The Chemistry of LifeThe Chemistry of LifeElements and WaterElements and Water

Matter and AtomsMatter and Atoms

Matter is any material that has mass and Matter is any material that has mass and occupies space.occupies space.

All materials nonliving and living in the universe All materials nonliving and living in the universe is composed of matter.is composed of matter.

All matter is composed of small units called All matter is composed of small units called atoms. The types of atom, their arrangement, atoms. The types of atom, their arrangement, and how they interact with one another gives the and how they interact with one another gives the type of matter its specific chemical and physical type of matter its specific chemical and physical properties.properties.

Atoms are composed of subatomic particles each with Atoms are composed of subatomic particles each with their own unique properties. They are:their own unique properties. They are:

a. a. ProtonsProtons - Positive charge, atomic mass unit of one. Gives the atom - Positive charge, atomic mass unit of one. Gives the atom its identity (Atomic Number). Located in the nucleus or center of the its identity (Atomic Number). Located in the nucleus or center of the atom.atom.

b.b. Neutrons Neutrons – No charge (neutral), atomic mass unit – No charge (neutral), atomic mass unitof one. Their numbers can vary from atom to atom of one. Their numbers can vary from atom to atom of the same element. Responsible for forming isotopes. of the same element. Responsible for forming isotopes. Located in the Located in the

nucleus. nucleus.

c. c. ElectronsElectrons - Negative charge, no atomic mass unit. Located - Negative charge, no atomic mass unit. Locatedoutside of nucleus in regions called orbitals. They are involvedoutside of nucleus in regions called orbitals. They are involved

with the process of chemical bonding between atoms. with the process of chemical bonding between atoms. - can be shared or transferred between atoms in the bonding- can be shared or transferred between atoms in the bonding

process therefore, their numbers can vary between atoms of the sameprocess therefore, their numbers can vary between atoms of the same element. element.

- If atoms gain or lose electrons they become electrically - If atoms gain or lose electrons they become electrically charged and charged and

are called are called ionsions. They are responsible for the reactive . They are responsible for the reactive chemical chemical properties of atoms. properties of atoms.

Basic Atom StructureBasic Atom Structure

NeutronNo chargeAmu 1Proton

+ chargeAmu 1

Electron- ChargeAmu 0

Nucleus composed of protonsand neutrons. Gives the atom itsatomic mass, determined by adding thenumber of protons and neutrons together.

electron orbital

Periodic Table of ElementsPeriodic Table of Elements

•Element is a pure substance made up of one type of atom.

•Elements which are most common in all living things are Hydrogen (atomic number 1), Carbon (atomic number 6), Nitrogen (atomic number 7), and Oxygen (atomic number 8).

•These compose the backbone or framework of the molecules such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates found in living things.

Hydrogen, Carbon, and OxygenHydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen

Other Biologically Important Other Biologically Important ElementsElements

Calcium (Ca):Calcium (Ca): Formation of bones and shells in animals, involved Formation of bones and shells in animals, involved with muscle contraction and neuron activity in animals.with muscle contraction and neuron activity in animals.

Phosphorous (Phosphorous (P):P): Forms energy storing compounds ATP, Forms energy storing compounds ATP, Nucleotides (A,T, G, C, U), and membrane building molecules Nucleotides (A,T, G, C, U), and membrane building molecules (phospholipids).(phospholipids).

Sulfur (S):Sulfur (S): amino acids and protein structure amino acids and protein structure Sodium (Na):Sodium (Na): Neuron activity, water balance, and membrane Neuron activity, water balance, and membrane

transporttransport

Potassium (K):Potassium (K): membrane transport and muscle activity membrane transport and muscle activity Iron (Fe):Iron (Fe): oxygen transport of red blood cells as a component of oxygen transport of red blood cells as a component of

hemoglobin.hemoglobin.

Magnesium (Mg):Magnesium (Mg): light activated atom component of chlorophyll light activated atom component of chlorophyll molecules.molecules.

Chemical Bonding ReviewChemical Bonding Review

Chemical bonds form to Chemical bonds form to increase the stability of atoms by filling their outer increase the stability of atoms by filling their outer

most electron energy level. most electron energy level.

to do this atoms will transfer electrons ( one atom to do this atoms will transfer electrons ( one atom will lose electrons and the other atom will gain will lose electrons and the other atom will gain electrons) to form ionic bonds electrons) to form ionic bonds

or atoms will share a pair of electrons (each atom or atoms will share a pair of electrons (each atom will share one electron for each bond that is created will share one electron for each bond that is created between them) to form covalent bonds.between them) to form covalent bonds.

