THE CITY OF GREENVILLE THE CITY OF GREENVILLE AND GREENLINK TRANSIT AND GREENLINK TRANSIT

(GTA)(GTA)DIESEL EMISSIONS DIESEL EMISSIONS

REDUCTIONS EFFORTSREDUCTIONS EFFORTS

EmissionsEmissions

NOx (oxides of nitrogen)NOx (oxides of nitrogen) VOC (volatile organic compounds)VOC (volatile organic compounds) Particulates (soot)Particulates (soot)

Ground Ozone PollutionGround Ozone Pollution

Ground-level or "bad" ozone is not emitted Ground-level or "bad" ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Emissions from industrial facilities sunlight. Emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are some of the major sources of NOx and VOC. some of the major sources of NOx and VOC.

BiodieselBiodiesel Propane InjectionPropane Injection CNG EnginesCNG Engines Idle ReductionIdle Reduction Vehicle ReplacementsVehicle Replacements Electric Battery Operated VehiclesElectric Battery Operated Vehicles Water based PaintsWater based Paints

EFFORTS TO DATE

BiodieselBiodiesel

Biofuels are Biofuels are not new!not new!

The first diesel engine ran on peanut oil.The first diesel engine ran on peanut oil.

Biodiesel – The goodBiodiesel – The good

Renewable fuel made domesticallyRenewable fuel made domestically Reduces dependence on foreign oilReduces dependence on foreign oil Has environmental (?) and fuel Has environmental (?) and fuel

lubricity advantages. May be lubricity advantages. May be advantage if running ULSD in older advantage if running ULSD in older diesel engines. diesel engines.

Improved regeneration of DPF’sImproved regeneration of DPF’s

Fischer-Tropsch Fuels

Biodiesel – The uglyBiodiesel – The ugly

B20B20 20052005

Soy Beans BiomassSoy Beans Biomass Animal FatAnimal Fat

B5B5

It will gel in South Carolina WintersIt will gel in South Carolina Winters

Why not just run pure Why not just run pure veggie oilveggie oil

Unprocessed oil such as vegetable oil Unprocessed oil such as vegetable oil can have a significant effect on engine can have a significant effect on engine performance over time. It has a much performance over time. It has a much higher viscosity and is less volatile.higher viscosity and is less volatile.

Producing the Biodiesel (Bio part) Producing the Biodiesel (Bio part) requires a process called requires a process called transesterification which basically transesterification which basically cracks the oil and blends it with cracks the oil and blends it with methanol. methanol.

Biodiesel – Bad ???Biodiesel – Bad ???

Increased NOIncreased NOxx under load under load

Propane InjectionPropane Injection

TANKTANK Regulator/ControllerRegulator/Controller

Port Port into the into the

Air Air Intake Intake tubetube

Propane InjectionPropane Injection

Average fuel consumption for a rear-Average fuel consumption for a rear-loader garbage truck = 25 gallons loader garbage truck = 25 gallons per day.per day.

With propane injection fuel use is 20 With propane injection fuel use is 20 gallons of diesel and 4 gallons of gallons of diesel and 4 gallons of propane. Net gain is 1 gallon of fuel.propane. Net gain is 1 gallon of fuel.

PROPANE INJECTION – The PROPANE INJECTION – The goodgood

Increased PowerIncreased Power Lower emissionsLower emissions ROI ROI In house installation.In house installation.

