The Chinese Conventional Freshwater Fish Industry

8/11/2019 The Chinese Conventional Freshwater Fish Industry

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China has one of the greatest

fishing industries in the world.At present, China has developedinto an industrial system with

breeding, fishing, processing, distribution aswell as research and education supportingeach other.

Chinese conventional freshwater fishmainly consists of seven species of blackcarp (Mylopharyngodonpiceus), grass carp

(Ctenopharyngodon idellus), silver carp

(Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix), bighead carp(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), common carp(Cyprinus carpio), crucian carp (Carassiusauratus) and bream (Megalobramae) (Fig. 1),which are the major species of Cyprinidae fishaquaculture in China and account for a largerpart in the inland aquaculture production.

They are an important part of Chinesefood safety. Carp are also one of the mainsources of animal protein occupying an impor-

tant position in the structure of Chinese

people's food. According to statistics in 2013, the total production of the above seven spe-cies was 18.738 million tonnes, accounting for67.0 per cent of the freshwater aquacultureproduction in China (Fig. 2).

Among them, the yields of grass carp, silvercarp, bighead carp, common carp, cruciancarp were all above 2.5 million tonnes (Fig. 3),ranking top 5 in the fish aquaculture in China.The main producing provinces of conventionalfreshwater fisheries are Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan,Guangdong, Jiangxi, Anhui, Sichuan, Shandong,

Guangxi, Liaoning and so on (Fig. 4).

Contribution of Chineseconventional freshwaterfish industry

Chinese conventional freshwater fish are the main farmed species of aquaculture inChina. It occupies a very important industrialposition. First of all, the yields of the sevenspecies of black carp, grass carp, silver carp,bighead carp, common carp, crucian carp andbream account for 51.4 per cent of Chinesefish yield, playing a key role in the effectivesupply for ensuring Chinese food security andsatisfying the aquatic products of urban andrural markets.

Secondly, as a healthy food with high-protein, low-fat and rich nutrients, conventionalfreshwater fish has functions of strengtheningbrain and body, promoting longevity, as wellas improving health and beauty, which makean indispensable contribution to the improve-ment of the nutritional level of citizens as wellas enhancing national fitness.

Thirdly, conventional freshwater fish is a

key point for the growth of important industryin rural economy as well as rural incomes,also playing an important role in boosting thedevelopment of related industries. Fourthly,

the food chain of conventional freshwaterfish is short with high feed efficiency, in which

The ChineseConventional

Freshwater FishIndustry

by Ge Xianping and Miao Linghon

Figure 2

Figure 1

Figure 7

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22 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

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filter-feeding fish accounts for 38 per cent,herbivorous fish accounting for 30 per cent,omnivorous fish accounting for 29 per cent,who are all the model of food-saving fishery.

The most conventional freshwater fishadopts an integrated multi-mode multi-spe-cies ecological culture mode, which stabilises

the ecological communities and balances eco-fauna by matching silver carp, bighead carpand other planktonophage fishes. Thus, it playsan irreplaceable role in improving the waterenvironment.

Research progress on nationalconventional freshwater fish

Cultivation, propagation, demonstration

and promotion of improved varieties of con-ventional freshwater fish

By mass selection, gynogenesis, hybridisa- tion, marker-assisted breeding and otherbreeding techniques, six new species havepassed the national validation, which areAllogynogenetic crucian carp ZhongKe No.3(Fig. 5), Songpu mirror carp (Fig. 6), FFRCstrain common carp (Fig. 7), Changfeng silvercarp (Fig. 8), Furong hybrids of common carpand crucian carp (Fig. 9) and Songpu redmirror carp (Fig. 10). It also bred new strainsof blunt nose black bream and grass carp.Farming promotion of these improved specieshas been carried out in most places in China,resulting in huge economic and social influ-ence. By the end of 2012, there were more

than 20 new improved seed multiplicationbases for 6 new species, in which over 30 bil-lion high-quality seeds have been propagated.

Disease prevention and controltechnologies and applications

Through an extensive investigation on thediseases of conventional freshwater fish inChina, major diseases and pathogens endan-gering these species have been determined.As such, corresponding diagnostic techniqueshave been established, for example, molecu-lar diagnostic techniques and immunologydiagnostic techniques for viral diseases andbacterial diseases, morphology diagnostic

techniques regulations for important parasiticdiseases.

