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The The Chemistry of Chemistry of
LifeLifeChapter 2
vocabularyvocabulary
AtomAtom the most basic and smallest unit of the most basic and smallest unit of mattermatter– NucleusNucleus
center of the atomcenter of the atom holds protons and neutronsholds protons and neutrons
– Contains subatomic particlesContains subatomic particles called protons, electrons and neutronscalled protons, electrons and neutrons Discuss next diagramDiscuss next diagram
AtomsAtoms
Nucleus; Nucleus; Protons; + charge; mass = 1AMUProtons; + charge; mass = 1AMU Neutrons; no charge; mass = 1AMUNeutrons; no charge; mass = 1AMU
Electrons: - charge; no massElectrons: - charge; no mass
vocabularyvocabulary
ElementElement specific atoms of one type specific atoms of one type form pure substancesform pure substances
Over 100 elements/pure substances Over 100 elements/pure substances existexist CaCa calcium calcium HH hydrogen hydrogen OO oxygen oxygen NaNa sodium sodium CC carbon carbon
Periodic tablePeriodic table
Elements are organized in a table Elements are organized in a table and assigned a numberand assigned a number
NumberNumber atomic number atomic number TableTable periodic table periodic table
This your new friend…at least for this This your new friend…at least for this next unit!next unit!
Get use to itGet use to it
Atomic NumberAtomic Number Defines the elementDefines the element Is equal to the number of protonsIs equal to the number of protons Is equal to the number of electrons Is equal to the number of electrons
in a neutral atomin a neutral atom Always the whole numberAlways the whole number
6
CCarbon12.011
Section 2-1
An Element in the Periodic Table
Go to Section:
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Atomic MassAtomic Mass
Is equal to the number of protons Is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the and neutrons in the nucleus of the atomatom
May not be a whole number on the May not be a whole number on the periodic tableperiodic table
In biology you may round up the In biology you may round up the mass number to a whole numbermass number to a whole number
To find the number of To find the number of NeutronsNeutrons
Atomic mass – atomic number = Atomic mass – atomic number = NeutronsNeutrons
Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons6 protons6 neutrons
6 electrons6 protons8 neutrons
6 electrons6 protons7 neutrons
Isotopes of Carbon
Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons but have a different number of neutrons
Time to play…
Candium isotope lab!!!
Energy LevelsEnergy Levels
1st 2e-
2nd 8e-
3rd 8e-
4th18e-
Valence ElectronsValence Electrons Outer level ElectronsOuter level Electrons Bonding ElectronsBonding Electrons
How are things kept How are things kept togethertogether
Ionic BondsIonic Bonds Transferring of electronsTransferring of electrons Create ionsCreate ions Opposite charged particles are attracted to each Opposite charged particles are attracted to each
otherother Electrons are gained/lostElectrons are gained/lost
Covalent bondsCovalent bonds Can create slightly different chargesCan create slightly different charges Strongest chemical bondStrongest chemical bond Orbitals/shells overlap and electrons bounce back Orbitals/shells overlap and electrons bounce back
and forthand forth Van der Waals forcesVan der Waals forces
Happens when molecules are super close togetherHappens when molecules are super close together Hydrogen bonding-weak bondsHydrogen bonding-weak bonds
Drawing molecules showing Drawing molecules showing Ionic BondingIonic Bonding
Draw all atoms showing protons, and Draw all atoms showing protons, and electrons in their energy levelselectrons in their energy levels
Decide which electrons must be Decide which electrons must be transferred in order to fill all of the transferred in order to fill all of the atoms outer levelatoms outer level
Draw the electrons being transferredDraw the electrons being transferred Show the resulting charge on the IonsShow the resulting charge on the Ions
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transferof electron
Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0
Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0
Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1
Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1
Ionic Bonding
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transferof electron
Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0
Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0
Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1
Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1
Section 2-1
Ionic Bonding
Draw the following Draw the following molecules showing them molecules showing them
form ionic bondsform ionic bonds KFKF MgClMgCl22
Chemical formulas Chemical formulas
COCO2 2 3 Atoms3 Atoms
HH22OO 3 Atoms3 Atoms
Ca(OH)Ca(OH)2 2 5 Atoms5 Atoms
2C2C66HH1212OO6 6 48 atoms48 atoms
Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding
Sharing of electronsSharing of electrons No ions are formedNo ions are formed Sharing of electrons holds it Sharing of electrons holds it
together.together.
Guided/independent Guided/independent practicepractice
Chemistry worksheet…time to think!Chemistry worksheet…time to think!
WaterWater
Most abundant compound found in Most abundant compound found in living things.living things.
