THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEP MOTHERS IN GRIMM’S … · 2020. 8. 5. · Dongeng-dongeng Grimm terkenal akan cerita-ceritanya yang mengerikan. Salah satunya karena adanya karakter

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEP MOTHERS IN

GRIMM’S THREE TRANSLATED FAIRY TALES:

TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS

AN UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ANGGITA GETZA PERMATA

Student Number: 164214029

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2020

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEP MOTHERS IN

GRIMM’S THREE TRANSLATED FAIRY TALES:

TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS

AN UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ANGGITA GETZA PERMATA

Student Number: 164214029

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2020


vii


viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am beyond grateful to have Ms. Arina Isti‟anah as my thesis advisor, and

Mr. Francis Borgias Alip as my thesis co-advisor, for they do not only support,

but also criticize and suggest me to make this thesis much better than what I could

have ever expected. May God be with them and the people they love.

I would also thank my parents, whose supports are best for me. Without

their supports I might never even get the chance to study English in the first place.

Last but never ever been least, my gratitude goes to my dearest friends:

Stephanie Permata, Maria Dwilla Sekar, Valensia Olivia, Felicia Ernestine,

Michella Arleen, Sukma Krisnamurti, Nindya Larasaty, Desy Rizki, Dara Devina,

Ardi Cahyanto, and Dhimas Agil, and the people who have always been there and

help me going through my ups and downs. Their supports mean the most to me. I

wish them the best for their future.


ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii

APPROVAL PAGE ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi

DEDICATION PAGE ......................................................................................... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... ix

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xi

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii

ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... xiiiiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1

A. Background of the Study .............................................................................. 1

B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................ 4

D. Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 6

A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................... 6

B. Review of Related Theories ......................................................................... 8

1. Stylistics ................................................................................................... 8

2. Systemic Functional Grammar ................................................................. 8

3. Transitivity ............................................................................................... 9

4. Characterization ...................................................................................... 17

5. Characteristic .......................................................................................... 19

C. Review of Related Backgrounds ................................................................ 19

D. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 21


x

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 22

A. Object of the Study..................................................................................... 22

B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................... 23

C. Method of the Study ................................................................................... 24

1. Data Collection ....................................................................................... 24

2. Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ....................... 27

A. Transitivity Patterns Found in The Step Mothers‟ Direct Speeches .......... 27

1. Material Process and Its Patterns ............................................................ 29

2. Relational Process and Its Patterns ......................................................... 33

3. Behavioural Process and Its Patterns ...................................................... 37

4. Mental Process and Its Patterns .............................................................. 38

5. Verbal Process and Its Patterns .............................................................. 40

6. Existential Process and Its Patterns ........................................................ 41

7. Circumstances and Its Patterns ............................................................... 41

B. The Step Mothers‟ Characteristics ............................................................. 48

1. Domineering ........................................................................................... 48

2. Cruel ....................................................................................................... 49

3. Selfish ..................................................................................................... 51

4. Crafty ...................................................................................................... 51

5. Manipulative ........................................................................................... 53

6. Ambitious ............................................................................................... 55

7. Superior .................................................................................................. 59

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 63

REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 64

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 67

Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................ 67

Appendix 2 ........................................................................................................ 71

Appendix 3 ........................................................................................................ 76


xi

LIST OF TABLES

No. Table Page

1 Table 1. Types of Process and Participant 10

2 Table 2. Types of Relational Process and the Examples 13

3 Table 3. Types of Circumstance and the Examples 16

4 Table 4. Summary of Types of Process Found in the Data 27

5 Table 5. Examples of the Verbs in Material Clauses 28

6 Table 6. Types of Material Process in the Data 29

7 Table 7. Examples of Actors in the Material Clauses 29

8 Table 8. Examples of Goals in the Material Clauses 30

9 Table 9. Other Participants Found in the Material Clauses 31

10 Table 10. Types of Relational Process in the Data 33

11 Table 11. Examples of Carriers Found in the Relational Clauses 34

12 Table 12. Examples of Attributes Found in the Relational Clauses 34

13 Table 13. Examples of the Verbs in Behavioural Clauses 35

14 Table 14. Summary of Types of Circumstance Found in the Data 38


xii

ABSTRACT

PERMATA, ANGGITA GETZA (2020). The Characteristics of Step Mothers

in Grimm’s Three Selected Fairy Tales: Transitivity Analysis. Yogyakarta:

Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Grimm‟s fairy tales are famous of their gruesome stories. One of the

causes is the presence of the wicked step mother characters in some of the stories.

“Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” and “Hansel and Grethel” are

three famous Grimms‟ fairy tales with step mother characters in the story.

However, the word wicked is still too broad and can be interpreted in many ways.

Further details of the characteristics of the step mothers in the three fairy tales are

revealed through transitivity analysis in this research.

This research aimed at revealing the transitivity patterns in the step mother

characters‟ direct speeches in the three fairy tales. The second goal of this

research was to use the transitivity patterns as the hard data to prove the

characteristics of the step mothers in the three fairy tales.

This research used stylistics approach to reveal the style of language used

by the step mother characters. The transitivity data were then used to support the

characteristics of the step mother characters in the three fairy tales. This research

was a descriptive qualitative research. It focused more on the description and

interpretation of the data. The results on this research were an interpretation.

Thus, any other interpretations regarding to the data are possible.

Accumulatively, material process occured 50,00% in the data, relational

process by 32,46%, followed by behavioural, mental, verbal, and existential

process. The material processes mostly showed how the step mother characters

realize their wickedness toward others, while the relational processes showed the

ambitions or goals want to be achieved by the step mother characters. These two

processes contributed the most in the interpretation of the step mothers‟

characteristics. The linguistic data support the stepmother‟s characteristics that is

interpreted as being domineering, cruel, selfish, crafty, manipulative, ambitious,

and superior.

Keywords: transitivity analysis, stylistics, character, characteristic.


xiii

ABSTRAK

PERMATA, ANGGITA GETZA (2020). The Characteristics of Step Mothers

in Grimm’s Three Selected Fairy Tales: Transitivity Analysis. Yogyakarta:

Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Dongeng-dongeng Grimm terkenal akan cerita-ceritanya yang mengerikan.

Salah satunya karena adanya karakter ibu tiri yang keji di beberapa ceritanya.

“Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” dan “Hansel and Grethel”

adalah tiga dongeng Grimm dengan karakter ibu tiri di dalamnya. Meski begitu,

kata keji masih begitu luas dan dapat diartikan ke berbagai hal. Pada penelitian

ini, detail karakteristik ibu tiri yang keji diungkapkan dengan analisis transitivitas.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap pola transitivitas pada ucapan

karakter ibu tiri pada ketiga dongeng tersebut. Tujuan kedua dari penelitian ini

adalah untuk menggunakan pola transitivitas tersebut sebagai data yang

mendukung karakteristik dari karakter ibu tiri pada ketiga dongeng tersebut.

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Stilistika untuk mengungkapkan

gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh karakter-karakter ibu tiri. Hasil dari analisis

transitivitas tersebut kemudian digunakan untuk menginterpretasi karakteristik

dari karakter ibu tiri pada tiga dongeng tersebut. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian

kualitatif deskriptif. Penelitian ini fokus pada deskripsi dan hasil interpretasi data.

Hasil dari penelitian ini merupakan interpretasi penulis. Tidak menutup

kemungkinan akan adanya interpretasi-interpretasi lain terkait data.

Secara akumulatif, proses material muncul sebanyak 50,00% pada data,

proses relasional sebanyak 32,46%, diikuti dengan proses perilaku, proses mental,

proses verbal, dan proses eksistensial. Proses material seringkali menunjukkan

cara karakter ibu tiri menjadi keji pada orang lain, sementara proses relasional

menunjukkan ambisi atau tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh karakter-karakter ibu tiri

tersebut. Kedua proses ini berperan banyak pada hasil interpretasi karakteristik

dari ibu tiri. Data linguistik mendukung karakter ibu tiri yang digambarkan

sebagai seorang yang suka memerintah, kejam, egois, licik, manipulatif, ambisius,

dan superior.

Kata kunci: transitivity analysis, stylistics, character, characteristic.


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literary work is a world of word that is created by men of letters through

the medium of language (Damono, 1979, p. 69). Fairy tale is one kind of literary

work aims to entertain the readers through the content.

“A fairy tale is a story that has four common elements; a folk story is a

narrative, usually created anonymously, which is told and retold orally

from one group to another across generations and centuries, a form of

education, entertainment, and history, a lesson in morality, cultural values,

and social requirements, and lastly, a story which addresses current issues

as each teller revises the story, making it relevant to the audience and

time/place in which it is told” (Biechonski, 2005, p.95).

In order to entertain the readers, fairy tale and the elements inside it must

indeed be amusing. In literary works, these elements are usually classified into

two types, namely extrinsic and intrinsic elements. Extrinsic elements are the

elements outside the literary work that indirectly build the story (Nurgiyantoro,

2005, p.23). Meanwhile, intrinsic elements like plot, setting, and character help to

build the story directly. It is important to make both extrinsic and intrinsic

elements stand out considering the fact that the purpose of literary work is to

entertain the readers.

Witches, frogs, princesses, princes, talking animals, forests, magic, wicked

villains, fairy godmothers, love‟s-first-kiss, and most of all, a love that is happily-

ever-after are typically the images people have in mind when asked about fairy

tales (von Franz as cited in Schnibben, 2014, p.3). Some of the images mentioned


2

such as witches, princes, princesses, and talking animals are realized as one of the

intrinsic elements called character. According to Abrams (1999), character is

persons in narrative work that is interpreted by the reader to have particular moral,

intellectual, and emotional qualities or characteristics from the persons sayings,

the way to say them, and what they do to respond (p.32-33). As mentioned before,

it is seen that characters in fairy tales are sometimes found eqquiped with some

distinct qualities such as having magical power like the fairy god mother

character, or having such strong impressions, like the step mothers in Grimm‟s

stories. In fairy tale, characters and characteristics are very important since they

have significant role in building the storyline. Moreover they are usually distinct

compared to the characters and characteristics in any other literary works.

Grimm‟s fairy tales are known to be creepy and gruesome because of their

sinister themes, such as the wickedness done by the step mother characters in the

stories (Greenspan, 2018). “Cinderella”, “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”,

and “Hansel and Grethel” are famous Grimm‟s fairy tales with step mother

characters in the story. A step mother is defined as “the woman who is married to

your father but who is not your real mother” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary, 2010). In the society, the step mother characters in the three fairy tales

mentioned, as Greenspan (2018) stated before, are depicted as somone wicked in

the story.

The word wicked has a broad meaning, and yet, there is no detail

characteristics of what is meant by wicked, let alone the linguistic proof

supporting this belief. A language analysis can be very helpful in analyzing the


3

step mothers‟ characteristics since language is the main medium in literary work

(Damono, 1979, p. 69). Stylistics helps to understand literature and journalism as

well as linguistic (Widdowson, 1975). The study of style or stylistics works best

in this research for it is able to reveal the language style used by the step mother

characters in the three fairy tales.

Systemic Functional Grammar can be a promising tool to analyze meaning

behind a certain language (Manggala, 2017, p.67). Unlike the traditional

grammar, Systemic Functional Grammar categorizes language based on its

function. Systemic Functional Grammar can be analyzed using transitivity

analysis as the tool. Transitivity is a part of ideational metafunction in Systemic

Functional Grammar. Language as ideational metafunction is used “to encode our

experience of the world and convey a picture of reality; that is, it makes ideational

meaning” (Butt, Fahey, Spinks, Yallop, 1998, p.13). Transitivity categorizes

language by its function into three components; process, realized by a verbal

group, participant realized by nominal groups, and circumstance in the form of

adverbial groups (Butt et al, 1998, p.43).

In this research, transitivity analysis is applied to the direct speeches said

by the step mother characters in the three fairy tales. The categories in transitivity

analysis are based on the function, thus the results of this analysis are language

styles based on the language function. These language styles reveal the meaning

behind the utterances said by the step mother characters.


4

B. Problem Formulation

In order to find out the characteristics of the step mothers, the problems

were formulated as follows:

1. What transitivity patterns are found in the direct speeches said by the step

mother characters in the three selected Grimm‟s fairy tales?

2. What are the step mother‟s characteristics supported by the transitivity

patterns data?

C. Objectives of the Study

In conducting this research, the researcher had two goals. The first was to

find out the transitivity patterns in the step mother characters‟ direct speeches in

the three fairy tales. The transitivity patterns found were used to support the

second goal, the characteristics of the step mother characters.

D. Definition of Terms

To avoid misinterpretation and ambiguity, the terms used in this research

will be explained below. The terms are character, characteristic, and transitivity.

The first term is character. According to Abrams (1999), character is

person in narrative work that is interpreted by the reader to have particular moral,

intellectual, and emotional qualities that can be interpreted from the person‟s

dialogue and action (p.32-33). In this research, character refers to Cinderella‟s

step mother, Snow White‟s step mother, and Hansel‟s and Grethel‟s step mother.

The second term is characteristic. Characteristic generally defined as “a

typical feature or quality that something or someone has” (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). Referring to Abram‟s definition of character, the


5

characteristic of a character means the quality attached to the character. In this

thesis, characteristics refer to the moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities of the

character (Abrams, 1999, p.32-33).

The last term to discuss is transitivity. According to Halliday and

Matthiessen (1994), transitivity is “a system that construes the world of

experience into a managable set of process types” (p.106). Transitivity also

defined as “a system of the clause, affecting not only the verb serving as process

but also participants and circumstances” (Halliday&Mathiessen, 2004, p.181).

Referring to Halliday and Matthiessen‟s theory, transitivity analysis with the

process, participants and circumstance can help in interpreting and construing the

world of experience in a text.


6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the studies and theories used as references

underlying this research. It consists of four parts, namely Review of Related

Studies, Review of Related Theories, Review of Related Backgrounds, and

Theoretical Framework. The Review of Related Studies contains the previous

related studies which have been conducted before. The Review of Related

Theories is about the theories used in analysing the data in this research. The

Review of Related Backgrounds gives additional information supporting this

research. The Theoretical Framework gives the informations and steps of what

and how the data are analyzed and discussed in this research.

A. Review of Related Studies

There are some studies have been conducted previously related to this

research. There are three studies from journal and one from an undergraduate

thesis. The first study related to this research was conducted by Nguyen (2012)

entitled “Transitivity Analysis of “Heroic Mother” by Hoa Pham”. In his research,

Halliday and Matthiessen‟s theory of transitivity is applied to the language used

by the main character to see how the main character‟s personality is portrayed and

represented throughout the story. It shows how language used can built such

personality in the story.

The next study is “Transitivity Analysis of Afghan Women in Ǻsne

Seierstad‟s The Bookstore of Kabul” conducted by Isti‟anah (2019). The study


7

uses transitivity analysis to analyze three woman-character roles, the wife, the

mother and the daughter in the story. The results are they are all depicted as

submissive and devoted characters. The material process which occurs the most in

the story shows the women‟s devotion to the family. Meanwhile, the behavioural

process shows the women‟s submissive behaviour.

The third is conducted by Manggala (2017) entitled “The Transitivity

Process Patterns and Styles in the Characterization of the Protagonist Character in

Phuoc‟s “The Story of Tam and Cam”. He analyzes a protagonist character named

Phuoc using transitivity analysis and stylistics as the approach. Through his

research, it is shown that the choice of processes and patterns built up the

protagonist in Phuoc character.

The last is an undergraduate thesis entitled “Transitivity System in Two

Versions of Cinderella Stories: A Systemic Functional Perspective” conducted by

Wulandari (2016). The writer applies transitivity analysis to Grimm‟s and

Perrault‟s Cinderella. As a conclusion, there are seven types of process found in

the short story, with material as the dominant process and Actor as the dominant

participant. It is similiar to this research because it is applying transitivity analysis

to Grimm‟s short story.

This research is similiar to the previous studies since the studies apply

transitivity analysis to literary works to reveal what the characters do. However,

this thesis does not only focusing on one fairy tales, but three fairy tales all by

Grimms. This research provides the linguistic data as the supporting evidence to

certain characteristics in literary works.


8

B. Review of Related Theories

This research uses stylistics, Systemic Functional Grammar, Transitivity,

theory of character and theory of characterization.

1. Stylistics

Stylistics as a branch of applied linguistic links linguistic and literary

criticism well. It does not work on its own. It helps to understand literature and

journalism as well as linguistics (Widdowson, 1975). Coyle defines stylistics as

the examination of literary language of an author and its contributions to the

construction of meaning (Coyle 1993, p.184).

Stylistics is used as the approach of this research. Stylistics sees the style

used by language users. The product of stylistic analysis is an explanation of how

language is used, including the purpose and effect (Verdonk, 2002, p.4). By

seeing the style used, it will eventually reveal the meaning and goal of the

utterances said by the three step mothers.

2. Systemic Functional Grammar

It is called as Systemic Functional Grammar because unlike the traditional

grammar the concept of this grammar focuses more on the function of each words

(Halliday & Matthiessen, 1994). Because of this feature, Systemic Functional

Grammar is very useful in revealing what is beyond a sentence and how language

varies depending on the purpose of the users. (Feng, 2013, p.86). Through the

perspective of Systemic Functional Grammar, the meaning lies behind a language

is easier to reveal.


9

According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), there are three main

functions of language in Systemic Functional Grammar theory, named language

metafunction (p.30). Those are ideational metafunction, interpersonal

metafunction, and textual metafunction. Language as ideational metafunction is

used “to encode our experience of the world and convey a picture of reality; that

is, it makes ideational meaning” (Butt et al, 1998, p.13). Interpersonal meaning

means language makes it possible for us to communicate with other people, to

take roles and to express and understand feeling, attitude, and judgments (T. Bloor

& M. Bloor, 2004, p. 11). Meanwhile, textual metafunction “uses language to

organize our experential, logical, and interpersonal meanings into a coherent, and

in the case of written and spoken language, linear, whole” (Butt et al, 1998, p.14).

Language as ideational metafunction is able to see the ideas or the

experiences of the language users. Transitivity analysis exists as a part of

ideational metafunction to analyze these ideas and experiences. Transitivity

analysis is discussed further in the next section.

