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Key concepts
– Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
– An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
– The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
– Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
• Something that has mass and occupies space• Matter consists of atoms
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
• Something that has mass and occupies space• Matter consists of atoms
What are atoms?
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
• Something that has mass and occupies space• Matter consists of atoms
•Atoms are the fundamental building block of all substances. •The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
• Something that has mass and occupies space• Matter consists of atoms
•Atoms are the fundamental building block of all substances. •The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
What is an element?
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
• Something that has mass and occupies space• Matter consists of atoms
•Atoms are the fundamental building block of all substances. •The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction.
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
• Something that has mass and occupies space• Matter consists of atoms
•Atoms are the fundamental building block of all substances. •The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction.
Why?
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
Each element is composed on a single type of atom
Compounds are made of more than one element in a fixed ratio
goldhydrogen and oxygen
sodium and chloride
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
Whether they are in compounds or in pure form, there are relatively few elements in living organisms
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Properties-melting point, bonding, and density are common examples.
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
Nucleus
Electron cloud
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
NucleusContains:•Protons •Neutrons
Electron cloudContains:•Electrons
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
NucleusContains:•Protons •Neutrons
Electron cloudContains:•Electrons
•All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)
He2
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
NucleusContains:•Protons •Neutrons
Electron cloudContains:•Electrons
•All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)•The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons
He2
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
NucleusContains:•Protons •Neutrons
Electron cloudContains:•Electrons
•All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)•The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons •Mass number is the number of protons + number of neutrons
He2
4
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
NucleusContains:•Protons •Neutrons
Electron cloudContains:•Electrons
•All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)•The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons •Mass number is the number of protons + number of neutrons•The number of electrons typically equals the number of protons
He2
4
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
NucleusContains:•Protons •Neutrons
Electron cloudContains:•Electrons
•All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)•The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons (not for isotopes)•Mass number is the number of protons + number of neutrons•The number of electrons typically equals the number of protons
He2
3
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
NucleusContains:•Protons •Neutrons
Electron cloudContains:•Electrons
•All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)•The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons (not for isotopes)•Mass number is the number of protons + number of neutrons•The number of electrons typically equals the number of protons (not for ions)
He2
4 +
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Focusing on electrons- Atomic nuclei don’t interact, electrons do
Atomic structure
Electrons vary in the amount of energy they possess because of their position relative to the nucleus.•They are attracted to the nucleus•It takes work (energy) to be far from it•They reside in energy levels (shells)
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Focusing on electrons- Atomic nuclei don’t interact, electrons do
Atomic structure
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Focusing on electrons-The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the distribution of its electrons
Atomic structure
Hydrogen
1H
Lithium
3LiBeryllium
4BeBoron
5BCarbon
6CNitrogen
7NOxygen
8O
Fluorine
9FNeon
10Ne
Helium
2He
Firstshell
Secondshell
Thirdshell
Sodium
11NaMagnesium
12Mg
Aluminum
13AlSilicon
14SiPhosphorus
15PSulfur
16S
Chlorine
17ClArgon
18Ar
The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atomsDifferent types of bonds•Covalent bonds (strongest) - involves the sharing of electrons (i.e. H2)
•Electrons may be spread equally across the bond (non-polar bond)•Electrons may not be spread equally across the bond (polar bond)
The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atoms
Naturalendorphin
EndorphinreceptorsBrain cell
Binding to endorphin receptors
Morphine
(b)
The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atomsDifferent types of bonds•Covalent bonds (strongest) - involves the sharing of electrons (i.e. H2)
•Electrons may be spread equally across the bond (non-polar bond)•Electrons may not be spread equally across the bond (polar bond)
•Ionic bonds- Charge-charge interactions•An interaction between a positive and negative charge•Can form after one atoms strips a valence electron from another (ie. NaCl)•Forms salts
The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atoms
Ionic bond
Electrontransferforms ions
NaSodium atom
ClChlorine atom
Na+
Sodium ion(a cation)
Cl–
Chloride ion(an anion)
Which elements will most likely form an ionic bond?
a. Li and F
b. C and O
c. N and O
d. Si and Cl
e. H and H
The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atomsDifferent types of bonds (weak)
•Hydrogen bonds- involve polar covalent bonds, form when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom
The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atomsDifferent types of bonds (weak)
•Hydrogen bonds- involve polar covalent bonds, form when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom
This impacts the properties of water!
The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atomsDifferent types of bonds (weak)
•Hydrogen bonds- involve polar covalent bonds, form when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom•Vander Waals interactions- involve non-polar covalent bonds, occur when an electron accumulation arises by chance
Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
Chemical reaction- making a breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter
Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
Chemical reaction- making a breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Key concepts
– Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
– An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
– The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
– Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds