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The Civil War(1861-1865)
Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln1809-18651809-1865
Born in a log cabin in Kentucky
Had less than a year of formal schooling
Moved to Indiana, then Illinois
Storekeeper, rail-splitter; studied law in free time
Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln1809-18651809-1865
Served in Illinois legislature (1834-1841)
Elected to U.S. House as a Whig for one term (1847-49)
Ran against Stephen A. Douglas (unsuccessfully) for Senate in 1858 as Republican
Elected sixteenth president in 1860
Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis(1808-1889)(1808-1889)
Served in the House of Representatives (1845-1846) from Mississippi
Military experience in the Mexican War
Served in the U.S. Senate (1847-51)
Served as Secretary of War (1853-1857)
Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis(1808-1889)(1808-1889)
Well-read and intellectually sharp
Equated compromise with weakness
Was not congenialDid not relate well to
peopleTook offense easily
Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee(1807-1870)(1807-1870)
Opposed secessionOffered command of
Union armyUnwilling to take up
arms against his native Virginia
Defeated at Antietam, Gettysburg and Petersburg
Crittendon CompromiseCrittendon CompromiseDecember 18, 1860December 18, 1860
Proposed by Senator John Crittendon (KT) to prevent secession
Consisted of six constitutional amendments
Extended Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific
Senator John Crittendon
Crittendon CompromiseCrittendon CompromiseDecember 18, 1860December 18, 1860
Allowed slavery South of the line
Denied Congress the right to abolish slavery
Opposed by President-elect Lincoln
Defeated in committee
Senator John Crittendon
Fort SumterFort SumterApril 12, 1861April 12, 1861
Charleston harbor, South Carolina
The Confederate firing on the fort signals the beginning of the war.
Northern advantagesNorthern advantages
North was much more populated than the South (more soldiers)
Most of the nation’s industry was in the North
More infrastructure (railroads, etc.)
Northern ships could place naval blockade on cotton exports
Northern disadvantagesNorthern disadvantages
Bad generals (McClellan)
Southern advantagesSouthern advantagesBetter generals (Lee, Jackson, Stuart)Sense that South was defending its own
soilSense that South was upholding the “tru
e” legacy of the American Revolution
Thomas ( “Stonewall”)Jackson
Robert E. Lee(in his youth)
JEB Stuart
Southern disadvantagesSouthern disadvantagesDid not possess enough
resourcesCould not develop a “national
consciousness” distinct from the North (too similar to the nation they had renounced)
Had a disagreeable and ineffectual leader
The Delusions of WarThe Delusions of War
Both sides thought their side could win easily
Both expected the war to end in a couple of months
Both sides were enthusiastic and optimistic at the start of the war
First battles saw picnickers out to see the battles
““Border statesBorder states”” Slave states on the “border”
of the Union free states The Union managed to keep
key states in the Union Virginia, Tennessee, and
North Carolina seceded Kentucky, Missouri and
Maryland did not West Virginia (by not
seceding), becomes its own state
Britain considers Britain considers supporting Confederacysupporting Confederacy
Bitter over past military defeats at the hands of Americans (Revolution, War of 1812)
Southern aristocratic rituals appealed to many Englishmen
England was a major purchaser of Southern cotton
Trent AffairTrent AffairJanuary, 1861January, 1861
A U.S. naval vessel intercepted a British ship "Trent" and removed two Confederate envoys, John Slidell and James Mason.
This was a clear violation of international law.
The British objected and threatened war.
The crisis passed when Lincoln released the two Confederates.
AlabamaAlabama claims claims1862-18721862-1872
Confederates contracted with British for warships.
Disguised as merchant ships. Commerce raiders. Most successful was the Alabama, launched
in 1862, sunk in 1864. Captured 58 northern merchant ships
Together the cruisers sunk 150 Northern ships
U.S. demanded compensation from Britain after the war
1st Confiscation Act1st Confiscation Act18611861
Gave the government the right to seize any slaves used for “insurrectionary purposes.”
This and the 2nd Confiscation Act of 1862 were not enforced, but…
Were precursors to the Emancipation Proclamation
military conscriptionmilitary conscription(1862(1862))
Both sides were forced to institute a “draft”
The Confederate enacted the first general draft in American history (Spring, 1862)
Almost two years before the North did the same
““rich manrich man’’s war,s war,but a poor boybut a poor boy’’s fights fight””
Certain occupations were exempted from the Union’s draft
Rich draftees could pay for “substitutes” (which working-class Northerners resented)
Very few Southern plantation owners were drafted (which angered poor Southerners)
Clara BartonClara Barton
Who is she?Why is she significant?