3. Transitivity

Transitivity, as part of systemic functional grammar, is related to one of

those language functions. It is to encode our experience of the world and convey a

picture of reality, or as mentioned above, ideational metafunction. “The

grammatical system by which this is achieved is that of transitivity” (Halliday as

cited in Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p. 213). The terms transitivity is usually

recognized as a way to distinguish whether a verb has an object or not. However,


10

transitivity here refers to the whole system to analyze the whole clause, not only

the verb (Thompson, 2014, p.92).

There are three categories in transitivity proposed by Halliday and

Matthiessen (2014), namely “a process unfolding through time; the participants

involved in the process; and the circumstance associated withthe process” (p.

220). The first one, process is “the core of the clause from the experiential

perspective: the clause is primarily „about‟ the action, event or state that the

participants are involved in” (Thompson, 2014, p.92). Processes are typically

realized by the verbal group in the clause. The next one is participant realized by

the nominal group as the doer of the action. The last one is circumstance which

function is to illuminate the process in some ways, and is usually realized as the

adverbial group or prepositional phrase (Butt et al, 1998, p.56).

There are six types of process in the transitivity system proposed by

Halliday (Halliday & Matthiessen 2014, p. 213-216). Those are material process,

mental process, relational process, behavioral process, existential process, and

verbal process. The participant types vary depending on the type of process.

Table 1. Types of Process and Participant

Types of

Process Explanation Participants

Material Process of doing and happening

Actor, Goal, Recipient,

Client, Scope

Mental

Process of feeling, thinking,

wanting, and perceiving Senser, Phenomenon

Relational Process of being and having

Carrier, Attribute, Token,

Goal

Behavioral Process of behaving Behaver, Behaviour

Verbal Process of saying

Sayer, Reciever, Verbiage,

Target

Existential Process of existing Existent


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a. Material Process and Its Participants

Material process is the process of doing and happening. “A „material‟

clause construes a quantum of change in the flow of events as taking place

through some input of energy (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.224).

There are two main participant types in material process, namely Actor

and Goal. Actor is the participant to bring the change in the clause (Halliday &

Matthiessen, 2014, p.224). Goal is the participant in which the action of Actor is

directed to. An Actor is always present in a clause even though it might not be

mentioned (Thompson, 2014, p.95). However, a clause without Goal is possible.

A clause with Goal is called as a transitive material clause, while a clause with no

Goal is called as intransitive material clause (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014,

p.225-228). Below are the examples of transitive and intransitive material clauses

with the participants.

Example/

01

Thomas wrote a letter

Actor process: material: transitive Goal

Example/

02

Thomas ran

Actor process: material: intransitive

Actor and Goal are the central or main participants that relate directly to

the verb in material process. Material process, eventually, has other participants

named Scope, Reciever, Client, and Attribute.

Scope is a part of Range category in ergative model. Scope is often

mistaken as Goal since traditionally both refer to direct object. However, Scope is

functionally different from Goal. Goal is affected by the process done by the


12

Actor, meanwhile Scope is not affected by the process, and rather be the domain

in over which the process takes place (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.239).

In ergative model, Recipient and Client are considered as the Beneficiary

or the one who is impacted directly by the process. Recipient is realized by the

preposition to, while Client is usually realized by the preposition for. These

participants typically occur with verbs such as give, send, buy, and so forth

(Fontaine, 2013, p.74).

Attribute is originally the participant in relational process. However, it

“enters into „material‟ clauses in a restricted way” (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014,

p.242). This attribute is used to express the result of the Actor or Goal, after a

process has been completed.

b. Mental Process and Its Participants

Mental process is the process of feeling and thinking. Unlike material

process that happens in external world, mental process occurs as the projection of

something that is going on inside the internal world of the mind (Thompson,

2014, p.97). There are four types of mental process based on the types of sensing.

Like, fancy, love, adore, and hate are considered as emotive mental process. Verbs

such as want and wish are categorized as desiderative mental process. Besides,

verbs of thinking such as think, consider and understand are categorized as

cognitive mental process. Meanwhile, the last, perceptive mental process refers to

the verbs of sensing like see, hear, and smell (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014,

p.257).


13

The participants in mental process are Senser and Phenomenon. The

Senser is the one who feels, wants, thinks, and senses (Halliday & Matthiessen,

2014, p.249). Senser always present in any types of mental process. The

Phenomenon refers to the thing which is felt, wanted, thought, and sensed. A

Phenomenon can be a person, a concrete object, an abstraction, or even a fact

(Thompson, 2014, p.98). Below is the example of mental process with the Senser

and the Phenomenon.

Example/

03

She knows the answer

Senser process: mental Phenomenon

c. Relational Process and Its Participants

Relational process is the process of being and having. The characteristic of

relational processes is that it gives a particular quality to an object to characterize

or to identify (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.259). The English system operates

with three main types of relation – „intensive‟, „possessive‟ and „circumstantial‟;

and each of these comes in two distinct modes of being – „attributive‟ and

„identifying‟ (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.263). “The key test is reversibility

– identifying clauses are reversible, whereas attributive clauses are not; but each

type also has other typical features that help to distinguish them” (Thompson,

2014, p.104). Below are the examples of clauses with relational processes.


14

Table 2. Types of Relational Process and the Examples

attribute identifying

'a' is an attribute of 'x' a' is the identifying of 'x'

intensive Sarah is wise

Sarah is the leader;

'x is a' the leader is Sarah

possessive Peter has a piano

the piano is Peter's;

'x has a' Peter's is the piano

circumstantial the fair is on a Tuesday

tomorrow is the 10th;

'x is at a' the 10th is tomorrow

(Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.265)

The participants in relational process are based on the modes, whether it is

attributive or identifying. In attributive relational process, the participants are

Carrier and Atrribute (Thompson, 2014, p.102). Carrier is the participants that

„carries‟ the attribute or quality in the clause, while Attribute is the participant that

expresses the attribute or quality (Fontaine, 2013 p.76). In identifying relational

process, the participants are Token and Value (Thompson, 2014, p.102). Token

refers to the more spesific embodiment, while Value refers to the more general

category (Thompson, 2014, p.103). As an addition, Beneficiary can also exist in

relational process as the participant who benefits or is impacted by the process.

d. Behavioural Process and Its Participants

Behavioral process is the process of human physiological and

psychological behaviour (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014 p.301). Behavioural

proces is “the least distinct of all the six process types because they have no

clearly defined characteristics of their own; rather, they are partly like the material

and partly like the mental” (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.301). Besides

physiological actions, behavioural process can actually be near mental, such as


15

look, watch, and listen, near verbal such as chatter and grumble, or near material

such as sing and dance (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.302).

The participant in this process is Behaver that is similiar to Actor in

material process in the sense that this participant is to a certain extent doing

something (Fontaine, 2013, p.90). Behavioural process typically only has Behaver

as the participant, but in some cases, there is another participant adding

specification to the process named Behaviour (Thompson, 2014, p.109).

Behaviour in ergative model is considered as Range. Below is the example of

behavioural clause.

Example/

04

She laughed a high, embarrased laugh

Behaver process: behavioural Behaviour

e. Verbal Process and Its Participants

Verbal process is the process of saying. The main participant that always

presents in any verbal process is Sayer (Thompson, 2014, p.106). There are other

participants in verbal process, namely Receiver, Target, and Verbiage. Receiver is

the participant to whom the saying is addressed, Target is the participant to whom

the saying is directed at, Verbiage is the message of the verbal process

(Thompson, 2014, p.106-107). Below is the example of clause with verbal process

and Sayer, Receiver, and Verbiage as the participant.

Example/

05

Sinta told me a secret

Sayer process: verbal Receiver Verbiage

f. Existential Process and Its Participants

This process is typically realized by the subject there. Existential process

“essentially expresses the mere existence of an entity without predicating anything


16

else of it” (Thompson, 2014, p.110). The only participant in this process is

Existent to show what is existing.

g. Process in Causative Clause and Its Participants

In transitivity analysis, a clause with three different participants like the

example above is possible. This happens in causative clause. Halliday states “but

there is still only one process, that of rolling; so we can still represent it as two

verbal groups in hypotactic relationship” (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.579).

The process relies on the verb in which it creates a meaning. The types of process

applicable in this clause are material, mental, relational, behavioural, and verbal.

Existential process is normally not applicable in this kind of clause.

Example/

07

Mary made John roll the ball

Initiator

pro-:material:

transitive Actor -cess Goal

(Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.579)

In the clause above, Mary is presented as the participant causing a state or

an event to happen. The label of the causer in each process is different. In

material, behavioural, and verbal process, the causer is Initiator; Inducer when the

caused process is mental; Assigner when the process is relational identifying;

Attributor when the process which it happens is in relational attributive

(Thompson, 2014, p.131).

h. Circumstances

A process sometimes needs additional information to specify how the

process works. This additional information is called Circumstance. Circumstances

Example/

06

There are several difficulties

- process: relational existent


17

are often not considered as part of the core of the clause and they tend to be seen

as peripheral elements (Fontaine, 2013, p. 79). It is typically realized by adverbial

group or prepositional phrase (Butt et al, 1998, p.56). Below is the table of types

of circumstance, how it works, and the examples of realization of the

circumstances.

Table 3. Types of Circumstance and the Examples

Types of

Circumstance WH-item Examples of Realization

Distance how far? about 10 km

Duration how long? for three days

Frequency how many times? once,twice

Place where? in the library

Time when? on Monday

Means how? by car

Quality how? wisely

Comparison how? what like? like the day before

Degree how much? so much

Reason why? due to the lack of information

Purpose what for? for a better future

Behalf who for? for the sake of my brother

Condition Why in case it is broken

Default in default of agreement

Concession although it is hard

Comitative who/what with? with my girlfriend

Additive who/what else? besides my father

Guise what as? as a santa

Product what into? into pieces

Matter what about? about the movie

Source according to Halliday

Viewpoint in my point of view

(Adapted from Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.313-314)

4. Characterization

Characterization is the way a character is described by an author.

According to Abrams (1999), a character is interpreted by the reader to have


18

certain characteristics such as particular moral, intellectual, and emotional

qualities that are interpreted from the persons sayings, the way to say them, and

what they do to respond (p.32-33). In presenting the characters with the

characteristics, the writer can either use direct telling method directly to the

reader, or indirectly by using the showing method (Pickering & Hoeper, 1981).

The two methods are labelled as direct and indirect method by how the

information is given. If a quality or characteristic is stated directly by the narrator,

it is called as direct or telling method. If the characteristic given needs to be

understood and interpreted by the readers themselves without the narrator

expicitly explains it, it is the indirect or showing method.

a. Telling Method (Direct)

This method is called direct method because the narrators are able to give

informations and characterizations of the character directly to the reader. In this

method, the author puts themselves as the narrator and explains to the readers

about the characters and the characteristics of the characters. The typical

characteristics stated directly by the narrator are names and physical appearance.

It can also be the narrator‟s descriptions on the personality, thoughts, and feelings

of the characters.

b. Showing Method (Indirect)

The narrators in this method are placing themselves outside the story,

allowing the characters to reveal themselves directly to the readers through their

dialogue and their actions. This method includes characterizations from dialogues,

and from the character‟s action.


19

This research focuses on the showing method, particulary in the dialogues,

spesifically in the direct speeches said by the step mothers. It is because this

research analyzes the characteristics of the step mother characters. Without the

interference of the narrators, it is argued that the interpreted characteristics of the

step mothers are more authentic.

5. Characteristic

Characters are eqquiped with certain characteristics such as names,

physical appearance, and personality to help developing the plot of the stories.

Abrams (1999) states that a character is interpreted by the readers to have certain

characteristics such as particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities that

are interpreted from the persons sayings, the way to say them, and what they do to

respond (p.32-33).

The characteristics meant to reveal in this research are the morals,

intellectual, and emotional qualities of the step mothers. Morals are defined as

“standards or principles of good behaviour” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary, 2010). Intellect is defined as the ability to think in a logical way and

understanding things, especially at an advanced level (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). Emotion is defined as a strong feeling, such as love,

fear, or anger; the part of a person‟s character that consists of feelings” (Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010).

C. Review of Related Backgrounds

Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm are German folklorists and linguists.

They worked together, collecting and publishing German and European fairy tales


20

during 19th century. The fairy tales they published are known to be creepy and

gruesome. Their first fairy tales collection was published in 1812 titled Kinder-

und Hausmärchen (Cavendish, 2012). This book becomes very famous and have

been translated into more than 70 languages (Cavendish, 2012).

Grimm‟s Fairy Tales is the seventh edition of Grimm‟s Fairy Tales

published in 1900 in New York by International Collectors Library. The book was

digitized by the Internet Archieve in 2009 and published in

https://archive.org/details/grimmscompletefa00grim. This book is the translated

version of the original Grimm‟s fairy tale book. The translator is however,

unknown. The book has total 211 fairy tales with different story line of each,

including “Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”, and “Hansel and

Grethel”. The three fairy tales are famous for the presence of the wicked step

mother characters in the story. The following paragraphs summarized the context

of each story. The context is used to define the characteristics of the step mothers.

After her real mother passed away, Cinderella‟s father married to another

woman with two daughters. In her house, the step mother and sisters obliged her

to do house chores from morning to night. When the king held a festival, the step

mother did not allow her to go. The step mother also denied the prince that she

had another daughter when the prince was looking for someone he wanted to

marry to.

Snow White‟s father was a king. Her mother, the queen, died when Snow

White was born. The father then married to another woman. This new queen had a

magical looking glass, and she often asked the looking glass “who is the fairest of


https://archive.org/details/grimmscompletefa00grim

21

us all?” , and the mirror always answered Snow White was fairer the than she

was. The step mother tried to kill Snow White by pretending to be an old woman.

The plans were not suceed, instead it made her punished to death by the people in

Snow White‟s wedding.

Hansel and Grethel are planned to be abandoned in the wood because their

father and step mother were poor and running out of food. Hansel and Grether

could survive the first attempt, but not the second. After running away from a

witch in the wood, they could finally come back home, however, her step mother

was passed away already when this happened.

D. Theoretical Framework

The researcher first read the three fairy tales to understand the context of

the stories. The researcher then determined the moral, intellecual, and emotional

qualities or characteristics of the three step mothers based on the context. These

characteristics are strengthen with the following hard data as the linguistic proofs.

The data are the direct speeches of the step mothers in the three fairy tales.

Each data is transformed into clause, which then being categorized based on the

transitivity categories. Based on this transitivity data, stylistics is applied to reveal

the style or pattern of language used by the step mothers. The pattern are then

used as the hard data supporting the characteristics of the characters.


22

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into three sections. The first is the Object of The

Study that describes the object of this research and what kind of linguistic

elements are considered as the data. The second is the Approach of The Study that

explains the use of approach and the reason lies behind. The third is the Method of

the Study that is divided into two more sections, Data Collection and Data

Analysis. Data Collection shows how the data is collected. Data Analysis shows

the steps of analysing the data collection.

A. Object of the Study

The objects of this research are the step mother characters in three

Grimm‟s fairy tales entitled “Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”,

and “Hansel and Grethel”. The three fairy tales share the same kind of

characteristics, it is the presence of the wicked step mother character in the story

(Greenspan, 2018). Manggala (2017) states that “Cinderella story plot has been

widely known in the world and reproduced in several cultures” (p.69). Just like

“Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” and “Hansel and Grethel”

have also been adapted and developed by many cultures all over the world. As

they are fairy tales, the three stories have been told and retold, from generation to

generation, making the three stories all-time famous. Many literary works such as

novel, short stories, and movies that has been produced adapted from these three

fairy tales.


23

The fairy tales are taken from Grimm‟s Fairy Tales book, downloaded

from https://archive.org/details/grimmscompletefa00grim. The book was

originally published in 1900 by International Collectors Library. It was then

digitized by the Internet Archieve in 2009.

The data were the direct speeches said by the step mothers. In the theory

of characterization in the previous chapter, the direct speeches said by the

character were considered as the showing or indirect method. As it was discussed

in the previous discussion, showing method involves the author‟s stepping outside

of the story, allowing the characters to reveal themselves directly through their

dialogue and their actions (Pickering & Hoeper, 1981, p.27). By focusing more on

the direct speech said by the step mother, the characteristic of the characters were

expected to be clearer without any interference from the narrator.

Transitivity analysis was used as a tool to analyze functional grammar in

the data. Since transitivity analysis is applicable to clause, therefore the

grammatical unit used as the data was in a from of clause.

B. Approach of the Study

To be able to analyze the characteristics of the step mothers, an approach

is needed. In this research, stylistics and SFG are used as the approach.

Combining stylistics and SFG results on the language-function-pattern in the step

mother‟s direct speeches. These patterns are analyzed further to support the

characteristics of the step mothers.



24

C. Method of the Study

The result of this data is an interpretation or detailed description of a data.

This research, thus, uses descriptive qualitative method. Seixas, Smith, and Milton

(2017) define descriptive qualitative method as “a comprehensive description, one

that seeks to provide a detailed description of the findings more likely to generate

consensus among observers” (p.781). In addition, the result of qualitative

descriptive method is achived by describing the informational contents of the data

that is organized in a logical manner (V. Lambert.& C. Lambert, 2012, p.256).

This method suits this research well since this method “is an approach that is very

useful when researchers want to know, regarding events, who were involved, what

was involved, and where did things take place” (Lambert&Lambert, 2012, p.256).

1. Data Collection

The first step of collecting the data was to read the three fairy tales. The

next step was to understand the story since the final result of the data was

expected to be an interpretation of the data. The third step was to find the direct

speeches said by the step mothers. This research does not apply the sampling

method. It analyzed the whole population, or all of the step mother‟s direct

speeches in the three fairy tales as the data. Then, the last step of the data-

collecting process was to break down the direct speeches into clauses.

2. Data Analysis

The clauses from the data collection were being analyzed using transitivity

analysis in order to see the pattern of the language used. In transitivity analysis,

each clause was broken down into the three categories in the transitivity system,


25

namely process, participant, and circumstance. Some of the transitivity analysis

result of the clause were presented with transitivity blocks in the discussion

section. Below are the examples.

SW/28

Are you afraid of poison?

Process: Relational:

Intensive Attributive Carrier Attribute

Circumstance:

Matter

The first block refers to the datum code for each clause. The code (SW)

stands for the fairy tale “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”, (CE) stands for

“Cinderella”, and (HG) stands for “Hansel and Grethel”. Meanwhile, the number

is based on the order of the datum in the fairy tale. The upper blocks next to the

datum code box is for the clause analyzed. In addition, the bottom blocks are for

the categories of each group in transitivity analysis.

HG/11

we will all four starve

Be- Pro-:Behavioural -haver -cess

In some cases, the structures of the clauses are jumbled, making one

transitivity category takes two or more different blocks in a clause. In this case,

the categeries are then separated with dashes, showing that they are actually one

category, but separated because they are in different blocks. In the example above

(HG/11) the participant is actually only one, it is the Behaviour, realized by we all

four, however, since they are in the different blocks, the categories are separated

with dashes. So does the process that takes two blocks while actually they are one

process realized as will starve.

The next step was to count the result of processes, participants, and

circumstances, and gave the percentation to each label. By using qualitative

descriptive method, it did not mean that this step was not important to the


26

research. This numeric data would help in the later step. When the data were

presented using a table, both the frequencies (F) and the percentages (%) were

presented. Red highlight shows the highest number and percentation of a label in

the data.

The last step was to interpret the transitivity data into the characteristics of

the step mother based on the moral, intelectual, and emotional qualities. The

results of the analysis were not a closed interpretation no matter how rigorous the

analysis was (Carter & Simpson, 2005). Therefore, any other interpretation

regarding the data, as long as it is logical, was possible.


27

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results and discussions of this research in two

sections. Based on the two problems formulated in Chapter I, the first section

discusses the types of transitivity found in the direct speeches said by the step

mothers in Grimm‟s three selected fairy tales, while the second section discusses

the characteristics of the step mothers supported from the transitivity patterns

found in the data

There are 114 data found in the three selected fairy tales. All components

of transitivity system found in the data are presented in the first section in this

chapter. The second section discusses about the step mothers‟ characteristics. The

results on this discussion, however, are not “a closed interpretation no matter how

rigorous is the analysis” (Carter&Simpson, as cited in Manggala, 2017, p.68). It is

possible to have different interpretations toward the step mothers‟ characteristics.

A. Transitivity Patterns Found in The Step Mothers’ Direct Speeches

The transitivity system proposed by Halliday has three components in it.

Those are process, participant, and circumstance. The three components are found

in the step mothers‟ direct speeches in the three fairy tales. The data are presented

in this section.

There are total 114 data from the three selected fairy tales. The six types of

process proposed by Halliday are all found in the data. Those are material process,

relational process, behavioural process, mental process, verbal process, and


28

existential process. Material process occurs in 57 clauses with 50% precentage,

followed by relational process by 32,46%, behavioural process by 11,40% mental

process by 4,38%, and the last two processes, verbal process and existential

process with the same percentation 0,87%. The following table shows the sum up

of the data.

Table 4. Summary of Types of Process Found in the Data

CE SW HG Total (100%

= 114 data)

F % F % F % F %

Typ

es o

f P

roce

ss Material 12 10,53% 17 14,92% 28 24,56% 57 50,00%

Relational 8 7,01% 15 13,16% 14 12,29% 37 32,46%

Behavioural 4 3,50% 2 1,75% 6 5, 26% 12 10,52%

Mental 4 3,50% 1 0,87% 1 0,87% 6 5, 26%

Verbal 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 1 0,87% 1 0,87%

Existential 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 1 0,87% 1 0,87%

In the data shown in table 4, it is clear enough that each of the fairy tales

have the same order or ranking of the number and percentation of the processes,

showing that the step mother shares the similiar language style one and another.

The red highlights show that the material process dominating over the other

processes in all three fairy tales. In “Cinderella”, the first dominant process is the

material process by 10,53%, the second is the relational process by 7,01%,

followed by the behavioural and the mental process with the same percentage

3,50%. Verbal process and existential process are not present in “Cinderella”. In

“Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”, material process is still the dominant

process by 14,92%, followed by the relational process by 13,16%, the behavioural

process by 1,75%, and the mental process by 0,87%. In “Hansel and Grethel”,

there are total 51 data found. “Hansel and Grethel” is not only the biggest in


29

number compared to the two other fairy tales, but the type of process found in the

data also more varies. All six types of process are found in “Hansel and Grethel”

with material as the dominant process by 24,56%, followed by the relational

process by 12,29%, the behavioural process by 5,26% and mental process, verbal

process, and existential as the three least used process with the same percentation

0,87%.

In the material processes, the participants found are Actor, Goal,

Recipient, Client, Scope, Initiator, and Resultative Attribute. In the mental

processes, there are Senser and Phenomenon as the main participants, and

Inducer. In the relational processes, the participants found are Token, Value,

Carrier, Attribute, and Beneficiary. Behaver and Behaviour are the participants

found in the behavioural processes. In the verbal processes Sayer, Receiver, and

Verbiage are found. In the existential process the participant is Existent.

1. Material Process and Its Patterns

A process is realized through the verbal group in the clause. To be

identified as a material process, a verbal group should “construe a quantum of

change in the flow of events as taking place through some input of energy”

(Halliday&Matthiessen 2014, p.224). Accumulatively, there are 57 data or

50,00% of total 114 data. Material process is ranked first in the three fairy tales

despite the fact that each fairy tale has different ranking of the number of process.

The verbs occur as material process are shown in Table 5 below. Some of

the verbs such as go, pick, come, and fetch are found more than once in the data.


30

Table 5. Examples of the Verbs in Material Clauses

Examples of The Verbs

CE go, strew, pick, come, put, cut

SW take, set, put, bring, sell, come, lace, done, comb, die, rid, give, cut

HG

take, make, give, go, leave, find, quit, get, get up, cut, eat, come,

fetch, find, shine,

In the material processes, there are two main participants named Actor and

Goal. Actor is the doer of the process, while Goal is the participant in which the

process is directed. Actor exists in every material process, even though the Actor

may not actually be mentioned in the clause (Thompson, 2014, p.95). Based on

the participant used, material process is categorized into two types, transitive and

intransitive. A clause is identified as transitive material clause if there are both

Actor and Goal. In contrast, intransitive material clause will have only Actor but

not goal in the clause. Summary of the material process types found and are

provided below.

Table 6. Types of Material Process in the Data

100% = 57 data

Types of Material Process

Transitive Intransitive

F % F %

CE 6 10,52% 6 10,52%

SW 14 24,56% 3 5, 26%

HG 15 26,31% 13 22,80%

Total 35 61,40% 22 38,59%

The red highlights show that the transitive material processes are

dominating over the intransitive material processes in the three fairy tales. There

are 35 or 61,40% data identified as transitive material clause, while 22 data or

38,59% are identified as intransitive material clause. The following transitivity

blocks are the examples of transitive and intransitive material clauses. The


31

example of transitive material clause found in the data is provided in datum

SW/26, while the example of intransitive material clause found in the data is

provided in datum HG/13.

SW/

26

I can easily get rid of my apples elsewhere

Actor

Pro-:

Material:

Transitive

Circumstance:

Quality -cess Goal

Circumstance:

Place

HG/

13

Get up you lazy bones

Process: Material: Intransitive Actor

In datum SW/26, the clause is considered as transitive material clause as it

has my apples as the Goal of the process getting rid. Meanwhile, the clause in

datum HG/13 is considered as intransitive material clause since it has no Goal.

Table 7. Examples of Actors in the Material Clauses

Examples of Actors

CE

I(step mother), you (Cinderella), you (step mother and her true born

daughters)

SW

I(step mother), you (Snow White), you (huntsman), me (step mother),

Snow White, The Dwarfs

HG

we(step mother and her husband), you(Hansel+Grethel), you(step

mother‟s husband), they(Hansel+Grethel), you lazy bones

(Hansel+Grethel), the tale, the morning sun

Material process might have goal (transitive) or does not have goal

(intransitive). However, Actor always exists in any material process. The

dominant Actors found in the data are different in each fairy tale. In “Cinderella”,

the dominant Actors refer to Cinderella. The example is provided in datum CE/08

below the paragraph. In “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”, the dominant

Actors are the step mother herself in the story. The example is provided in datum

SW/27. In “Hansel and Grethel” the dominant Actors are mostly realized by the


32

pronoun we referring to the step mother character and her husband in the story.

The example is provided in datum HG/07.

CE/

08

if you can pick them all up again in two hours

Actor

Pro-:

Material:

Transitive Goal -cess

Circumstance:

Frequency

Circumstance:

Duration

SW/

27

There, I will give you one

Circumstance Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Recipient Goal

HG/

07

and we will leave them alone

Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal Circumstance

In transitive material clause, both Actor and Goal are present. Goal is the

participant affected by the process done by the Actor. From table 6, it is shown

that there are total 22 data found as transitive material clause or 38,59% from 57

data. The detail data of the Goals found in the data are presented on the table

below.

Table 8. Examples of Goals in the Material Clauses

Examples of Goals

CE

a dishfulof lentils, them all (lentils), two dishes full of lentils, us (step

mother and her true born daughters), the toe, a piece of your heel

SW

the child (Snow White), her(Snow White), her heart(Snow White‟s heart),

fine wares, you(Snow White), good wares, your hair(Snow White‟s hair),

my apple (step mother‟s apple)

HG

the children(Hansel+Grethel), a fire, a piece of bread,

them(Hansel+Grethel), the way home, the coffins, wood

In the three fairy tales, the Goals mostly refer to other objects such as a

dishful of lentils, my apple, a fire, the coffins, or to step children, Cinderella, Snow

White, Hansel, and Grethel. In “Cinderella” and “Hansel Grethel”, the Goals

mostly refer to other objects while in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” the

Goals mostly refer to Snow White.


33

As mentioned in the previous chapter, material process does not only have

two participants. It has other participants such as Recipient, Client, Initiator, and

Scope. Those participants are also present in the data. Recipient occurs 3 times,

Client once (1), Initiator once(1), Scope 9 times, and Attribute 2 times.

Table 9. Other Participants Found in the Material Clauses

Realization of Other Participants in the Data

Recipient

me (step mother), you(Snow White),

each of them (Hansel+Grethel)

Client them (Hansel+Grethel)

Initiator you (Snow White)

Scope

to shame, eyes, to death, being the fairest, to life, to sleep, to

cut wood

Attribute nice, clean

Attribute is officially a participant of relational process. However, two

Attributes are found in the material data. In material process, this Attribute is

known better as resultative Attribute. Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) state that

resultative attribute “may be used to construe the resultant qualitative state of the

Actor or Goal after the process has been completed” (p.242). The example of the

data with Attribute is provided below:

CE/

14 if you can pick

two

dishes

full of

lentils

out of the

ashes nice and clean

Actor

Process:

Material:

Transitive Goal Circumstance Attribute Attribute

2. Relational Process and Its Patterns

Relational process is classified into two types of process, attributive and

identifying. Attributive process attaches a quality to an entity, meanwhile

identifying process is a process of “assigning an identity rather than attributing a


34

quality” (Fontaine, 2013, p.76). One way to distinguish the two categories is by

checking whether the participants in the clause are reversible. If they are, then the

process is most likely an identifying relational process, if they are not reversible,

then the process is most likely categorized as attributive relational process. In

attributive relational process, the participants are Carrier and Attribute. Carrier is

the one given a quality to, while Attribute refers to the quality. In identifying

relational process, the participants are Token and Value. Value is the more general

participant, while the more spesific participant is Token (Thompson, 2014, 103).

Relational process can also be categorized into three other categories based on the

relation of the participants. The categories mentioned are intensive, possessive,

and circumstantial (Halliday&Matthiessen, 2014 p. 263). Intensive is a category

of defining an entity to a quality. Possesive is a category of ownership.

Circumstantial is a category of defining an entity with a prepositional group. By

the categories explained, relational process has total six categories. Intensive

attributive, possesive attributive, circumstantial attributive, intensive identifying,

possesive identifying, and circumstantial identifying. The data of the relational

processes in the the step mother‟s director characters in the three fairy tales are

presented in the table below.

Table 10. Types of Relational Process in the Data

100%

=37

data

Intensive Possessive Circumstantial

Attributive Identifying Attributive Identifying Attributive Identifying

F % F % F % F % F % F %

CE 5 13,51% 0 0,00% 3 8,10% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 0 0,00%

SW 3 8,10% 10 27,02% 2 5,40% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 0 0,00%

HG 7 18,91% 3 8,10% 1 1,75% 1 1,75% 2 5,40% 0 0,00%


35

There are total 37 clauses found with relational process. The relational

processes are realized by is, are, be, and have. The red highlights show the

dominant types of the relational processes in each fairy tale. Although the

dominant types are different in each fairy tale, it is shown that the data in the three

fairy mostly use the intensive type. Clauses in “Cinderella” (the example is in

datum CE/27) and in “Hansel and Grethel” (the example is in datum HG/38)

mostly use intensive attributive relational process. In “Snow White and The Seven

Dwarfs”, intensive identifying relational process is dominant compared to the

other relational process types (the example is in datum SW/01).

CE/

27

She is much too dirty

Carrier


Intensive Attributive Circumstance Circumstance Attribute

HG/

38

You are fool

Carrier Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive Attribute

SW/

01

who is fairest of us all?

Token

Process: Relational: Intensive

Identifying Value Circumstance

The main participants of the relational processes are Carrier, Attribute,

Token, and Value. From the 37 data found with relational process, Carrier appears

23 times in the data, and Atribute appears 24 times in the data. Token and Value

appears 14 times in the data.

There is one supporting participant found in the data named Beneficiary.

Beneficiary is the participant affected directly by the process. It is similiar to

Recipient and Client in material process. It appears twice (2) in the data, 1 in

“Cinderella” and 1 in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”.


36

In the three fairy tales, the Carriers are mostly the children, i.e. Cinderella,

Snow White, Hansel, and Grethel. These Carriers are mostly attached to negative

Attribute such as no dress, no proper clothes, and fool. The examples of the

Carriers and the Attributes are provided in Table 11 and Table 12 below.

Table 11. Examples of Carriers Found in the Relational Clauses

Examples of Carriers

CE

you(Cinderella), you(step mother‟s true born daughters), she(Cinderella),

that, all of this

SW you(Snow White), I(step mother), it

HG

you(Hansel+Grethel), you(step mother‟s husband), we(step mother+her

husband+Hansel+Grethel), the children(Hansel+Grethel), that, everything

Table 12. Examples of Attributes Found in the Relational Clauses

Examples of Attributes

CE no dress, no shoes, no proper clothes, not possible, no good, dirty, queen

SW what a figure, my own life, afraid, the red side, the white one

HG

fool, for dinner, ready, finished up, only half a loaf, off, no pigeon, tired,

ready to go home

Identifying relational process occurs 10 times in the data or 27,02% of 37

data total. The participants in identifying relational process are Token and Value.

The data found with Tokens and Values are mostly found in “Snow White and

The Seven Dwarfs” in intensive type. Mostly, the Tokens in “Snow White and

The Seven Dwarfs” are realized as who and the Values are realized as the fairest.

Token and Value does not exist in “Cinderella” since it only has attributive

process. In “Hansel and Grethel” the Tokens and Values mostly explain about

things around the event takes place. The Tokens and Values in “Hansel and

Grethel” data are the intensive type.


37

3. Behavioural Process and Its Patterns

Human physical and physiological behaviours are categorized as

behavioural process in transitivity analyis. Behavioural process is the least distinct

process among others since it has no clear definition but partly material and partly

mental (Halliday&Matthiessen, 2014, p.301). In the three fairy tales, behavioural

process ranked third with total 13 data, equal to 11,40% from 114 total data. The

examples of the verbs found in the behavioural processes found are presented in

the table 13 below.

Table 13. Examples of the Verbs in the Behavioural Clauses

Example of Verbs

CE dance, laughed

SW think, look

HG starve, lie-down, rest, sleep, sit

In datum HG/21, the process lie-down is realized as behavioural. Halliday

(2014) states that behavioural process is a process of physiological human

behaviour that sometimes can be rather near mental, or near material (p.301).

According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), to lie down is considered as near

material (p.302).

HG/

21

Now [you] lie-down by the fire

Circumstance Behaver Process: Behavioural Circumstance

Behavioural process has one main participant named Behaver. Behaver

occurs 13 times in the data. The Behavers mostly refer to Cinderella, Snow White,

Hansel, and Grethel in the data of the three fairy tales. HG/21 is the exampleof the

data with Hansel and Grethel as the Behaver.

HG

/21


Circumstance: Time Behaver Process: Behavioural Circumstance: Place


38

However, in “Cinderella”, there is one Behaver realized as people while

the daughter or Cinderella become the Circumstance. The actual data are

presented below.

CE/12

You would be laughed at [by people]

-stance

Process:

Behavioural

Circum-:

Matter Behaver

4. Mental Process and Its Patterns

A Mental process refers to the process going on in the internal world of the

mind (Thompson, 2014, p.97). Mental process, in fact occur 6 times or 5,26%

from total 114 data. It occurs 4 times or 3,50% in “Cinderella”, once (1) or 0,87%

in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”, and once (1) or 0,87% in “Hansel and

Grethel”.

There are four sub-categories in mental process, namely desiderative,

perceptive, cognitive, and emotive. Among these four types of mental process,

emotive type does not occur in the data.

In “Cinderella”, there are 2 clauses identified as desiderative mental

process, 1 clause identified as cognitive mental process, and 1 identified as

perceptive mental process. There is 1 clause in “Snow White and The Seven

Dwarfs”, and 1 clause in “Hansel and Grethel” identified as cognitive mental

process.

The verbs realized are want (desiderative), know (cognitive), thought

(cognitive) and see (perceptive). Datum CE/01 below is the example of clauses

with desiderative mental process, the next, datum CE/28 is the data of perceptive


39

mental clause found in the data, and the last datum, HG/29 presents the example

of cognitive mental clauses in the data.

CE/

01

You,

Cinderella,

in all your

dust and dirt you want

to go to the

festival!

Sense-

Circumstance:

Quality -er

Process: Mental:

Desiderative Phenomenon

CE/

28

I could not let her be seen [by him]

Inducer Pro-: Mental: Perceptive Phenomenon -cess Senser

HG/

29

We thought you were never coming home again

Senser

Process: Mental:

Cognitive Phenomenon

SW/

16

But now I will think of

something that

will be her ruin

Circumstance: time Senser Process: Mental: Cognitive Phenomenon

The main participant for mental process is Senser as the one who is feeling

the process. In “Cinderella”, the Sensers of the 2 desiderative and 1 cognitive

mental processes are Cinderella. The Senser of the 1 perceptive mental clause in

“Cinderella” refers to the prince in the story. Datum CE/01 shows the example of

Cinderella as a Senser, while datum CE/28 shows the prince as the Senser. In

“Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” and “Hansel and Grethel” the cognitive

mental processes found, have step mother as the Senser. The actual data are

presented in datum HG/29 and datum SW/16.

The next participant after Senser in mental clause is Phenomenon.

Phenomenon can be a person, a concrete object, an abstraction, and so on

(Thompson, 2014, p.98). The Phenomenons in the “Cinderella” data are realized

as to go to the festival, to dance, how to dance, and her refers to Cinderella. These

Phenomenons are contextually related to the festival as a prestigious event in


40

“Cinderella”. The Phenomenon realized in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”

is something that will be her ruin. In “Hansel and Grethel” data, the Phenomenon

is you were never coming home again. The Phenomenon occurs in “Hansel and

Grethel” have you that refers to Hansel and Grethel in the story.

Another participant occurs in the data named Inducer, making the clause

has three participants. Inducer is the participant in a causation clause. Causation

clause is marked by verbs such as make, compel, get, have and let

(Halliday&Matthiessen, 2014, p.579). In datum CE/28, the process realized is let-

be seen. Thus this clause is considered as perceptive mental data. The Inducer is I

refers to the step mother as the speaker. The Phenomenon is Cinderella as the

object of the process seeing done by the prince in the story. While the prince is

being the Senser.

5. Verbal Process and Its Patterns

Verbal process is a process of saying. This process is able to project the

inner world of consciousness and make it accessible to the receiver of the message

(Butt et al, 1998, p.50). Unlike the previous processes that occur in all three fairy

tales, this process only occurs once (1) or 0,87% of total 114 data in “Hansel and

Grethel”. The process is realized by the verb tell in the data.

HG/

01

I will tell you what, husband

Sayer Process: Verbal Rece- Verbiage -iver

Sayer is the main participant or the doer of the process of saying in verbal

process. In datum HG/01, the Sayer is I refers to the step mother as the speaker.

Reciever and Verbiage are also found in the same datum. However, no target

exists in the data. The reciever is the husband of the step mother. The Verbiage is


41

what, refers to the step mother‟s saying that comes after. Contextually what here

refers to the step mother‟s plan to abandon her step children, Hansel and Grethel.

6. Existential Process and Its Patterns

Existential process is a process of showing that something does exist. It

has only one participant named Existent. The Existential process occurs only once

(1) or total 0,87% from 114 data. This process is found in “Hansel and Grethel”

and realized by no other way to manage as the Existent. The actualization of the

data is presented below.

HG/

37

There is no other way to manage

Process: Existential Existent

7. Circumstances and Its Patterns

Circumstance is realized through the adverbial groups and the

prepositional phrases in the clause (Butt et al, 1998, p.56). Circumstance exist in a

clause to give additional information to the process. The summary of

circumstances found in the data is presented below. In “Cinderella”, the most used

circumstance is reason with total 5 occurences or 6,02%. In “Snow White and The

Seven Dwarfs” the most used circumstance is time with 5 occurences or 6,02%. In

“Hansel and Grethel”, the most used circumstances are place and time with each

10 occurences or 12,04%. Accumulatively, the most used circumstance are

circumstance of place with 19,27%.


42

Table 14. Summary of Types of Circumstance Found in the Data

Types of

Circumstance

CE SW HG

Total (100%

=83 data)

F % F % F % F %

Distance 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 1 1,20% 1 1,20%

Duration 1 1,20% 0 0,00% 1 1,20% 2 2,42%

Frequency 3 3,61% 4 4,81% 5 6,02% 12 14,45%

Place 2 2,42% 4 4,81% 10 12,04% 16 19,27%

Time 0 0,00% 5 6,02% 10 12,04% 15 18,07%

Means 3 3,61% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 3 3,61%

Quality 2 2,42% 2 2,42% 0 0,00% 4 4,81%

Comparison 0 0,00% 5 6,02% 0 0,00% 5 6,02%

Degree 2 2,42% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 2 2,42%

Reason 5 6,02% 0 0,00% 2 2,42% 7 8,43%

Purpose 0 0,00% 2 2,42% 1 1,20% 3 3,61%

Condition 4 4,81% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 4 4,81%

Concession 0 0,00% 1 1,20% 0 0,00% 1 1,20%

Comitative 3 3,61% 0 0,00% 1 1,20% 4 4,81%

Product 0 0,00% 1 1,20% 0 0,00% 1 1,20%

Matter 1 1,20% 2 2,42% 0 0,00% 3 3,61%

a. Distance

The circumstance of distance is found once (1) or 1,20% of total 83 data of

circumstance. It occurs in “Hansel and Grethel”. This circumstance explain the

process take in the clause, showing how far is the process of taking them. The data

is provided below.

HG/

35

We will take them farther

Actor Process: Material Goal

Circumstance:

Distance

b. Duration

This type of circumstance occurs twice (2) or 2,42% in the data. One (1) in

“Cinderella” and one (1) other in “Hansel and Grethel”.

CE/

08

if you can pick them all up in two hours

Actor

Pro-:

Material Goal -cess

Circumstance:

Duration


43

The clause presented above is actually a dependent clause from if you can

pick them all up again in two hours, you may go with us. Contextually, this action

of picking lentils is done by Cinderella as her step mother strews a dishful of

lentils to make her pick them up. The use of duration is very helping for the step

mother to limit the time of the process of picking, thus it affects the result of the

saying you may go with us too.

c. Frequency

Frequency is ranked three in the data with total 12 data or 14,45% in

percentage. Frequencies found 3,61% in “Cinderella”, 4,81% in “Snow White and

The Seven Dwarfs” and 6,02% in “Hansel and Grethel. In SW/33, again explains

that the process of bringing Snow White to life again is not possible to do one

more time. Below is the actualization of the data of clauses with frequency

circumstance.

SW/

33

the dwarfs will not be able to bring you to life again

Actor Process: Material Goal Scope

Circumstance:

Frequency

d. Place

Circumstance of place is ranked one among the other circumstances.

Circumstance of place occurs 16 times, or about 19,27%. It occurs twice (2) in

“Cinderella”, 4 times in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”, and 5 times in

“Hansel and Grethel”. The example of the data is provided below.

HG/

02

We will take

the

children into the forest

where it is the

thickest

Actor Process:Material Goal

Circumstance:

Place

Circumstance:

Place


44

In datum HG/02, circumstance of place helps to construe the real intention

of the step mother as the Actor to Hansel and Grethel as the Goal. It is to take the

children into the forest where it is the thickest.

e. Time

Circumstance of time is found in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”

and in “Hansel and Grethel”, but not in “Cinderella”. This circumstance also

considered dominant among the other circumstances. It is found 15 times or

18,07% in the data. This circumstance helps to spesify the time of a process

happening. Below is the example.

HG/21


Circumstance:

Time Behaver

Process:

Behavioural

Circumstance:

Place

f. Means

Circumstance of means answers to the question of „with what?‟ or „by

what?‟ This circumstance occurs three times in total 83 data or 3,63% of

circumstances. Below is the example of the clause with means circumstance.

CE/

22

for

when you are

Queen, you will never

have to

go on foot

Circumstance:

Condition Actor

Pro-:

Material:

Circumstance:

Frequency -cess

Circumstance:

Means

g. Quality

The circumstance of quality is found twice (2) in “Cinderella” and twice

(2) in “Hansel and Grethel”. In CE/01, the quality in all your dust and dirt is used

to emphasize the quality of the main character, thus it makes a contrasting effect

with the process want to go to the festival.


45

CE/

01

You,

Cinderella,

in all your dust

and dirt you want

to go to the

festival!

Sense-

Circumstance:

Quality -er

Process:

Mental Phenomenon

h. Comparison

Despite the fact that it contributes 6.02% data of circumstance, the

circumstance of comparison occurs only in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs.”

The realization of comparison circumstance are all same in the 7 data since the

same clause occurs 7 times in the fairy tale. Of us all is the circumstance of

comparison found in the five data. This shows that being fair compare to all or

anybody else is important to the speaker.

SW/

01

who is fairest of us all?

Token Process: Relational Value

Circumstance:

Comparison

i. Degree

The circumstance of degree found twice (2) or 2,42% in the data. It

happened that the two data are in the same clause found in “Cinderella”. Much

and too actually has the same meaning. However, it is put together, making the

degree of dirty as the attribute attached to it much stronger.

CE/

27


Carrier

Process:

Relational

Circumstance:

Degree

Circumstance:

Degree Attribute

j. Reason

Circumstance of reason shows the reason of why a process happened

(Halliday&Matthiessen, 2004, p.270). For example, in the clause provided below,

having no proper clothes and cannot dance is the reason why the process cannot


46

come happens. This kind of circumstance appears 5 times in “Cinderella” and

twice (2) in “Hansel and Grethel”.

CE/

17

you cannot come with us

for you have no propper

clothes and cannot dance

Actor Process: Material

Circumstance:

Comitative Circumstance: Reason

k. Purpose

Similiar to the previous circumstance, the circumstance of purpose show

how a process needs to be done in order to reach a goal. In the example provided

below, taking out the child is needed to be done in order to I refer to the step

mother to set eyes on the child no more. This circumstance occurs in “Snow

White and The Seven Dwarfs” twice (2) and in Hansel and Grethel once, equal to

3,62 of total 83 data.

