The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -1- The Practice of Citing Scientific Sources in the Chicago Style (notes-bibliography vs. author-date) Part 1 - Basics -

The Chicago Style (1 Basics)-1-

The Practice of

Citing Scientific Sources

in the Chicago Style (notes-bibliography vs. author-date)

Part 1 - Basics -


Wolfgang Kirsch M.A.

publisherwww.kirsch-verlag.dee-Mail:[email protected]

assistant lecturer at the Universität zu KölnSlavisches Institute-Mail:[email protected]

http://www.slavistik.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/kirsch.html


Overview

Part I – BasicsSystem 1: notes and bibliographySystem 2: author-date references

The Chicago style is primarily thought as a notes-bibliography system.

Part II – electronic sourcesquoting electronical sourceskinds of e-publications

e-book, e-journal, websites, publication server (URN, DOI)


Sources of information

The Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition (2010), 1026 pages

TurabianA Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations - Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 8th edition, 2013, 448 pages

APAPublication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

MLAThe Modern Language Association of America. 2009. Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition, New York.

ISO 690Information and documentation – Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources -3rd edition, june 2010

ISO 3388Patent documents - Bibliographic references

DIN 1505-2‚Titelangaben und Zitierregeln‘ (until 1984)


The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS)

University Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago: The University Chicago Press, 2010.

1026 pagesISBN 978-0-226-10420-11st edition: 1906(»15.6)

Turabian Style (=Chigaco Style)Kate L. Turabian. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and

Dissertations, 8th edition, edited by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, and the University of Chicago Press Editorial Staff (The University of Chicago Press, 2013)448 pagesISBN 978-0-226-81638-81st edition 1937 (guideline for dissertations)(›16.1)



General information


Acited publ.

Citing schema

Author of Btext passage(citation)

quotation

Bciting publ.

Reader of B


Quotation marks [Anführungszeichen]

Quotation marks double straight: " - " curly (66 - 99): “ - ”

single straight: ' - ' curly (6 - 9): ‘ - ’double (Alt+0147 / Alt+0148)single (Alt+0145 / Alt+0146)

Anführungszeichen (Gänsefüßchen)doppelt öffnend-schließend: „ - “ (Alt+0132 - Alt+0147)einfach öffnend-schließend: ‚ - ‘ (Alt+0130 - Alt+0145)


citable sourcesprint-media

booksjournalsnewspapers

electronic sources (›15.4, »14.4)URL (http), websites

Wikipedia

e-books, e-journalsURN, DOI

permanence (»14.9)[Dauerhaftigkeit, Beständigkeit, ‚Flüchtigkeit ‘]

restricted access

Citability [Zitierfähigkeit]


(without) Permission

• citing without permission (»4.77, »13.3)• no commercial use• review• criticism• illustration • support of own point of view

• amount of quoting only a few contiguous sentences/paragraphs! (»13.20) an entire poem is not acceptable!

• do not cite out of context!• paraphrasing a source


System 1

Notes-Bibliography Style

QuotationsNotes (footnotes/endnotes)(Bibliography)


Basic examples


One book – one author (»14.18)

Note (without bibliography)

endnote/footnote

(Text) ... so wie Mikuláš12 dargelegt hat ...

(EndN)__Chicago Manual of style _______________

12. Roman Mikuláš, Literatur als Kommunikationssystem: Systemische Betrachtungen (Nümbrecht: KIRSCH-Verlag, 2013), 28-29.

(FootN)____Turabian style_____________________12 Roman Mikuláš, Literatur als Kommunikationssystem:

Systemische Betrachtungen (Nümbrecht: KIRSCH-Verlag, 2013), 28-29.