Research on immune disease preventionand control techniques, drug prevention andcontrol technology as well as ecological pre-vention and control techniques have beenconducted. The developed Grass carp hem-

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 10

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September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 23

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orrhagic disease vaccine and Aeromonas

hydrophila Sepsis inactivated vaccinesobtained the production number in 2011,which has been delivered to related enter-prises for production and now has beenwidely applied in China. The screened herbsfor carp hematopoietic necrosis disease andcarp herpes disease prevention also achievedgood results in the trial. The developedreplacement drug for Saprolegnia disease hassignificant effects.

Initial establishment and

application of aquaculturemode and feeding techniquesBased on the aquaculture methods of

conventional freshwater fish, research on theaffecting mechanisms of micro-flora, algae andwater quality physicochemical in ponds havebeen conducted, which focus on the dissolvedoxygen, light, temperature, pH, carbon, nitro-gen, phosphorus and other important factors,and strengthen the built on primary productiv-ity and beneficial microbial communities withengineered means.

It forms ectopic and situ pond ecologicalcontrol techniques and engineering facilities,which can effectively control water quality andreduce emissions; enhance primary productiv-ity, reduce fertiliser inputs, ease bottom sedi-ment, improve water quality and reduce feedcoefficient. With the parameters improve-ment, the practicality of these technologiesimproves continuously and has become thecore technology for pond reform and healthyaquaculture. Some of the methods, like plantsfloating bed facilities, have been widely usedby the majority of farmers.

Through research on the rules of fishfeeding-growth, focusing upon the dynamicrelationships between fish intake and thenutritional needs, environmental factors dur-ing different growth stages have been initiallyestablished. This has helped to gradually clarify

the changing rules of nutritional needs, food

intake, food intake frequency, food intakerhythm, nutritional supplements, nutritionalcompensation and so on, so as to build pre-cise feeding technology for Allogynogeneticcrucian carp, black carp, grass carp, and com-mon carp.

Through the rational feeding system, 0.86 tonnes of feed inputs and 31kg ammoniaemissions can be reduced for producing 1

tonne of fish products. A new feeding modelfor black carp based on the high-qualityexpanded pellet feed reduces the feed coef-ficient by 0.93. The application of a reasonablefeeding system reduces the input amount offeed, improves the feed efficiency and waterquality, which is of obvious economic andecological benefits.

Circulation, trade andconsumption of conventionalfreshwater fish

Chinese conventional freshwater fish is animportant part of aquatic products in China. Itaccounts for a large proportion of householdfood consumption with a great impact on theentire development of fisheries. Conventionalfreshwater fish belongs to perishable agricul-

tural products, which are mainly in the form offresh consumption. Thus, its circulation struc-

ture should minimise the entity circulationand improve marketing efficiency. According

to investigations, the methods of circulationand marketing for conventional freshwater fishin China have diversified, and the wholesalemarket is the main distribution link.

The conventional freshwater fish is mainlyreserved for national consumption. The inter-

national trade scale is relatively small in thewhole industry. However, with the rapiddevelopment of the Chinese aquacultureindustry and the demand of Asian immigrantcommunities on conventional freshwater fishin the world, the development of international

trade for Cyprinidae fish (including national

conventional freshwater fishery) is great.In 2012, the total export of Cyprinidae

fish in China reached to 42,500 tonnes, withan export value of 132.4 million dollars. From

the export market distribution, Hong Kong,Macau, and South Korea are the top threeexport markets for China. In 2012, the totalexport of Chinese Cyprinidae fish to theabove three markets was 42,400 tonnes,with an export value of 132.1 million dollars,accounting for 99.82 per cent and 99.83 percent of the total export of Cyprinidae fish and

total export value of China, respectively.From the source of export provinces,because of the convenient conditions forexporting to Hong Kong, Cyprinidae fishexport and export value of Guangdongreached to 38,900 tons and 122 milliondollars respectively, accounting for 91.6 percent and 91.93 per cent of the total exportof Cyprinidae fish and total export value. Inaddition, provinces with export volume over800 tonnes also include Hunan, Liaoning andShandong.

ProspectsOver a 30-year period of increased growth

and development, the aquaculture technologyof conventional freshwater fish is becomingmature. In turn, this has formed a completeindustrial chain and technology system inte-grated with breeding, culturing, processingand marketing. China is the country with

the best aquaculture technologies for con-ventional freshwater fish in the world. In thefuture, China will further improve industrialquality, strengthen input of scientific research,

develop and promote standardised production technology, maintain sustainable develop-ment of the conventional freshwater fish, soas to make contribution to the realisationof resource-saving and environment-friendlyaquaculture.

Figure 9

24 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

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The Chinese Conventional Freshwater Fish Industry