession.•NC had sent more troops to the Confederacy than any other state thought they had little say in the government or military. •Vance tried to improve conditions & called for the Confederates to work harder at taking back coastal towns.

The Women and the War•Women who lived on farms suffered the most with the men away, the women had to do the hard labor •Women also had to find substitutes during the food shortages As an example, flour went from costing $18 to $120 Women also complained that grain was used to make alcohol rather than food. •Life was easier for the women who lived in towns & cities many of these women still got jobs as cooking or making uniforms.•Women began to become teachers & nurses at this time

Unhappy Soldiers• Many Civil War soldiers deserted the military—

especially NC men who did not like how the state was treated

• A big source of unhappiness was the tax-in-kind• Quaker counties—such as Forsyth & Guilford—

created the Heroes of America and help soldiers leave the war or hide from the draft

• Deserters were punished severely

Unhappy Soldiers• Many deserters went to the mountains of NC especially

Confederates but there were some Union men• Mountain residents were upset because the soldiers often

raided their towns for supplies and food• William Thomas convinced the military to allow Cherokee

soldiers• Malinda Balock was an NC woman who joined her husband in

battle

The Battle of Gettysburg• Robert E. Lee led his men to the Union in Pennsylvania for the

Battle of Gettysburg in July of 1863• This was the bloodiest battle in US history 28,000

Confederates died, 23,000 Union & 4,000 NC men after 3 days• This made Lincoln give the Gettysburg Address• The next day, Ulysses Grant capture the last Confederate port

in Vicksburg, Mississippi this made the South fear defeat

Sherman’s March• Union General, William Sherman marched into NC

in February of 1865• Jefferson Davis sneaked through Greensboro to

escape• Sherman believed in “total war” which meant

destroy military targets & civilian towns his biggest attack was on Atlanta

The War Ends • The last battle of the Civil War was the Battle of

Bentonville in NC- It was a disaster for the Confederacy who had 20,000 men when the Union had 60,000.

• Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia.

• General Johnson also surrendered to Sherman outside of Durham.

• Lincoln was assassinated 5 days after Lee surrendered

Death Toll• 20,000 NC soldiers died in battle• 20,000 NC soldiers died of disease• NC had the most deaths out of any Confederate state• 260,000 Confederate soldiers died• 360,000 Union soldiers died