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The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon is the most versatile element Can form up to 4 bonds at one time. Carbon may also form bonds with other Carbons allowing for unlimited chain lengths -= May form Single -, Double =, or Triple bonds with other Carbons Can even fold over forming rings

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All compounds can be classified into 2 broad categories: Organic compounds- Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms Inorganic compounds- Can have one or the other, but do not contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms Most of your bodys molecules are organic compounds.

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How are biomolecules made? Macromolecules are built from small organic compounds the same way a railroad train is built, by linking a lot of smaller units together into long chains. Large carbon compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules called monomers (mono = one )

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How are biomolecules made? Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as polymers (poly = many) A polymer consists of repeated, linked units, which can also bind forming large polymers called Macromolecules. (macro = large )

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How are biomolecules made How are biomolecules made? Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called a condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis. During the formation of polymers, Water (H 2 O), is released or is a by-product of the reaction.

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How are biomolecules made? The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as polymers, occurs through a process known as hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is the reverse of a condensation reaction. The addition of water, to some polymers can break the bonds that hold them together.

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How are biomolecules made? Monomers Polymer

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Types of Biomolecules There are four main types of macromolecules found in living organisms: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Nucleic Acids 4. Proteins

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A quick source of energy!!

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What elements are carbs composed of? Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen(O) In a ratio of C : H : O 1 : 2 : 1 Example: Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 6 1 : 2 : 1 For every 1 Carbon (C) You will have 2 Hydrogens (H) and 1 Oxygen (O).

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Carbohydrate Monomers Carbohydrate Monomers (Building Blocks) Monosaccharides: commonly found in rings Mono=one, Saccharide=sugar Monosaccharides are simple sugars Examples: Glucose: commonly found in blood of animals Galactose: a simple sugar found in milk Fructose: commonly found in fruit

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Carbohydrate Monomers (Building Blocks) Glucose

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Carbohydrate Polymers Polysaccharides are carbohydrates formed from linking individual sugars together. They can be very large and complex, or they can be small and made up of only two monomers linked together. These are called Disaccharides Polysaccharides: Poly=Many, Saccharide=sugar

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Carbohydrate Polymers Disaccharides: Poly=Two, Saccharide=sugar Disaccharides contain 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

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Carbohydrate Polymers Dissacharide Examples: Lactose: Found in Milk Made up of Galactose + Glucose Sucrose: Table Sugar Made up of Fructose + Galactose

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Carbohydrate Polymers Complex Carb (Larger polysaccharide) examples Starch: a form of glucose in plants (breads, pasta, potatoes)

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Carbohydrate Polymers Complex Carb (Larger polysaccharide) examples Cellulose: contained in the cell walls of plants; gives strength and rigidity to plant cells.

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Carbohydrate Polymers Complex Carb (Larger polysaccharide) examples Glycogen: a common storage form of glucose in animals (stored in the muscles and liver to be used as quick energy)

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What elements are Lipids composed of? Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Lots of Hydrogen!!!!!

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Important Lipid Facts Lipids are Fats, Oils and Waxes Lipids do not dissolve in water

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Important Lipid Facts Lipids usually serve one of three functions: Energy storage When carbs have been used up we use fatty acids for energy.

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Important Lipid Facts Lipids usually serve one of three functions: structural support in cell membranes (phospholipids)

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Important Lipid Facts Lipids usually serve one of three functions: Serve as messengers Steroids are lipids that carry messages through the bloodstream.

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Lipid Monomers? Fatty acids are the building blocks (or monomers) that make up most lipids. Fatty acids are classified as either saturated or unsaturated. Lipids do not have true monomers

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Lipid Monomers? How do you tell the difference? Saturated fatty acids have NO DOUBLE BONDS!! They have the maximum number of bonds possible, they are full (of hydrogen). Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature, and most come from animal products. Can you think of some examples?

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Lipid Monomers? How do you tell the difference? Unsaturated fatty acids have double bond(s) in the carbon chain and are not full. Most unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, and are usually referred to as oils. Can you think of some examples?

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Lipid Polymers A common lipid that contains fatty acids is a Triglyceride. They are composed of a glycerol linked to three fatty acids (in the shape of an E) by condensation reaction.

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Store and transmit hereditary and genetic information.

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What elements are Nucleic Acids composed of? Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),Oxygen(O), Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P)

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Nucleic Acid Monomers (Building Blocks) Nucleotides are the building blocks (or monomers) that make up most nucleic acids. Nucleotides consist of sugar(pentose) + nitrogenous base + phosphate

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Nucleic Acid Polymers Three main types of nucleic acids 1. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid Instructions which code for protein synthesis

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Nucleic Acid Polymers Three main types of nucleic acids 2. RNA = Ribonucleic acid Is the genetic information inside the nucleus of cells

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Nucleic Acid Polymers Three main types of nucleic acids 3. ATP = Adenosine triphosphate ATP has a slightly different structure than DNA and RNA. It contains a base + sugar + three phosphates ATP is used as energy for the cell

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Construction materials for body parts like bones, muscles and blood. Fight disease Regulate cell Processes

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What elements are Proteins composed of? Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),Oxygen(O), and Nitrogen (N)

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Protein Monomers (Building Blocks) Amino acids are the building blocks that make up most proteins There are 20 different kinds of amino acids that humans use. Composed of : An Amino Group ( -NH 2 ) & A Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

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Protein Monomers (Building Blocks)

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Protein Examples One important group of proteins Enzymes Enzymes help control chemical reactions by acting as catalysts. Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

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Special Proteins One important group of proteins Enzymes Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. Catalyze: increase the rates of

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Special Proteins Enzymes help control chemical reactions by acting as catalysts. Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. Activation Energy: the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.

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Special Proteins Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction by DECREASING the ACTIVATION ENERGY

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Enzymes the speed of reactions that would otherwise occur slowly. increase

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Each enzyme has a certain job and does only that job. Enzymes are special proteins that build or break down materials inside or outside the cell.

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How are Enzymes used in the body??? DIGESTION INFLAMMATION during digestion, intestinal cells produce enzymes, which split the food into small molecules so they can be absorbed into the blood enzymes are produced by neighboring cells, so that the blood clotting process can happen and to remove destroyed tissue.

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Enzymes and Homeostasis Temperature Temperatures above 40 C (104 F) denature/destroy enzymes. pH Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes.