the Charters of Freedom

8/9/2019 the Charters of Freedom

1/35

S. IRIMIEA, API, 2013 1

HISTORY OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY AND THE CHARTERS OF

FREEDOM 1. HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICS

2. EARLY DEMOCRATIC INITIATIVES

3. COLONIAL AMERICA

4. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

5. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE6. THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

7. THE CONSTITUTION

. THE !ILL OF RIGHTS


2/35


H"#$%&' O( A)*&"+ - D*)%+& +' A- T/* C/ &$* O( F&** %) C% * *#+&" $"%-

T/* +% * "# *#" -* $%

& "#* $/* #$ *-$# &*-*## %( A)*&"+ - /"#$%&' - +" " "8 $"%-

- 9&% *- $/*"& :-% * *; ( +" "$ $* $/*"& 9*$$*& - *$ - "- %( $/* A)*&"+ - *% *;

9&"- $/*) + %#*& $% A)*&"+ - &*#*-$ % "$"+ - + $ &*#;

/* $/*) - *$ - $/*"& % - - $"%- /"#$%&', + $ & *#*$+ 9' +%) &"- $/*"& % - + $ &* $% $/* A)*&"+ - + $ &*

/" / " /$ $/* A)*&"+ - % "$"+ #'#$*) "#


3/35


4/35


HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICS

T/* A)*&"+ - % "$"+ #'#$*), - *# *+" ' $/* #$& +$ &* %( A)*&"+ -% *&-)*-$, "# ) "- ' - & * ' * *- *-$ %- $/* *% & /"+ ( +$%,

& $/*& $/ - %- " *% % '. H*-+* "$ #geography , )%&* $/ - " *% % ',/"+/ #/ * $/* structure of American government /*- "$ # (%&)* "-

$/* $* *" /$**-$/ +*-$ &'.

T/* U-"$* S$ $*# + )* "-$% *?"#$*-+* # union of thirteen i!er"e "tate" $/ $ )" /$ 9* * #" ' +%) &* "$/ $/* +% -$&"*# %( $/* E &% * - U-"%-,

/"+/ $% ' &* /* "- $% & # (* *& #'#$*) %( % *&-)*-$. T/*@ *#$"%-# ( +* 9' EU $% ' &* #")" & $% $/%#* /"+/ $&% 9 * $/* ( & How much power

should be centralized? What governmental functions should be left in localhands? hould there be a single currency? Can states with diverse interestsconduct a single foreign policy? A $/% / $/* A)*&"+ -# -# * $% $/*#*@ *#$"%-# ) ' / * +/ - * #%)* / $ % *& $/* #$ $ % +*-$ &"*#, $/*(* *& #'#$*) %( % *&-)*-$ $/*' +&* $* "- $/* $* *" /$**-$/ +*-$ &' / #

&% *- &*) &: 9 ' & 9 *.


5/35


T/* A#eri$an po%iti$a% "y"te# *)*& * &"- $/* American Revolution . I$ #(%#$*&* 9' $/* % "$"+ $/% /$ /"+/ *-*& $* "$ - &* %- "$/ "$. A#* & ' # 17 3, * +/ #$ $* / -in epen ent go!ern#ent , "$/ "$# % -

legislature,

courts, and

local laws .

S$ $* - %+ % *&-)*-$# *)*& * ("$, $/* (* *& % *&-)*-$ * * % *$*&. H*-+* ) -' &" /$# - % * &* -%$ +*-$*&* "- W #/"- $%-, 9 $

%&" "- $* - &* +%-$&% * $ $/* #$ $* - %+ * * .

T/* *?"#$*-$ "((*&*-+*# %& * &" $"%-# *-*& $* &"% # $$"$ *# $% & # 9 #"-*##, &*# $"- "- #%)* #$ $*# 9*"- )%&* ( %& 9 * $% 9 #"-*## $/ -%$/*. A #% +%& %& $* $ ?*# &' &* $ ' (&%) #$ $* $% #$ $*, # % # (%"-+%& %& $"- 9 #"-*##.


6/35


Ear%y e#o$rati$ initiati!e"

Fir"t Eng%i"h "ett%er"

I- &u%y '()( $/* ("$ 10 E- "#/ #*$$ * - * %- Roano*e I"%an + %(( $/*+% #$ %( / $ "# :-% - $/* #$ $* %( N%&$/ C &% "- . S$ & * - * :*-* $/*'

*($ $/* #*$$ *)*-$ - # " * 9 +: $% E- - . %/- W/"$*, ) ) :*& # " *"$/ $/*).

I- '(), Sir -a%ter Ra%eigh #*-$ "- 11 #*$$ * %- R% -%:*, "-+ "- %/-W/"$*, $/* ) ) :*&, /%#* /$*& * 9"&$/ $% $/* ("$ E- "#/ +/" 9%&- "-A)*&"+ , V"& "-" D &*. W/"$* &*$ &-* $% E- - (%& # "*# - # " * 9 +:$% A)*&"+ %- ' $/&** '* $*&. O- /"# &*$ &- "- 15B0 $/* #*$$ *)*-$ #

*#*&$* / $ /* (% - # %- ' %-* %& + & * %- $&** C&% $%- .

R *" / # $/*"#$ - - *-$ &*&, 9 $ $/* * %+/ # &* " "% # %-*,%)"- $* 9' $/* !"9 * - T/* !%%: %( M &$/' < # &* $/* )'$/ $/ $ $/*E- "#/ / &* +* $/* * # $/* # $/* E *+$ N $"%- - *&* " "-* '

%"-$* 9' G% $% % G% # " %- * &$/. $ $/* %&" "- %( $/* )'$/ # $/* 9* "*( $/ $ $/* C/&"#$" - ( "$/ / 9**- 9&% /$ $% !&"$ "- "&*+$ ' 9' %#* / %(A&") $/* %- $/* "-#$& +$"%-# %( $/* A %#$ *#. S%)* /* $/* "* $/ $ "# # S$

P , %& $/ $ C/&"#$ /")#* ( " #*+&*$ "#"$. T/* R%) - E) "&* #C/&"#" -"#* 9' $/* !&"$"#/.


7/35

I- './, -* +%- %' %( #*$$ * 9 " $ -* #*$$ *)*-$ /"+/ "- & $* $/**& %( #$"- E- "#/ #*$$ *)*-$# "- A)*&"+ . T/* #*$$ *)*-$ # - )*

)*#$% - ($*& !ing "ames #$ .



8/35


9/35

S. IRIMIEA, API, 2013 B

John SmithI# &*)*)9*&* (%& /"# ( )% # #$%&' %( *-$ &*, /"# 9*"- + $ &*

9' $/* I- " -# - *& P% / $ -. T/* #$%&' * &* "-A TrueRe%ation "- 160 - &* &*#*-$# $/* ("$ A)*&"+ - - && $" *. ! #"+ '"$ "# $/* #$%&' %( + $ &* - &*#+ *, #$%&' $/ $ / # 9*+%)* nationa%%egen .

I$ / # $/* )*&"$ %( / "- #*$ % $ $/* )% * (%& $/* "$*& &' *-&*/"+/ # #% *


10/35


'ord (e 'a Ware /% # $/* $"$ & % *&-%& %( $/* V"& "-"C%) -' / # $/* )*&"$ %( / "- *#$ 9 "#/* "y"te# of %a0 "- '.''

/"+/ # +%) *$* 9' /"# # ++*##%& )ates . T/"# # $/* ("$A)*&"+ - * +% *, / $ G $*# + * /"# L *# D" "-*, M%& *- M &$" , 9 $ /"+/ *&* :-% - # D * # C% * ($*& G $*# #

) / , T/%) # D *, /% *-(%&+* $/*).

T/* '* & '.'1 &* &*#*-$* #" -"("+ -$ +/ - * "- $/* ' $/*

+% %-"#$# *&* %& -"8* - % *&-* . U $% $/"# $")* V"& "-" #(( " "- $/* N* W%& *&* &* $* - +%-$&% * 9' % *&-%

#*-$ % *& 9' $/* V"& "-" C%) -'. F&%) $/ $ '* & %- $/* C%) -'% * 9% ' + * $/*H% #* %( ! & *##*# $% 9* #*$ . T/*

9 & *##*# *&* * *+$* &* &*#*-$ $" *# (&%) $/* &"% # #*$$ *)*-$#%- V"& "-" # &" *. T/*' )*$ $% "#* $/* % *&-%& %- $/* #

$/* +% %-' -** * . W"$/% $ * *- &* "8"- "$, $/* H% #* %( ! & *##*# '* - ") %&$ -$ &% * "- *#$ 9 "#/"- *)%+& $"+ $& "$"%- "-A)*&"+ , $/ $ %( % "- *% * $% / * # ' "- *+"#"%-# $/ $+%-+*&-* $/*).


11/35

O- ' 30, 161B $/* ("$ )eneral Assembly of %irginia )*$ "- )*#$% -

C/ &+/ (%& **:. P&*#" * % *& 9' Y* & ', ( -:* 9' /"# #"? (* %+% -+" %, +%-#$"$ $"- $/* % *&-)*-$, "$ #% "-+ * $ *-$'


12/35


-i%%ia# 5ra for 6 15B0


13/35


S% ( & $/* -* #*$$ * / 9**- *-$ *)*- *-$ &*, - *## )*-, "- *-$ &*#*& -$#, -"$* 9' $/* +%))%- *#"&* $%better themselves socially and

financially "- $/* N* W%& . T/*' *&* &" *- 9' $/* *#"&* $% ' $%+%))%- J #$ ', % *&- #*-#"9 ' "- $/* +%))%- "-$*&*#$ - ++%& "- $% $/*

*-*& -** # %( $/* +%)) -"$'. T/*' - $/*"& &% *-' *&* $% (%&) %-* &"-+" * *)*-$ "- A)*&"+ - $& "$"%-#, 9%$/ 9 "+ - &" $* #*( ,)% *& $*, +&* $" * * *)*-$, %% (%& #* #%-#.

T/* #*$$ * /% *)9 &:* %- $/* Mayf%o0er *&* "((*&*-$, $/*' + )* $%A)*&"+ -%$ &") &" ' (%& "- %& * *- " * "/%% , $/% / $/*' ++* $* 9%$/(&%) G% "$/ & $"$ *, 9 $ $%+&* $* H"# :"- %) %- * &$/. T/*' *&* $/*8* %$#, $/* " * "#$#, $/* $% " -#, $/* # "-$#, - $/* 9*#$ %( $/*), %& *&/ #...$/* )%#$ *?$&*)* %( $/*) *&* ( - $"+ , -+%) &%)"#"- - % *& **-"- "-

$/*"& #* (


14/35

I- *((*+$, "$ +&* $* civil body politic $% &% " * J #$ - *@ #(% - * %- +/ &+/ $* +/"- , $/* &* " "% # - #*+ & % *&- -+* %( $/*+% %-' $% 9* "- *((*+$ "- "#$"- "#/ 9 *.

T/"# +%-$& +$ # 9 #* %- $/* %&" "- !"9 "+ +% *- -$ 9*$ **- G%- $/* I#& * "$*#. ! $ "$ &*( *+$* #% * & ' 17$/ +*-$ &' #%+"


15/35


&ohn -inthrop

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

"#"%- "- $/* (% % "- %& # /"+/ /* &*##* $% $/* $& * *>W* ) #$+%-#" *& $/ $ * #/ 9* # City upon a Hill, $/* *'*# %( *% * &* %-

# .

< W"-$/&% # *-$ &* ) &:* $ &-"- < %"-$ "- $/* /"#$%&' %( N* E- - ,fir"t 2y 2ringing o!er '+/// "ett%er"+ then 2y "ett%ing the p%a$e 0hi$h2e$a#e 5o"ton , $/* + "$ .


16/35

< T/*#* $*& +%- %'# *&* #%%- (% % * 9' %$/*& +%- %'# /"+/ 9&% /$ % *&-") #, &% "#"%-#, " *#$%+: %( :"- #. T/* #*$$ * + $" $"- #:" - $/** %$"%- $ &-* $/* C%--*+$"+ $ V *' "-$% $/* &"+/*#$ - )%#$ (*&$" * - . I-

$")* $% $/*#* - $ & $&* # &*# "$ * +% * *#, 9 "#/"- /% #*#, - $/*("$ -* # * "- $/* A)*&"+ #.T/*#* #*$$ * " "- ** -%$ ( " 9*+ #* $/*'

" -%$ % "- #* &+/ (%& % , "-#$* $/*' #% /$ $% &%# *& %+ '.

< W"-$/&% 2e$a#e the fir"t Ne0 Eng%an go!ernor 2et0een '.7/89 - $/*

+% %-' / ("&), * *- / / % *&-)*-$, *? +$ ' / $ "$ -** * )%#$. T/*% *&-)*-$ # +%- +$* 9' )*- +/%#*- 9' ( )*)9* %( $/*+%- &* $"%-. T/*#* *&* (&**)*- - $/*' *&* &*+& "$* "- 9 $+/*# %-

++% -$ %( $/*"& G% ' 9*/ "% & . A $/% / (&%) $")* $% $")* /* * )%&*)*- $% $/* (&**)*- & -:#, /* & * $/* +%)) -"$' # "+$ $%&. H* # ))%-*/"# )eneral Court %- ' %-+* '* &, -%$ (% & $")*# # $/* +%) -' +/ &$*&

#$" $* . I- /"# $")* * *&'%-* -%$ %- ' $/* (&**)*- / $% # * & - % $/ %(%' $' $% /"# % *&-)*-$.

W"-$/&% # #$*&-, $/%&"$ &" - % *&-%& , $'& --"+ . H* ( % $* $/*+/ &$*&. C%-#*@ *-$ ', /* # 9 "+ ' * %#* $ *-*& )**$"- .

T/* (&**)*- %( $/* +% %-' $/*- #*$ / $ # "- *((*+$ &* &*#*-$ $" *#'#$*) %( % *&-)*-$, S. IRIMIEA, API, 2013 16


17/35


&ohn -inthrop 6'())8 '.91:

W # $/* * *& %( $/* 2 000 )*-, %)*- - +/" &*- /% *&* 9&% /$ $% $/* N* W%& - /%/*& * $/* 9* "--"- %( $/* G&* $ M" & $"%- %( P &"$ -# $% $/* M ## +/ #*$$# ! ' C% %-'.

H* # 9%&- "- &"+/ ( )" ' - * + $* $ C )9&" * U-" *"$', /*&* /* #$ "* . H* 9*+ )* J #$"+* %( $/* * +* - '*& "- L%- %-. T/*- /* *)9 &:* %- $/* $ #: %( %& -"8"- C/&"#$" -+% %-' "- N* E- - , $/* $*&


18/35


A-%$/*& #" -"("+ -$ (" &* /"+/ *)*& * "- $/"# * #Roger -i%%ia#" 1603< 3

+ * *&, *-*& *$"+ - 9 "+


19/35

S. IRIMIEA, API, 2013 1B

T/* gro0th of Eng%i"h A#eri$a +% *&* $/&** *+ *# 1630


20/35

O&" "- ' $/* +% %-"*# / 9**- " " * "-$% $ % + $* %&"*#>trading orcommercial +%) -"*# & - ":* &")"$" * J%"-$


21/35


T/*' *&*, /% * *&, + /$ 9*$ **- 2 "((*&*-$, - %($*-, % %#*(%&+*#> %- $% %( $/*) # $/* +&% - /"+/ *?*&+"#* "$# +%-$&% "$/* P&" ' C% -+" , /"+/ "- % *& $* $/&% / C%))"##"%-

&"% # ' + * (%& $& * %& -$ $"%-#,

T/* +&% - #* $% $/"-: 9% $ % *&-% #wea&, ineffectual,demanding and .expensive servants+ , '# @ &&* "- "$/ $/*

-$*, &% %:"- &*9* "%-#, %& *$$"- $/*)#* *# "- % * "-

I- " - .