2nd Confiscation Act2nd Confiscation ActJuly, 1862July, 1862
Allowed government to liberate any slave owned by someone who supported the rebellion and who did not surrender within 60 days of the Act’s passage
Even if “support” was limited to paying taxes to the Confederate government
Declared all slaves taking refuge behind Union lines to be captives of war (and then freed)
In effect, gave Union the right to liberate all slaves Had little effect, since Lincoln refused to enforce it
Antietam (Maryland)Antietam (Maryland)September, 1862September, 1862
Known as the Battle of Sharpsburg to South
Robert E. Lee vs. George McClellan
Lee forced to retreat back into Virginia
Antietam (Maryland)Antietam (Maryland)September, 1862September, 1862
Bloodiest single day of fighting in American history
Close victory for the Union army
Gave Lincoln the opportunity to announce emancipation
MathewMathewBradyBrady
The Civil War:the first
“photographed” war
Mathew Brady, photographer
Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation
January 1, 1863January 1, 1863 Military order
declared all slaves in states fighting against the Union to be freed
Slaves in border states not affected
Allowed blacks to enlist in the Union army
Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamationJanuary, 1863January, 1863
Enlistment of blacks strengthened North’s forces
Weakened possibility of British involvement, since majority of British opposed slavery
Proclamation later extended by the Thirteenth Amendment
New YorkNew Yorkdraft riotsdraft riots
18631863 One of many disturbances throughout the
country after the Emancipation Proclamation. Protested use laws that allowed “substitutes” Poor people couldn’t afford the fees Riot in NY lasted from July 13 to 18 Resulted in burning of buildings (including an
orphanage for black children) Killed and wounded hundreds of people,
mostly innocent African Americans
Morrill Act (1862)Morrill Act (1862)
Grants states (who remained in the Union) more than 17 million acres of land.
States sold the land for profit Profits used to create colleges for agriculture
and mechanical acts Schools provided instruction in business and
agriculture, opening up higher education to larger part of the population
Established over 70 colleges and universities (many the first in their state)
National Banking System National Banking System (1863)(1863)
Designed to establish a standard currency (because country was flooded with unreliable currency.
Banks that joined the “system” could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money
Logic: standard currency would encourage sale of government bonds to pay for the war
First step toward unified banking system since Jackson killed the bank in 1836.
Provides banking system that is spur to post-war industrial development (lasts until 1913)
African-American TroopsAfrican-American Troops
200,000 fought in the Union military
Thirst for freedom made them formidable fighters
54th Regiment (Glory)
Fought gallantly at Fort Wagner
Gettysburg (PA)Gettysburg (PA)July 1-3, 1863July 1-3, 1863
Turning point in the Civil War
Lee’s second invasion of the North
Robert E. Lee vs. General George Meade
Gettysburg AddressGettysburg AddressNovember 19, 1863November 19, 1863
Delivered by Lincoln at dedication for national cemetery
Featured speaker, Edward Everett, gave a two-hour speech
Lincoln’s was less than two minutes
Gettysburg AddressGettysburg AddressNovember 19, 1863November 19, 1863
Ten sentencesMost famous speech in U.S. historyRecast the principles of American
governmentThat “government of the people, by
the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth”
Proclamation of AmnestyProclamation of Amnestyand Reconstructionand ReconstructionDecember 8, 1863December 8, 1863
Issued 18 months before end of the war
Outlined lenient policy for Reconstruction
Way to repatriate secessionists
Full pardon for those who swore oath of loyalty
Proclamation of AmnestyProclamation of Amnestyand Reconstructionand ReconstructionDecember 8, 1863December 8, 1863
Made clear who wouldn’t be pardoned
Provided guidelines for systematic re-establishment of state governments
Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant18641864
Started in the West (where control of the Mississippi River) was key
Wise strategy of combining land and sea attacks
Habeas corpusHabeas corpussuspendedsuspended
Lincoln suspends the constitutional right of habeas corpus
ShermanSherman’’s Marchs March18641864
General William Sherman's army captured Atlanta in September, 1864
Began marching toward Savannah on the Georgia coast, ravaging everything in its path.
”March to the sea" was designed to defeat the enemy's forces, destroy its economic resources, and break its will to resist. “scorched earth”
Special Field OrderSpecial Field OrderNo. 15No. 15
William Tecumseh Sherman
“Forty acres and a mule”
Special Field OrderSpecial Field OrderNo. 15No. 15
African-American movie director, Spike Lee
RadicalRadicalRepublicansRepublicans
Republican members of Congress dissatisfied with policies of Lincoln and Johnson after the war
Strong abolitionistsBelieved in punitive Reconstruction
termsThaddeus Stevens in the HouseCharles Sumner and Benjamin Wade
in the Senate
““copperheadscopperheads”” Group of Northern Democrats who
opposed the Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement
Aka “Peace Democrats” Strongest in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois Argument: The war is not worth the
cost in human lives to force Confederate surrender
Tactics: Encouraged Union soldiers to desert, assisted escape of Confederate prisoners, smuggled guns and ammunition into the South
Election of 1864Election of 1864 Radical Republicans were afraid of defeat—talked
of replacing Lincoln someone more anti-slavery Republican Party appeared as National Union
Party Selected Tennessee military governor Andrew
Johnson as running mate Democrats nominate George McClellan for
president on a “peace” platform Lincoln won (Union victories and soldiers were
allowed to return home to vote)
“Don’t swap horses in midstream.”
Assassination ofAssassination ofAbraham Lincoln (1865)Abraham Lincoln (1865)
What happened?Why was this significant?
Results (Human Costs)Results (Human Costs)
Nearly as many Americans died in the Civil War as have died in all wars the U.S. has fought—approximately 620,000
North lost 360,000South lost one-fourth of its soldiers
(many from disease)
Results (Economic Costs)Results (Economic Costs)
South was devastated (livestock, farms, factories, railroads destroyed)
Military operations tore up huge land areas
Labor system ended in chaosThousands of civilians were refugeesTowns and cities lay in ruinsSouth did not fully recover until 20C
Results (Positive)Results (Positive)Spurred industrial development in the
North (petroleum, steel, food-processing, manufacturing)
Northern victory established federal government precedence over states’ rights
Settled question of secessionBrought about abolition of slavery
(freeing 4 million people)