Water is a molecule (HWater is a molecule (H22O)O) Water is a polar molecule. (unequal Water is a polar molecule. (unequal
sharing of electrons)sharing of electrons) Hand out chemistry worksheet!Hand out chemistry worksheet!
WaterWater FactsFacts
It is a neutral moleculeIt is a neutral molecule Water is the single most abundant compound Water is the single most abundant compound
on earthon earth It expands when it freezesIt expands when it freezes It floats when frozenIt floats when frozen
What advantage does this play in the survival of fish What advantage does this play in the survival of fish and plantsand plants
75% of earth is water75% of earth is water The human body is 70% waterThe human body is 70% water Ph of 7.0Ph of 7.0
Properties of WaterProperties of Water
Its PolarIts Polar It has a negative end and a positive endIt has a negative end and a positive end Uneven sharing of electronsUneven sharing of electrons
High heat capacityHigh heat capacity Absorb Absorb
Hydrogen bondsHydrogen bonds Because of the uneven charge water Because of the uneven charge water
atoms can attract each otheratoms can attract each other Cohesion: attraction between Cohesion: attraction between
molecules of the same substancemolecules of the same substance Insects walking on waterInsects walking on water
Adhesion: attraction between Adhesion: attraction between molecules of different substances molecules of different substances Water drawn up a plant (capillary action)Water drawn up a plant (capillary action)
Hydrogen Hydrogen BondingBonding
Water demoWater demo
Water labWater lab
Acids, Bases, and the pH Acids, Bases, and the pH scalescale
Water is the universal solventWater is the universal solvent Most compounds will dissolve in waterMost compounds will dissolve in water Remember 75% of most animals are waterRemember 75% of most animals are water
HH220 0 →→ H H++ + OH + OH--
Water Water →→ Hydrogen ion + Hydroxide ion Hydrogen ion + Hydroxide ion Only about one water molecule in 55 Only about one water molecule in 55
million will form a hydrogen ionmillion will form a hydrogen ion HH++ = OH = OH-- , so water is always neutral , so water is always neutral
PH scale – measures the PH scale – measures the concentration of H+ concentration of H+ and OH- ions.and OH- ions.
Ranges from 0-14Ranges from 0-14 At 7 the concentration of H+ and At 7 the concentration of H+ and
OH- is equal. (pure water)OH- is equal. (pure water) Acid – H+ ions, 0-6Acid – H+ ions, 0-6 Alkaline or base- OH- ions, 8-14Alkaline or base- OH- ions, 8-14 Each step represents a factor of 10Each step represents a factor of 10
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Soap
Sea water
Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall
Acid rainTomatojuice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
NeutralIn
crea
sing
ly B
asic
Incr
easi
ngly
Aci
dic
pH Scale
Go to Section:
Acids
Any compound that gives off a hydrogen ion (H+) in a solution.
– HCl
– Stomach acid
– Lemon juice
– Tomato juice
Bases
Any compound that will produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.
– Human blood
– Sea water
– Oven cleaner
– Bleach
– soap
Time to play…
Ph lab
Buffers
Facts– Most cells in animals must generally be kept at a pH level between 6.5 and
7.5• Human blood has a pH of 7.4
– If the body’s pH level goes to high or too low then cells do not work– Maintaining pH levels is important for homeostasis– Large changes in pH are controlled by substances called buffers
Examples of buffer in the body’s cells
– Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
– (H2CO3) → HCO3- + H+
– Carbonic acid dissociates in water to form bicarbonate ion and H ions
Chemical Reactions
Everything that happens in an organism is based on chemical reactions
Definition: a chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
– Cellular respiration– Formation of Carbonic Acid from carbon dioxide and water
MixtureMixture
2 or more elements or compounds 2 or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined.but not chemically combined.
Salt & pepperSalt & pepper Earth’s atmosphereEarth’s atmosphere SaladSalad soilsoil
SolutionsSolutionsEvenly distributed Evenly distributed throughout.throughout.Solvent; does the dissolvingSolvent; does the dissolvingSolute; gets dissolvedSolute; gets dissolvedWater is the greatest Water is the greatest solvent.solvent.
Cl-
Water
Cl-
Na+
Water
Na+
NaCI Solution
NaCI Solution
Cl-
Water
Cl-
Na+
Water
Na+
SuspensionSuspension
Unevenly distributed throughout. Unevenly distributed throughout. (settle out)(settle out) Water & gasWater & gas Water & oilWater & oil BloodBlood
4 Organic Compounds
CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds
Organic compounds Organic compounds contains Carbon, Hydrogen contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygenand Oxygen
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMain source of energyMain source of energyMonosaccharide (simple sugar) Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Glucose – produced by green plants.Glucose – produced by green plants. Fructose – fruits, vegetables, honey.Fructose – fruits, vegetables, honey.