THE GO;ERNORS & * "$/ council , /"+/ (%&)* $/*e


22/35

T/*- $/*&* # '*$ -%$/*& +/ )9*&, $/* lower chamber %( $/* ##*)9 "*#.T/* ("$ # +/ +/ )9*& $* # ( & 9 +: # 161B. A $/* +% %-"*# *&*

% *&-* 9' # +/ +/ )9* - )%#$ %( $/*) *&* % *& $/ - -' & " )*-$#"- E &% *, &$ (&%) !&"$ "- #. T/*' ")"$ $* $/* H% #* %( C%))%-# -:* $ $& +: %( "$# /"#$%&', - /*-* *& $/* + #* &%#* $/*' +"$* (&%) "$ $%

*(*- +*&$ "- + #*.

T/* A)*&"+ -# "-/*&"$* $/* E- "#/ +%))%- - &% +* $/*+%-#$"$ $"%-# # * . T/* /undamental 0rders of Connecticut 163B #the

first written constitution -%$ %- ' "- A)*&"+ , 9 $ #% "- $/* %& .

-ritten $on"titution" *&* $/*- % $* "- * *&' +% %-'. T/* -"@ *-*## %($/* +% %-"*# ' "- $/* % $"%- %( +%-#$"$ $"%-# - $/* *?"#$*-+* %(

##*)9 "*#. P*&/ # "- $/"# &*# *+$, A)*&"+ + - 9* &* & * # )%&*-+* * *- $/ - E- - - +*&$ "- ', )%&* "--% $%&' $/ - ) -' %$/*&-+* +% -$&"*#.



23/35


T/* #/**& adoption of a constitution ) * +% %-' (**

#* (


24/35

I- constitutional terms, $/* ("$ / ( %( $/* 1$/ +*-$ &' A)*&"+ - ) "- -+% %-"*# "# %)"- $* 9' $/*struggle of the lower elected houses to gaincontrol . A $/% /, "- *-*& , $/* % *&-%& / $/* % *& %( *$% % *&

* "# $"%- - /* # *? *+$* , #"- /"# +% -+" %( )*)9* #"$$"- "- $/**& +/ )9*&, $% $ :* $/* * "$/"- $/* * *+$* ##*)9 "*# "((*&*-$" '

# 9%& "- $*. H% * *&, $/* &* ** / *-* , ".*. $/*#* ##*)9 "*# *+%-#$"$ $"%- 9 $$ *# "$/ % *&-%, +% -+" #, - $/* +&% -, 9 %+:* %& *

- , %- $/* /% * *$*&)"-* $/* % "$"+ *- . S%%- $/*' "-+&* #* $/*"& % *& - &"- $/* ("$ / ( %( $/* 1$/ +*-$ &' $/*' *&* 9 * $% %& *& $/*"&% - 9 #"-*##, /% * *+$"%-#, "&*+$ $/*"& *-$# "- L%- %-, +%-$&% $/* &* * #%( -* # $% $/* &*##. T/*' / $/* #% * &" /$ $% (& )* - )*- )%-*' !" #,

- #% $% & "#* %& % *& $ ?*#. T/*' +%-$&% * *? *- "$ &* 9' # *+"("+%+ $"%-#, "-+ "- $/* %"-$)*-$ %( )%-*' +%))"##"%-* - $ ? 6&ohn"on Pau%+ '111:3

T/* % *& /% #*# * *-$ ' #*$ $/* * %& $/* *& / - $ &"% ## ** # "- "((*&*-$ +% %-"*#. S% "- 1770, $/*' " #% - $/* )% *)*-$,%- $/* /% * "- "+ $* %-* #"- * "&*+$"%- $% & #representativedemocracy - the rule by the many . T/*#* *&* $/* H% #*# %(R* &*#*-$ $" *#.


26/35

T/* W & %( I- * *- *-+*

U-$" 1763 $/* -$ *# $/ $ $/* +% %-"#$# / (&%) $/* ") *&" % "+'"+$ $* $/*"& $$"$ *, $/ $ "#, $/*' *&* %9* "*-$ # 9J*+$#. A# -$ *# *

+ - )*-$"%->++*## $% ) &:*$# %( $/* *) "&*;

&%$*+$"%- ((%& * 9' !&"$"#/ - - )" "$ &' (%&+*#;$/* &" * %( 9* %- "- $% $/ $ *) "&*.