PROPANE INJECTION – Maybe PROPANE INJECTION – Maybe BadBad

2007 Engines with particulate filter 2007 Engines with particulate filter

CNG ConversionCNG Conversion

CNG ConversionsCNG Conversions

1998 F850 Ford with Cummins CNG 1998 F850 Ford with Cummins CNG EngineEngine Average mileage 63,987Average mileage 63,987

The goodThe good Very low emissionsVery low emissions Decent reliability in dump trucksDecent reliability in dump trucks

CNG ConversionsCNG Conversions - The - The badbad

High cost of conversionsHigh cost of conversions Weight and Volume of fuel tanksWeight and Volume of fuel tanks Recertification of fuel tanks every 36 Recertification of fuel tanks every 36

monthsmonths

CNG ConversionsCNG Conversions - The - The badbad

Loss of power (need two speed axle)Loss of power (need two speed axle) Cost of dispensing fuel Cost of dispensing fuel

Idle ReductionIdle Reduction

Positive method of reducing NOx Positive method of reducing NOx emissionsemissions

State Idling Restrictions for State Idling Restrictions for Commercial VehiclesCommercial Vehicles

City policy being developedCity policy being developed GPS Idling Limiters being evaluatedGPS Idling Limiters being evaluated

2010/2011 Vehicle 2010/2011 Vehicle ReplacementReplacement

7 35’ Transit Buses with 2010 7 35’ Transit Buses with 2010 enginesengines

2 Combination Sewer Trucks 2 Combination Sewer Trucks 4 F550 Recycling Trucks4 F550 Recycling Trucks 1 Rear Loader Garbage Truck1 Rear Loader Garbage Truck 1 Leaf Vacuum Truck 1 Leaf Vacuum Truck

DPF FiltersDPF Filters

DPF Filter In A Transit BusDPF Filter In A Transit Bus

Electric VehiclesElectric Vehicles

2 Electric Trucks on order for 2 Electric Trucks on order for Downtown serviceDowntown service Replaces ¾ ton pickupReplaces ¾ ton pickup Assembled in Greenville SCAssembled in Greenville SC

5 Proterra Electric Transit Buses 5 Proterra Electric Transit Buses awaiting approval of a grantawaiting approval of a grant Assembled in Greenville??Assembled in Greenville??

Proterra Bus (BRT)Proterra Bus (BRT)

Proterra Electric BusProterra Electric Bus

Charges in 5 to 10 minutesCharges in 5 to 10 minutes

Tucked under the floor of the bus are lithium titanate batteries from Altairnano. The company claims they can cover a 2.5 hour-long bus route after a single five or ten minute rapid charge and says the batteries have an expected lifespan of 12 to 15 years in any climate

Battery Pac mounts under floor Battery Pac mounts under floor of busof bus

Electric VehiclesElectric Vehicles

2 Electric Trucks on order for 2 Electric Trucks on order for Downtown serviceDowntown service Replaces ¾ ton pickupReplaces ¾ ton pickup Assembled in Greenville SCAssembled in Greenville SC

5 Proterra Electric Transit Buses 5 Proterra Electric Transit Buses awaiting approval of a grantawaiting approval of a grant

2 Electric or hybrid trolleys awaiting 2 Electric or hybrid trolleys awaiting grant approval.grant approval.

Proterra Drive UnitProterra Drive Unit

REDUCING REDUCING VOC’sVOC’s

Water based PaintsWater based Paints

NOx + VOC = Ground Level OzoneNOx + VOC = Ground Level Ozone Most new vehicles are now painted Most new vehicles are now painted

with a water based paint.with a water based paint. Accident repairs may still be painted Accident repairs may still be painted

with solvent based paintswith solvent based paints Water based paints has a very low Water based paints has a very low

VOC emissionsVOC emissions

Bus Painted with Water Based Bus Painted with Water Based PaintPaint

In ConclusionIn Conclusion 1. Anti-Idling efforts1. Anti-Idling efforts 2. Continue to investigate Biodiesel2. Continue to investigate Biodiesel 3. Determine the issues with Propane 3. Determine the issues with Propane

Injection and DPF’s.Injection and DPF’s. 4. Take every opportunity to use battery 4. Take every opportunity to use battery

electric vehicles in all areas of the City electric vehicles in all areas of the City fleet.fleet.

5. Continue to evaluate our VOC emissions5. Continue to evaluate our VOC emissions 6. Continue to pursue other opportunities 6. Continue to pursue other opportunities

such as Propane conversions such as Propane conversions