Footnotes vs. endnotes (›16.3.1, »14.38)

footnotesat the bottom of a page

endnotesat the end of the book/article

order in the book:...• appendix• endnotes• bibliography


Note elements

1. 12 (note number, superscripted)2. Roman Mikuláš (author - first name last name)3. Literatur als Kommunikationssystem: Systemische

Betrachtungen (title: subtitle - italic)4. (Nümbrecht: KIRSCH-Verlag, 2013)

(publication facts - place: publisher, date)5. (pp.) 28-34 (locator)

— en-dash (no key, ALT+0151, CTRL+NUM+- , [Halbgeviertstrich])- hyphen (- on keybord, ALT+0150, [Bindestrich])


References [Verweise]

Elements:1. reference in running text (number superscripted)2. footnote/endnote (numbered)


Reference without bibliography

________________________________

1 Roman Mikuláš, Literatur als Kommunikationssystem: Systemische Betrachtungen (Nümbrecht: KIRSCH-Verlag, 2013), 28-29.

2 Mikuláš, Literatur als Kommunikationssystem, 38.3 Mikuláš, 47.4 Ibid., 58–60.


Notes and bibliography

footnote (short form, ›16.4, »14.25)______________________12 Mikuláš, Literatur als Kommunikationssystem,

28-34.elements are separated by commas.

entry bibliographyMikuláš, Roman. Literatur als Kommunikationssystem:

Systemische Betrachtungen. Nümbrecht: KIRSCH-Verlag, 2013.

elements are separated by periods.


Author (›17.1.1, »14.72)

author in a noteorder: (first name) last name, ...

author in a bibliography entry

order: last name, first name. ...


More than 1 author (›16.1, »14.76)

note_________________13 Mikuláš und Mikulášová, Grundfragen der

Literaturwissenschaft: Theorien, Methoden, Tendenzen, 47-51.

bibliography entryMikuláš, Roman und Andrea Mikulášová. Grundfragen der

Literaturwissenschaft: Theorien, Methoden, Tendenzen, Handbuch für Studierende. Nümbrecht: KIRSCH-Verlag, 2011.


shortened note (›16.4.1)

author title:13 Mikuláš und Mikulášová, Grundfragen der

Literaturwissenschaft, 47-51.

author only:13 Mikuláš und Mikulášová, 47-51.


ibid. (›16.4.2, »14.29)

The use of the abbreviation ibid. in notes.from lat. ibidem: ‘in the same place’ with subsequent in-text citations[‚ebd.‘, ‚ebenda‘, ‚ebendort‘]

_____________________5 Farmwinkle, Humor of the Midwest, 241.6 Ibid., 258–59.7 Ibid.


Multi-article book (›16.1, »14.112)

single chapter in an edited book

bibliographyCarr, Anne and Douglas J. Schuurman. “Religion and Feminism:

A Reformist Christian Analysis”. In Religion, Feminism, and the Family, edited by Anne Carr and Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen, 271-279. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.

note_____________________________________

17 Carr and Schuurman, “Religion and Feminism,” 273.(›16.4.1 #5)


Four authors (and more) (›16.1#2, »15.9)

bibliographyStem, Caroline J., James P. Lassoie, David R. Lee, and David

J. Dessler. “How ‘Eco’ is Ecotourism?: A Comparative Case Study of Ecotourism in Costa Rica.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11, no. 4 (2003), 322-348.

note_____________________________________

17 Stem et al., “How ‘Eco’ is Ecotourism?”, 345.


Organisation (›17.1.1.3, »14.92)

in place of author

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.

______________________2 The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed., 14.154-65.


author unknown (›17.1.1.5)

title in place of the author:

“Sotweed Redivivus”, (Annapolis, 1730), 5-6.


Turabian:

Editor in place of author (›17.1.1.2, »14.76)

Lojová, Gabriela and Mária Kostelníková, eds. Studies in Foreign Language Education – vol. 4. Nümbrecht: Kirsch-Verlag, 2012.

Vajičková, Mária, Alena Ďuricová, Mária Kostelníková und Zuzana Tuhárska, Hrsg. Stilistische Prinzipien der Gestaltung administrativer und juristischer Texte: Am Beispiel deutscher, slowakischer und englischer Texte der Europäischen Union. Nümbrecht: Kirsch-Verlag, 2011.

______________________________

17 Vajičková et al., Stilistische Prinzipien der Gestaltung administrativer und juristischer Texte, 110.


Crossreference (»14.113)

BibliographyHarrington, Elaine. “International Influences on Henry Hobson

Richardson’s Glessner House.” In Zukowsky, Chicago Architecture, 189–207.