27/35

A($*& 1763 A)*&"+ -# &* &* %( $/* "# -$ *# 9&% /$ 9% $ 9' $/**) "&* - $/*' +%-+ * $/ $ $/* policies of the empire rather threatened$/* *


28/35

T/ #, %- $/* -" /$ %( M &+/ 5, 1770 +"$"8*-# - %$/*& "9*&$' 9%'# (*%- $/* #*-$&' $ $/* + #$%)# /% #*. T/"# +%-(&%-$ $"%- + #* #* *& #/%$#

$% 9* ("&* - #%)* #% "* (* . T/"# * *-$ "# &*)*)9*&* # $/*5o"tonMa""a$re3



29/35

T/* )* # &* $ :*- 9' $/* !&"$"#/ +&% - - *&* $/* %+ # "&"$# #%

+%-#*@ *-$ ', "- S* $*)9*& 1774 &% %( +% %-" * * + )* $%P/" * /" $% (%&) $/* ("$Continenta% Congre"" $% % %#* / $ $/*'+%-#" *&* $/* !&"$"#/ K"- , 9 $ %- $/* %$/*& / - "$ + * %- A)*&"+ -#$% $ :* #$ - "-#$ $/* !&"$"#/ +$# , $% # %&$ $/* *% * %(M ## +/ #*$$# 9' &*( #"- $% 9 ' !&"$"#/ %% #. T/* C%- &*## &** %- (" *) J%& *+"#"%-#>

$/*' " -%$ ++* $ $/* " * %( +% %-" -"%- - *& !&"$"#/ $/%&"$';$/*' &*+% -"8* $/* &" /$ %( $/* P & " )*-$ $% &* $* +% %-" $& * -&*@ "&* $/* * ")"- $"%- %( +$# ##* #"-+* 1763;

&% * $% &* & $"%-# +%-+*&-"- %##"9 * *(*-#* "-#$ $/* !&"$"#/$&%% # "- !%#$%-;

&** $% -%-


30/35

T/* Se$on Continenta% Congre"" ##*)9 * "- ' 1775 - % $* $/*De$%aration of the Cau"e" an Ne$e""iy of T*ing up Ar#" --% -+"- $/ $$/* !&"$"/ % *&-)*-$ / *($ $/* A)*&"+ -# "$/ %- ' $ % $*&- $" *# >

-+%- "$"%- # 9)"##"%- $% $/* $'& --' %( "&&"$ $* )"-"#$* &*#"#$ -+* 9'

(%&+* .



31/35

De$%aration of the Cau"e" an Ne$e""iy of T*ing up Ar#"

L*#$ $/"# *+ & $"%- #/% "#@ "*$ $/* )"- %( % & (&"*- # - (* %# 9J*+$# -' &$ %( $/* *) "&*, * ## &* $/*) $/ $ * )* - -%$ $% "##% *$/ $ -"%- /"+/ / # #% %- - #% / " ' # 9#" * 9*$ **- #, - /"+/

* #"-+*&* ' "#/ $% #** &*#$%&* . N*+*##"$' / # -%$ '*$ &" *- # "-$% $/ $

*# *& $* )* # &*, %& "- +* # $% *?+"$* -' %$/*& - $"%- $% & "-#$$/*). W* / * -%$ & "#* &)"*# "$/ $/* )9"$"% # *#" - %( #* & $"- (&%)G&* $ !&"$ "-, - *#$ 9 "#/"- "- * *- *-$ #$ $*#

I- % & - $" * - , "- *(*-+* %( $/* (&** %) $/ $ "# % & 9"&$/&" /$, - /"+/* *& *-%'* $" $/* $* "% $"%- "- "$ (%& $/* &%$*+$"%- %( % & &% *+@ "&* #% * ' 9' $/* /%-*#$ "- #$&' %( % & (%&*( $/* - % * *#, ""% *-+* +$ ' %((*&* , * / * $ :*- &)#. W* #/ ' $/*) % -/*- /%#$" "$"*# #/ +* #* $/* &$ %( $/* &*##%, - - *& %( $/*"&

