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The Church through the Ages. The Middle Ages, 1000-1450. Larry Fraher Kino Institute cc108. A Brief Overview. Historical Events 1054: Eastern Schism 1095: First Crusade Launched 12 th c.: Monastic Revival 1170: Murder of Becket 1215: Fourth Lateran Council - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Church through the Ages
The Middle Ages, 1000-1450
Larry FraherKino Institutecc108
A Brief Overview Historical Events
1054: Eastern Schism 1095: First Crusade Launched 12th c.: Monastic Revival 1170: Murder of Becket 1215: Fourth Lateran Council Mid-1200’s: Scholasticism, Inquisition 1270: Crusades End 1305-1370: Avignon Papacy 1370-1415: Papal Schism 1415: The Council of Constance
A Brief Overview Important People
Pope Urban II (Council of Clermont & the People’s Crusade)
St. Bruno & St. Bernard of Clairvaux (Monastic Revival)
Ss. Francis and St. Dominic Ss. Thomas Aquinas and St.
Bonaventure The Rise of Great Medieval Religious
Art The Popes of the Papal Schism John Wycliffe and Jan Hus
A Brief Overview Important Theological Issues
The Rise of New Religious Orders Scholasticism Mysticism Papal Location The First Attempts at Reform
Wycliff: Self-interpreting Scripture Hus: Eucharist under both species
Seeds of Reform
Setting the Theological Stage
Late Dark Ages (800-1100) Church’s fall into Pelagianism:
Belief in the doing of good, meritorious (Earning) of Grace.
Florus, Deacon of Lyons: The Grace of God is never merited…
Eucharistic Controversies Radbertus: Real change of bread and wine
into Body and Blood of Christ Ratramnus: Bread and wine become
mystical symbols of the Body and Blood of Christ
Setting the Theological Stage
Theological Debates triggered by Gregorian Reform & East-West Schism Papal Primacy Filioque Church/Diocese run as a Monastic
Community The first Crusade
Pope Urban II
The Crusades The First Crusade – 1096
Gathers in Constantinople in 1097 Nicaea: Western defeat in victory Antioch: “The General’s Ego” Taking of Jerusalem
Second Crusade – 1144 First Crusaders go home. Territories Captured by Christians, retaken by
Islam Fights between eastern and western
Christianity don’t help… Reaches Antioch before being given up.
The Crusades The Third Crusade – 1187
Philip II, Barbarossa and Richard the Lionhearted
Make it as far as the outskirts of Jerusalem Barbarossa dies en route Philip II tires and goes home Richard is the only one left fighting
Jerusalem not re-captured. The Last Crusades
Disease and Bad Strategy doom the last Crusades.
Pillaging of Constantinople deepens east-west anger.
The Crusades The “Goal” of the Crusades
Spiritual – Pilgrimage & Religious Fervor Military – Recapture the Holy Lands Geographic – Re-establish the Holy Roman
Empire Ecclesiological – Eastern and Western Unity
The Problem with the Crusades Spiritual – Pilgrimage implies a return home Military – Supply lines and morale Geographic – unfamiliar territory and climate Ecclesiological – East often allied with
Turks/Islam to preserve their traditions.
Crusades in Context Holy Land as a place of pilgrimage…
Safety of pilgrims Respect and honor of holy sites
Military combination of Church and State Common Reality of the 11th to 13th
centuries In service to God and Country
Monastic Revival The “New Spirituality”
Return to the “strict” observance of the Rule(s)
Bruno Bernard
Battle against Abbot Suger of St. Denis Monastery Augustinian Canons – Religious in the
Parishes Dominic
Preaching against Albigensianism (Neo-Manicheaism)
The craft of argument Francis
Poverty, Simplicity and Service “Rebuild my church.”
Monastic Revival St. Bernard vs. Abbot Suger
Monastic Revival Francis of Assisi“And after the Lord gave me brothers, no
one showed me what I should do, but the Most High Himself revealed to me that I should live according to the form of the Holy Gospel. And I had this written down simply and in a few words and the Lord Pope confirmed it for me. And those who came to receive life gave to the poor everything which they were capable of possessing and they were content with one tunic, patched inside and out, with a cord and short trousers. And we had no desire for anything more…”
Monastic Revival The rise of the combination of Art
and Theology…
Illuminated Manuscripts
Images decorating and informing the text with an understanding of the faith.
Here: Mary as Eve’s Corrective.
Scholasticism The question of the day:
Religion OR Philosophy Scholasticism’s Response:
Religion AND Philosophy Great Names of Scholasticism
Anselm of Canterbury, Thomas Aquinas
Anselm of Canterbury1033-1109
“And so, O Lord, since thou givest understanding to faith, give me to understand – as far as thou knowest it to be good for me – that thou dost exist, and that thou art what we believe thee to be.”
Ontological Argument for the Existence of God. (Modern Adaptation)
God is that entity over which nothing can be greater.
The concept of God exists in human understanding.
God exists in one's mind but not in reality. The concept of God's existence is understood in
one's mind. If God existed in reality, it would be a greater
thing than God's existence in the mind. There are things which exist in reality greater
than in one’s mind. Since God is that which noting can be greater,
God in reality, must exist.
Five Ways – Proofs for the Existence of God1. From Motion: The Unmoved Mover2. From Causality: First Efficient Cause3. From Contingency: Regression to
Nothing Creatio ex nihilo (Creation from Nothing)
4. From Being/Order/Perfection5. From Intelligence: Beyond Instinct
Thomas Aquinas, OP1225-1274
Aquinas“1.1. Whether another doctrine is necessary
besides the philosophical sciences.I answer: it was necessary for man’s
salvation that there should be a doctrine founded on revelation, as well as the philosophical sciences discovered by human reason. It was necessary, in the first place, because man is ordained to God as his end, who surpasses the comprehension of reason…Men must have some foreknowledge of the end to which they ought direct their intentions and actions. It was therefore necessary that some things which transcend human reason should be made known through divine revelation.” – Summa, 1.1
Aquinas“85.2. Whether the whole good of human
nature can be destroyed by sin…I answer: we said in the preceding
article that the natural good which sin diminishes is the natural inclination to virtue. Now the reason that man inclines to virtue is that he is rational. It is because he is rational that he acts in accordance with his reason, and this is to act virtuously. But a man would not be able to sin without his rational nature. Sin cannot deprive him of it altogether. It follows that his inclination to virtue cannot be entirely destroyed. …” Summa, 85.2
Aquinas Transubstantiation
Eucharistic Controversies Beginning in the 9th c.
Historical/Physical Presence (Radbertus & Ratramnus, 9th c.)
Christ’s Glorified Body and Eucharistic Presence (Berengarius, Lanfranc, 11th c.)
Relation to Body and Blood in Sacramental Species (12th c.)
Aquinas Responds with “Transubstantiation”
Aquinas Substance is always Immeasurable Substance is always retained,
accidents (appearance) may change. In Transubstantiation, Substance
changes, accidents remain. When it ceases to be bread
(Accidentally)… When it ceases to be wine
(Accidentally)… Eucharist is the Reception of Christ,
Substantially
The “Balance” to Scholasticism
Bonaventure Not only invest in reason… The heart and head must combine to
know Jesus Christ. This gets taken to extreme…
Rejection of theology Rise of “experientialism”
Bonaventure argued that we cannot rely only on reason… But would not have been hostile to
reason.
Scholasticism = extrinsic Bonaventure:
God’s existence is known from: within Without
God’s presence is imprinted on the soul Observation of the external should not be the sole criteria
Bonaventure, OFM
Bonaventure“And thus it is clear how the manifold
wisdom of God, which is clearly revealed in Sacred Scripture, lies hidden in all knowledge and in all nature. It is clear how all divisions of knowledge are handmaids of theology. It is likewise evident how wide is the luminous way and how in everything which is perceived or known, God himself lies hidden within.”
St. Bonaventure – Retracing the Arts to Theology
Inquisition!!! Franciscans and Dominicans
Learned and well versed in Church teaching and doctrine…
“Thinking with the mind of the Church” To an area where heresy was thought
to be present. 3 days to 2 weeks ‘Preaching the
Inquisition” Root out the heretics Reconciliation
Inquisition!!! Trial of Heretic followed
If heretic failed to recant Punishment
Most often penitential or imprisonment Sometimes death…
Spanish Inquisition is very Different than the Ecclesial Inquisition
The office of the Inquisition existed in most dioceses until Vatican II.
The Papal Schism 1377 Pope Gregory XI Returns the
Papacy to Rome from Avignon, France, initiating the “Papal Schism” in 1378 Increasing National Religious Loyalties
= Divisions French Cardinals want Papacy in
France Pope Urban VI Elected Keeps Papacy in Rome French Cardinals Elect another Pope
(Clement VII) Two Popes…Governments begin to take
sides Rome: England and Germany Avignon: Scotland, Spain and Naples
The Papal Schism Urban’s Dastardly Politics
Both “popes” excommunicate each other The Council of Pisa (1409-1410)
Cardinals from Both Sides Meet in Pisa Elect Alexander V (1409) John XXIII (1410-1415)
Total Number of “reigning” popes = 3 Emperor Sigismund
Calls the Council of Constance Reconciles Pisa and Rome, Avignon (Benedict
XIII) Refuses Reconciliation and Flees to Spain.
Abdicates in 1429
The Papal Schism Effects of Papal Schism
Early attempts at democracy = Conciliarism
Dominican Order – Some in the papal curia believe this to be an answer
Cries for Reform John Wycliffe – No Confidence in the Clergy Jan Hus – Simony and Eucharist
Religious Identity was the Culture“In the fifteenth century, indeed, the
Church was enjoying its last years as the relatively unchallenged custodian and interpreter of the cosmos.” -- Ahlstrom, p. 22
Wycliff and Hus John Hus
Treatise on Simony Accessibility of all to both Species of
Eucharist Hus at the Council of Constance (1415)
John Wycliff Evil of the Priesthood Everyone can be holy Scripture is Self Interpreting
Adding to the Seeds of Reform
1440 – Guttenberg invents the printing press… Wycliffe’s call to read the bible now
becomes possible Self interpretation of scripture and faith
becomes widespread The lack of trust in the hierarchy
combines… and the stage is set…