Zukowsky, John, ed. Chicago Architecture, 1872–1922: Birth of a Metropolis. Munich: Prestel-Verlag in association with the Art Institute of Chicago, 1987.

Note__________________23 Harrington, “International Influences on Henry Hobson

Richardson’s Glessner House”, 203.


Bibliography (›16.2, »14.56 + 14.57)

• at the end of a book/article

• full information about all cited/consulted sources

• alphabetical order of entries (»14.60, last name)

• elements of an entry:1. author(s) /editor(s)2. title (: subtitle)

3. publication facts (place: publisher, date)

no page number!


Titles (›17.1.2, »8.2)

Book titles and subtitles are italicized.Bisko, W., St. Karolak, R. Tertel und D. Wasilewska. Mówimy

po polsku: Lehrbuch der polnischen Sprache für Anfänger. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1968.

Titles of articles/chapters/parts of a book are placed in quotation marks.Bierwisch, M. „Psychologische Aspekte der Semantik

natürlicher Sprachen.“ In Richtungen der modernen Semantikforschung, herausgegeben von W. Motsch und D. Viehweger, 15–64. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1983.


Facts of publication

• location:• publisher,• year.

Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1968.


Citation


citation(›25, »14.34)

indirect citation (paraphrased)

direct citation (literally cited)in-text quotation: enclosed in quotes (engl. “...” - dt. „...“block quotation (indented, without quotes)


Run-in quotation (›25.2.1, »13.10)

... his imagination of what the “lithe black form” 17

may be thinking.

_______________________________________________

17 Joyce, Ulysses, 125.

BibliographyJames Joyce. Ulysses. London: Penguin, 1992.


Block quotation (›25.2.2)

... offers the following answer:

This rite has no magical or idolatrous intention; nothing is expected in return. Nor is it, in a Christian sense, an act of devotion. If it praises the Creator, it does so indirectly by praising His creatures – among which may be human notions of the Divine Nature. With God as Redeemer, it has, so far as I can see, little if anything to do.39

Auden’s interpretation ...

________________________________39 W. H. Auden, The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays, New York:

Vintage International 1989, 57.


Block quotation (›25.2.2, »13.9)

more than 2 sentence > block quotation

more than 60 letters > block quotation


Modifying citations (›25.3)

omissions (›25.3.2)final period.

italicize for emphasis words

insertions for explanation


Ellipses (›25.3.2.1, »13.56)

The spirit of our American radicalism is destructive and aimless ... . On the other side, the conservative party ... is timid, and merely defensive of property. ... It does not build, nor write, nor cherish the arts, nor foster religion, nor establish schools.5


Missing word (»13.62)

“If you will assure me of your ... [illegible], I shall dedicate my life to your endeavor.”


Citation within a quotation (»13.28)

“The spirit of ‘American radicalism’ is destructive and aimless.”3


Abbreviations (›16.1.6, »14.158)

p. (pl.pp.) page (frequently omitted) vol. volumept. partchap. chapterbk. booksec. sectionn. (pl. nn.) note (notes) fig. figurecf. conferatur! compare!et al. and others, et alii (Maskulinum), et aliae (Femininum),

et alia (Neutrum)


sic (›25.3.1.1, »13.59)

sic – ‘thus’, ‘in this manner’often in brackets

“ ... mentioning Schillers Raüber [sic!] ... ”


ibid. (›16.4.2, »14.29)

The use of the abbreviation ibid. in notes.from lat. ibidem: ‘in the same place’ with subsequent in-text citations[‚ebd.‘, ‚ebenda‘, ‚ebendort‘]

_____________________5 Farmwinkle, Humor of the Midwest, 241.6 Ibid., 258–59.7 Ibid.8 Ibid., 333–34.


see! - cf.! (»14.37)

conferatur! (confer!) – compare! [vergleiche!]

_________________14 cf. note 5!


Page + number

... p.|23p.+narrow NBSP+23

non-break space (NBSP, ALT+0160)narrow no-break space (U+202F) [schmales geschütztes Leerzeichen]


System 2

The author-date system (›18)

reference within the text (Blight 2013, 54)without footnotes/endnoteswith a bibliography

with a reference list (›18.2, »15.5)


Example (›18.1, »14.76)

running textIn this respect Leopold is like the cat, for he too longs for Molly with whom he has not had “carnal intercourse” for almost eleven years, since the death of their baby son Rudy. (Tindall 1959, 151)

reference entryTindall, Y. W. 1959. A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce. New York: The

Noonday Press.