9*"- &*-* * #/ 9* &*)% * , - -%$ 9*(%&*



32/35

T/* S*+%- C%-$"-*-$ C%- &*## 9* - $% +$ # - A)*&"+ - - $"%-% *&-)*-$ "- $/ $ "$ #*$ - &)' %( 17,000 )*- - *& $/* +%)) - %(

)eorge Washington - #*-$ % & )*##*- * $% E &% * - +% -$&"*# $% #**: "(%& ( $ &* /%#$" * *-+% -$*.T/* &% * %( "-( )"- $/* ) ##*# - & "- $/*) $% +$"%- + )* $%Tho#a"Paine , * &*)*)9*&* (%& /"# * #" * %"+* "- + (%& A)*&"+ -"- * *- *-+* - 9& :"- "$/ E- - . H"# +%- "+$"%- *? &*##* "-Common ense E *&'$/"- $/ $ "# &" /$ %& &* #%- 9 * +&"*# (%& #* & $"%- ,

T/"# $")* $% &$ )% * $/* A)*&"+ -# - + * (%& @ "+: +$"%-. I- ** ,$/* ) / *$, C%))%- S*-#* ) * P "-* ( )% # # "$ # " * ' +"&+ $*

- & +$"+ ' &* 9' )%#$ * *&' A)*&"+ -.O- ' 2, 1776, $/* Continenta% Congre"" + $ %(( % "$"+ $"*# "$/

!&"$ "- - *+ &* $/ $ $/*#* U-"$* C% %-"#$# &*, - %( &" /$ % /$ $% 9*(&** - "- * *- *-$ #$ $*# , (% % * 9' $/*De$%aration of In epen en$e ,%- ' 4. T/* D*+ & $"%- # & - 9' *((*%-, "$/ $/* +% 9%& $"%-%( W #/"- $%- - F& -: "-, - &%+ ")* $/ $ )*- *&* +&* $* *@

"$/ &" /$ $% L"(*, L"9*&$' - $/* P "$ %( H "-*##.



33/35

T/* *+ & $"%- "-( *-+* /"#$%&' $% &* $ *?$*-$. I$# *)%+& $"+ &"-+" *$/ $ )*- &* +&* $* *@ #$") $* &"% # / ) -"$ &" - )% *)*-$#"- $/* S$ $*# - 9&% , "$ "-# "&* $/* F&*-+/ &* % $"%- - "$# D*+ & $"%-%( $/* R" /$ %( M -. I$ 9&% /$ 9% $ - "-+&* #* (%&*" - /* - $/* F&*-+/

"-$*& *-$"%- %- $/* A)*&"+ -# #" *. I$ ( &$/*& 9&% /$ +/**& - /* $/.C/ &+/ 9* # *&* & - "- P/" * /" - !%#$%-, - %$/*& +*#. S$" ,$/*&* *&* *% * /% " -%$ &** $% $/* & - %$/* /% / 9**-

" "- $% # %&$ "$ %- ' #% %- # "$# ")# " -%$ +%-( "+$ "$/ $/*"& 9 #"+%' $' $% $/* :"- . A)%- $/* L%' "#$# %& T%&"*# *&* $/* &"+/ ( )" "*# -

%%& %-*#, $% -# *% *, * $/' )*&+/ -$# - -$*.



34/35

The Arti$%e" of Confe eration an Perpetua% @nion

A)*&"+ # ("$ +%-#$"$ $"%-< % $* "- N% *)9*& 1777 9' $/* C%-$"-*-$C%- &*##



35/35

!"9 "% & /'

-a%ter &3 O%e" e*+1B 4, Congressional 1rocedures and the 1olicy 1rocess , C P&*##,W #/"- $%-, DC.

Siane Ra$it$h - A2igai% Thern"tro# , 1BB2, he (emocracy Reader, H & *& C% "-P 9 "#/*, NY.

Fran$e" Moore LappB , 1B B, Rediscovering America+s %alues , ! -$"+* !% *#, NY.

&a#e" E Mi$*ery+ &r3 an A%e

Documents

the Charters of Freedom