Ionic BondingIonic Bonding

Chlorine (Cl)17

Na

Sodium (Na) 11

Na

Sodium (Na)11

Cl

Chlorine (Cl)17

Protons 11 17 11 17 Neutrons 12 18 12 18 Electrons 11 17 10 18 Charge Neutral Neutral positive negative Ion Neutral Neutral cation anion

Outermost Energy Levels

In order to increase stability, theNa atom will transfer its outermostelectron to the Cl atom.

Cl

Stability is achieved because the outer energy levels of both atoms, now ions arefilled by electrons.

Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding

Carbon (C) 4

CC H

Hydrogen (H) 1

CCH

H

H

H

Methane CH4

Each pair of electronsrepresents the formationof a covalent bond.

Stability is again achieved because the outer energy levels of both atoms, now the outer energy levels are filled by electrons due to sharing of electron pairs between the atoms!

Periodic Table of the ElementsPeriodic Table of the Elements

Five Major Elements in Five Major Elements in HumansHumans

Oxygen O 65%Carbon C 19%Hydrogen H 10%Nitrogen N 3%Calcium Ca 2%

Trace ElementsFe, Zn, Mg, Cu 1%

WaterWater

60 -70% Body Mass60 -70% Body Mass Polar MoleculePolar Molecule SolventSolvent Reactant / Decomposition Reactant / Decomposition

ReactionsReactions Cohesive PropertiesCohesive Properties Surface TensionSurface Tension Temperature BufferTemperature Buffer Thermal ConductanceThermal Conductance

Water Molecule StructureWater Molecule Structureand Hydrogen Bondingand Hydrogen Bonding

Positively charged hydrogen end

Negatively charged oxygen end Hydrogen Bonds

Covalent bonds between H and O

How Hydrogen Bonds WorkHow Hydrogen Bonds Work

• the positive region of one molecule becomes attracted to the negatively charged region of another molecule forming Hydrogen Bonds.

• So, the molecules “stick” together weakly

WaterWater Water is a molecule that is essential to life as we know it here on Water is a molecule that is essential to life as we know it here on

Earth. It is a component of all living things and serves many Earth. It is a component of all living things and serves many functions. Water has many unique properties due to the nature of its functions. Water has many unique properties due to the nature of its molecular composition.molecular composition.

Water is a Water is a polar covalentpolar covalent substance. Although it is formed by substance. Although it is formed by covalent bonds between two atoms of hydrogen and one oxygen covalent bonds between two atoms of hydrogen and one oxygen atom, there is an unequal sharing of electrons between the two types atom, there is an unequal sharing of electrons between the two types of atoms. of atoms.

Oxygen is a larger molecule and has a higher attraction for Oxygen is a larger molecule and has a higher attraction for hydrogen atoms. So, electrons tend to be around the oxygen hydrogen atoms. So, electrons tend to be around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms. atom than the hydrogen atoms.

This results in a slightly negatively charged region of the This results in a slightly negatively charged region of the molecule where the oxygen atom is located and a slightly molecule where the oxygen atom is located and a slightly positively charged region of the molecule where the hydrogen positively charged region of the molecule where the hydrogen atoms are located. atoms are located.

This produces polarity in the molecule and leads to some unique This produces polarity in the molecule and leads to some unique properties of water.properties of water.

Important Properties of WaterImportant Properties of Water High specific heat:High specific heat: It requires much heat energy to raise the It requires much heat energy to raise the

temperature of water one degree Celsius. Important in temperature of water one degree Celsius. Important in regulating the temperature of living things. This results in a regulating the temperature of living things. This results in a HIGH HEAT OF VAPORAIZATIONHIGH HEAT OF VAPORAIZATION

This creates a This creates a HEAT BUFFERHEAT BUFFER – maintaining homeostasis – maintaining homeostasis..

High heat capacity:High heat capacity: It requires a long period of time for water It requires a long period of time for water to gain or lose heat energy. Important in regulating to gain or lose heat energy. Important in regulating temperature, important to aquatic organisms.temperature, important to aquatic organisms.

Universal Solvent:Universal Solvent: Many materials organic and inorganic will Many materials organic and inorganic will dissolve in water. Important in the role as a transport medium dissolve in water. Important in the role as a transport medium for living things. Animal blood and the sap of plants are for living things. Animal blood and the sap of plants are primarily composed of water with other materials dissolved in it.primarily composed of water with other materials dissolved in it.

Important Properties of WaterImportant Properties of Water Cohesive propertiesCohesive properties: :

Water molecules hydrogen bond together to form Water molecules hydrogen bond together to form a “film” layer on the surface of water called a “film” layer on the surface of water called surface tension, capable of supporting certain surface tension, capable of supporting certain plants and animals. This property also plays a role plants and animals. This property also plays a role in capillary action (the movement of water up and in capillary action (the movement of water up and through small diameter tubes).through small diameter tubes).