Reference list (›18.2, »15.6)

basic structure of a reference list entry:

author. date. title:subtitle. publication place: publisher.

Tindall, Y. W. 1959. A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce. New York: The Noonday Press.

running text

In this respect Leopold is like the cat, for he too longs for Molly with whom he has not had “carnal intercourse” for almost eleven years, since the death of their baby son Rudy.14 (Tindall 1959, 151)


Reference list (»15.3)

reference list:[Literaturverzeichnis] / [Quellenverzeichnis]

• the year of publication follows the author's name,• a reference list cites works that support a particular article,• enables the reader to retrieve the sources easily.


Author-date in footnotes

'author-date' in the Turabian system(with footnote)

a) running text... since the death of their baby son Rudy.1

b) footnote________________________1 Tindall 1959, 151, but see also note 7.

c) reference list entryTindall, Y. W. 1959. A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce. New York: The

Noonday Press.


Articles of the same author

Samuelsdorff, Paul Otto. 1966a. „Entwurf einer syntaktischen Analyse des Hebräischen zwecks maschineller Übersetzung.‟ In Zweites Kolloquium über Syntax natürlicher Sprachen und Datenverarbeitung: Oberwolfach 28.–29. Juni 1965, hrsg. von Klaus Detering und Herbert Pilch, 63–70. Wiesbaden: Steiner.

Samuelsdorff, Paul Otto. 1966b. Probleme der maschinellen Übersetzung. Vortrag auf der 6. Kölner Dolmetscher-Arbeitstagung, März 1966.

Samuelsdorff, Paul Otto. 1966c. “The Participle in Modern Hebrew: A Study in Automatic Ambiguity Resolution.” In Computation in Linguistics: A Case Book, edited by. Garvin and Spolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.


Notes

____________________________________6 Samuelsdorff P. O. 1966a, 65.7 Samuelsdorff P. O. 1966b, 5.8 Samuelsdorff P. O. 1966c, 75.

System: Notes-bibliography

6 Samuelsdorff, „Entwurf einer syntaktischen Analyse desHebräischen zwecks maschineller Übersetzung,‟ 1966.

7 Samuelsdorff, Probleme der maschinellen Übersetzung. 1966.8 Samuelsdorff, “The Participle in Modern Hebrew," 1966.


Periodicals/Journals (›16.1, »14.173)

BibliographySchönhagen, Philomen. „Der Journalist als unbeteiligter Beobachter‟,

Publizistik. Vierteljahreshefte für Kommunikationsforschung 44 (1999), Heft 3, 271-287.

______notes-bibliography_________________

1 Schönhagen, „Der Journalist als unbeteiligter Beobachter‟, 285.

Reference list (author-date)Schönhagen, Philomen. 1999. „Der Journalist als unbeteiligter

Beobachter.‟ Publizistik. Vierteljahreshefte für Kommunikationsforschung 44, Heft 3, 271-287.

______author-date_________________

1 Schönhagen, 1999, 285.


advantages vs. disadvantages

notes-bibliography vs. author-date


Author-date

advantages• for reader familiar with a field, • author who cites mostly one book,• reader can easily identify sources,• no need of renumbering notes,• only substantive notes allowed,• no need of ‘ibidem’.


Author-date

disadvantages• takes space in the main text body,

(The Chicago Manual of Style, 612)except the Turabian Style for footnotes

• cumbersome reviewing large body of previous work,(Samuelsdorff 1966a, 1966b, 1966c)

• the date of publication is often not the most important piece of information (Dickens 2003, 10),

• unclear for non-academic sources (legal cases),• the mixing of text with frequent parentheses is confusing,• less flexibility,• conductive to errors and confusions (for author and

readers).


End Part I

Documents

The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -1- The Practice of Citing Scientific Sources in the Chicago Style (notes-bibliography vs. author-date) Part 1 - Basics -