Disaccharides (double sugar)Disaccharides (double sugar) Lactose – mammals milk.Lactose – mammals milk. Sucrose – table sugar.Sucrose – table sugar.
Polysaccharides (complex sugar)Polysaccharides (complex sugar) Cellulose (plants)Cellulose (plants) Starch (plants)Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals)Glycogen (animals)
Glucose
Plants store carbohydrates as Starch
Go to Section:
Animals store carbohydrates as Glycogen in the liver and muscles
LipidsLipids
Stored energyStored energyFatty acidsFatty acidsSaturated fatty acids – meat & dairy.Saturated fatty acids – meat & dairy.Unsaturated fatty acids – plants.Unsaturated fatty acids – plants.PhospholipidsPhospholipidsWaxesWaxesOilsOilsSteroidsSteroids
LipidsLipids
What is it?What is it? Fat, oils, and waxesFat, oils, and waxes Lipid cells together are know as adipose tissue, hey Lipid cells together are know as adipose tissue, hey
look at that spare tire!look at that spare tire!Adipose tissue acts to cushion vital organsAdipose tissue acts to cushion vital organsOnce your body creates a fat cell, it is yours for life, you can Once your body creates a fat cell, it is yours for life, you can never get rid of it!never get rid of it!
FunctionsFunctions Stores a huge amount of energy, even more than that Stores a huge amount of energy, even more than that
carbohydratescarbohydrates But it is used for emergency situations when you run But it is used for emergency situations when you run
out of carbohydratesout of carbohydrates
Types of lipids found in animalsTypes of lipids found in animals
HDLHDL Known as the “good” lipidKnown as the “good” lipid Found in vegetables, oils, and some nutsFound in vegetables, oils, and some nuts Helps clear out LDL of you systemHelps clear out LDL of you system Exercise will increase the levels of HDL in an Exercise will increase the levels of HDL in an
animals systemanimals system
LDLLDLTriglyceridesTriglycerides
ProteinsProteinsMade up of Amino acidsMade up of Amino acids
20 different amino acids20 different amino acids
Structural- Structural- cell, muscle, skin, organs.cell, muscle, skin, organs.
MovementMovement
EnzymesEnzymes
ProteinsProteins
Examples of proteinsExamples of proteins Muscle, insulin, hairMuscle, insulin, hair
FactsFacts Accounts for %50 of cells weightAccounts for %50 of cells weight Used for support, storage, transport defense, Used for support, storage, transport defense,
signaling other cellssignaling other cells Humans have 10s of thousands of different proteinsHumans have 10s of thousands of different proteins Are made of monomers called amino acidsAre made of monomers called amino acids There are 20 different amino acids There are 20 different amino acids
What makes a protein functionWhat makes a protein function The order of the amino acidsThe order of the amino acids
Each protein has a specific orderEach protein has a specific order The shape of a protein determines its functionThe shape of a protein determines its function
Homeostasis: too much acid-proteins unfold. To Homeostasis: too much acid-proteins unfold. To high a temperature: proteins unfold, to cold: high a temperature: proteins unfold, to cold: proteins cant functionproteins cant function
3-D Protein3-D Protein
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Contains genetic informationContains genetic information
Controls the production of proteinsControls the production of proteins
NucleotidesNucleotides PhosphatePhosphate SugarSugar basebase
EnzymesEnzymes
Some reactions that are needed in life are too slow to Some reactions that are needed in life are too slow to happen by themselves.happen by themselves.To speed up these reactions cell in plants and animals To speed up these reactions cell in plants and animals produce catalysts.produce catalysts.
A substance that speeds up chemical reactionsA substance that speeds up chemical reactions They work by lowering the activation energyThey work by lowering the activation energy
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalystsEnzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts Always end in aseAlways end in ase Lactase, carbonic anhydraseLactase, carbonic anhydrase Very specificVery specific
CatalystCatalyst
Substance that reduces the amount of Substance that reduces the amount of energy for a reaction to occur.energy for a reaction to occur.
Catalyst in cells are proteins called Catalyst in cells are proteins called Enzymes.Enzymes.
The substance that the enzyme works on The substance that the enzyme works on are called a substrate.are called a substrate.
Enzymes are very selective.Enzymes are very selective.
Enzyme animationEnzyme animation
http://www.nd.edu/~aostafin/CRCD/DOSS/enzymeanimation3.gif
Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy
without enzyme
Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
Section 2-4
Effect of Enzymes
Go to Section:
Time to play…
Enzyme lab
Organic compounds lab