Adhesive properties:Adhesive properties:

Water molecules due to their polar nature tend to Water molecules due to their polar nature tend to stick to other substances. This property along stick to other substances. This property along with cohesion is responsible for capillary action with cohesion is responsible for capillary action and the formation of a meniscus in a glass tube.and the formation of a meniscus in a glass tube.

FinallyFinally Water Expands as It Freezes:Water Expands as It Freezes:

The solid form of water is less dense than the liquid, The solid form of water is less dense than the liquid, therefore ice floats! therefore ice floats!

Most dense at 4 degrees CelsiusMost dense at 4 degrees Celsius

This is important in aquatic environments because they This is important in aquatic environments because they will always freeze from the top surface down. The ice will always freeze from the top surface down. The ice usually creates an insulating layer from the colder air usually creates an insulating layer from the colder air temperature, allowing the organisms below the surface of temperature, allowing the organisms below the surface of the ice to survive. the ice to survive.

However, this property is also dangerous to organism with However, this property is also dangerous to organism with soft tissues. When the water inside their cells freeze, it soft tissues. When the water inside their cells freeze, it expands and destroys the cells. Frost bite in humans is a expands and destroys the cells. Frost bite in humans is a result of this property.result of this property.

Acids, Bases, and SaltsAcids, Bases, and Salts

Acid Acid HH++

BaseBase OHOH-- SaltsSalts Anything Anything notnot an acid or base an acid or base

2HCl 2HCl 2H 2H++ + Cl + Cl22

NaOH NaOH Na + OH Na + OH--

2NaCl 2NaCl 2Na + Cl 2Na + Cl22

Ionization of WaterIonization of Water

Although water is essentially neutral, it can ionize to Although water is essentially neutral, it can ionize to a certain extent:a certain extent:

H2O H+ + OH-limited

2 H2O H30+ + OH-

hydronium hydroxyl ion ion

Ionization of Acids in WaterIonization of Acids in Water

Acids are substances that dissociate to release H + ionsAcids are substances that dissociate to release H + ions

HCl H+ + Cl-

limited

Examples of strong acids include stomach acid (HCl), lemon juice, orange juice

Ionization of Bases in WaterIonization of Bases in Water

Bases are substances that release OH – Bases are substances that release OH –

Ions into solutionIons into solution

NaOH Na+ + OH-

limited

Examples of bases include

Baking soda, antacids, household ammonia

pH = -- log[H+]

Calculating pHCalculating pH

pH = -log[H+]

So if

[H+] = 1 X 10 – 6 ------> pH 6

[H+] = 1 X 10 – 5 ------> pH 5

[H+] = 1 X 10 – 2 ------> pH 2

Litmus Test for AcidsLitmus Test for Acids

The presence of an acid turns blue litmus paper red

Litmus Test for BasesLitmus Test for Bases

The presence of a base turns red litmus paper blue

What is Litmus anyways??What is Litmus anyways??

a pigment from lichens a pigment from lichens that turns red in acid that turns red in acid solutions and blue in solutions and blue in alkaline solutionsalkaline solutions

It is used as a very It is used as a very simple acid-base simple acid-base indicator indicator

Is Your pH Off Balance?Is Your pH Off Balance? Rings Turn Fingers GreenRings Turn Fingers Green Heartburn Heartburn BloatingBloating BelchingBelching Feeling Full after Eating Small AmountsFeeling Full after Eating Small Amounts InsomniaInsomnia Water RetentionWater Retention MigrainesMigraines Constipation Constipation DiarrheaDiarrhea FatigueFatigue Burning Sensation on Tongue or in MouthBurning Sensation on Tongue or in Mouth HalitosisHalitosis

““Modern agriculture and food-preservation Modern agriculture and food-preservation methods have done serious damage to the methods have done serious damage to the human diet. The detrimental effects on the human diet. The detrimental effects on the human body caused by acidic wastes from human body caused by acidic wastes from processed food and chemical additives are processed food and chemical additives are myriad. Byproducts of the foods we eat, acidic myriad. Byproducts of the foods we eat, acidic wastes are the common denominator in all wastes are the common denominator in all degenerative diseases. When acidic wastes degenerative diseases. When acidic wastes accumulate, they can cause organs to accumulate, they can cause organs to malfunction and degenerate. Balancing the malfunction and degenerate. Balancing the body's acid-alkaline pH factor is a dynamic body's acid-alkaline pH factor is a dynamic way to improve health. “way to improve health. “

Felicia Drury Felicia Drury KlimentKliment

pH BufferpH Buffer

Stabilizes the pH level if acids or bases are Stabilizes the pH level if acids or bases are introduced to a solutionintroduced to a solution

ExampleExample Blood if filled with buffers to resist changes Blood if filled with buffers to resist changes

in pHin pH

COCO22 + H2O(Blood) + H2O(Blood) HCO HCO33-1-1