SW/

03 [you] Take

the

child out into the woods

so that I may set

eyes on her no

more

Actor Pro- Material Goal -cess

circumstance:

Place

circumstance:

Purpose

l. Condition

This circumstance occurs 4 times in “Cinderella” equal to 4,81% of total

83 data. Circumstance of condition adds a certain requirements in order an event

to happen. In the example below the process is to go. Contextually go here means

going to a festival told in the story. The step mother forbids Cinderella to go,

however, she will allow her to go under one condition, that is to pick the lentils up

again in two hours.


47

CE/

07

if you can pick them all

up again in two hours you may go with us

Circumstance:

Condition Actor

Process: Material:

Intransitive

Circumstance:

Comitative

m. Concession

Circumstance of concession occurs once (1) or about 1,20 in percentage of

total 83 data in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”. In contrast with

circumstance of condition, circumstance of concession will force an event to

happen even though there is a consequence to it.

SW/

24

Snow-

white shall die though it should cost my own life

Actor Process:Material Circumstance: Concession

The example provided above is taken from “Snow White and The Seven

Dwarfs”. The Actor, Snow White, is being attached to the process of die. This for

sure brings a consequence to the step mother, however, she is willing to take the

consequence. It is seen from the circumstance though it should cost my own life.

n. Comitative

Comitative as circumstance occurs 3 times in “Cinderella”and once (1) in

Hansel and Grethel. Comitative answers to the question of „with whom?‟ The

example of the data is provided below. Alone is considered as comitative since it

might be interpreted as with no one or with no companiment.

HG/

07

and [we] (will) leave them Alone

Actor Process: Material Goal

Circumstance:

Commitative

o. Product

Product answers to the question of „what into?‟ after a process is done. In

the example below, the process is realized by cut. Product as a circumstance


48

allows the process cut to have the detail of the result. This circumstance occurs

once in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”.

SW/

30

I will cut the apple in two pieces

Actor Process: Material Goal Circumstance: Product

p. Matter

Matter allows a process to have a detail context or situation. In the

example below, you is not a Behaviour, rather it is a circumstance of matter,

marked by at as a preposition.

CE/

12 You would be laughed at

[by

people]

-stance Process: Behavioural Circum-: Matter Behaver

B. The Step Mothers’ Characteristics

The pattern of transitivity found in the three fairy tales have been

explained in the previous section. By understanding the context of the fairy tales,

the characteristics of the step mothers are defined. This section presents the

interpretation of the characteristics of the step mothers along with the transitivity

pattern underlying the interpretation as the supporting hard data.

1. Domineering

The three step mothers show domineering behaviour towards others in the

three fairy tales. Domineering means “trying to control other people without

considering their opinions or feelings” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary,

2010). This characteristic is shown from the material process used in the data. The

linguistic data are provided below.

CE/08

if you can pick them all up again in two hours

Actor

Pro-: Material:


Circumstance:

Frequency

Circumstance:

Duration


49

SW/03

[you] Take

the


so that I may set

eyes on her no more

Actor

Pro- Material:

Transitive Goal

-

cess

circumstance:

Place

circumstance:

Purpose

HG/02

We will take

the

children early in the morning into the forest

Actor

Process:Material:

Transitive Goal

Circumstance:

Time

Circumstance:

Place

In material process, the doer of the process named Actor. In datum CE/08,

the Actor is you refers to Cinderella, in datum SW/03, the Actor is you refer to the

huntsman in the story, and in HG/02, the Actor is we refers to the step mother and

her husband. Even though in HG/02 the Actor is we refers to the step mother and

her husband, it is still fair to say that the Actors in three data provided above

always require other characters to do the process. Thompson (2014) states that

material process involves physical actions (p.95). The fact that the step mothers as

the sayers of the utterances put others as the doer of the physical actions, shows

how the step mothers are domineering to another characters in the story.

2. Cruel

Besides being domineering, another characteristic can be shown from the

use of material process is being Cruel. Cruel means “having a desire to cause pain

and suffering” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). The cruelty of the

step mothers is seen from the processes or the actions, the Goal or someone or

something affected by the process, and the Actor or the doer of the process. The

linguistic data are provided in the following tables and paragraphs.

CE

/21

[you] cut

the

toe off

for when you are queen, you

will never have to go on foot.

Actor Pro-: Material: Transitive Goal -cess Circumstance: Reason


50

In datum CE/21, the process cut off is done to the Goal the toe. This

process is done by the Actor you refers to the true born daughter of Cinderella‟s

step mother, and based on the command of the step mother as the speaker. To cut

off a toe will unquestionably cause pain and suffering to the person who do it. It

shows how the step mother is being cruel even to her own true born daughter.

SW/24

Snow-white shall die though it should cost my own life

Actor

Process:Material:

Intransitive Circumstance: Concession

In datum SW/24, the process is shall die. The verb die is intransitive.

Thus, rather than affecting the Goal, this process affects the Actor, Snow White.

This shows how the step mother is eagerly wanting Snow White to die. It is even

more obvious with the concession circumstance though it should cost my own life.

The step mother as the speaker is willingly pay the price, her own life, to take

Snow White‟s life.

HG/07

and [we] will leave them alone

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal Circumstance: Commitative

Leaving Hansel and Grethel alone might not be seen as a form of cruelty at

first (datum HG/07). However by knowing the context, that this process is done in

purpose, to abandon the kids, the process leave here is purposively done by the

step mother to cause suffering and pain to both Hansel and Grethel. The Actor is

we refers to Hansel and Grethel‟s step mother, and her husband, showing that, she

knows that she cannot be alone and thus she needs her husband‟s help in order to

be suceed in doing this cruel deed.


51

3. Selfish

Another characteristic depicted by the step mothers is being Selfish.

Selfish means “caring about yourself rather than about other people (Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010).

This interpretation uses the same data that are used to support the cruelty

of the step mothers. In CE/21, the Goal of the process cut off is the toe of the step

mother‟s true born daughter. In HG/07, the process of leaving is done to the Goal

them refers to Hansel and Grethel. Meanwhile, in SW/24, the Goal does not exist,

thus the process die refers to Cinderella as the Actor.

The processes might show how the step mothers are interpreted as being

cruel, but focusing on the participants in which they are affected by the processes,

it is seen that the step mothers only care about themselves. The fact that they are

able to do such cruelty without considering the consequences to the Goals or the

participants affected shows that they only care about themselves and their goals,

and not others.

4. Crafty

Crafty can be defined as “clever at getting what you want, especially by

indirect or dishonest method” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010).

From the linguistic data below, the step mothers can be interpreted as someone

crafty.

In order be able to reach their goal, the step mothers need to do something.

In the three following data, the processes are realized by have strewed, will give,

and will give. While all the Actors refer to the step mothers themselves.


52

CE/

06

I have strewed

a dishful of

lentils in the ashes

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal Circumstances: Place

Cinderella is depicted longing to go to the festival. The step mother does

not like this idea since if Cinderella goes to the festival, the prince could probably

choose Cinderella rather than her true born daughter to get married to. Then, the

action of strewing a dishful of lentils in the ashes is done by the step mother as the

Actor. It might appear to be useless. However, this action is purposively done by

the step mother just to make Cinderella pick up the lentils later. This action is

done to make Cinderella not able to go to the festival. This complexity of thought

shows that the step mother is smart enough to get what she wanted.

SW/

27


Circumstance:

Place Actor

Process: Material:


HG/

05

and we will give each of them a piece of bread

Actor

Process: Material:


The action of giving the Recipient something in SW/27 and HG/05 seems

like it is a good deed. However, when further analyzed, it is seen that these two

actions are just a dishonest method in order to them getting their purpose fulfilled.

Snow White‟s step mother‟s goal is to be the fairest. In order to get this done, she

tries to murder Snow White. She then disguise herself as a peasant woman and

give one, a poisoned-apple to Snow White (datum SW/27). The action of giving

bread to the Recipient each of them, refers to Hansel and Grethel, is also a trick,

considering that the step mother has purposively abandon Hansel and Grethel.

This action is done to make Hansel and Grether gain the trust of their step mother


53

and would obey her to go to the forest, letting them being abandoned. That

eventually makes the step mother‟s goal achieved. This clever, but dishonest

action is actually a way to achieve the step mothers‟ goal.

5. Manipulative

The step mothers are interpreted to be manipulative in the stories.

Manipulative means “skilful at influencing somebody or forcing somebody to do

what you want, often in an unfair way (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary,

2010). This characteristic is shown from the use of relational clauses, mental

clauses, behavioural clauses, and circumstance of quality.

The examples of the interpretation of the step mother being manipulative

from the relational clauses are provided in datum CE/04, datum SW/10, and

datum HG/10. In the three data, the Carrier is you. In CE/04, the you refers to

Cinderella, in SW/10 the you refers to Snow White, and in HG/10, the you refers

to the step mother‟s husband. In the mental clause in datum CE/01, the senser is

you refers to Cinderella. Meanwhile in the behavioural clause in datum CE/12, the

Behaver refers to the people in the festival, while Cinderella is identified as the

circumstance of matter.

A quality of someone is never been something absolute. It is rather

something relative, depends on whose perspective it is from. In being

manipulative, the step mothers attached some sort of qualities to define the

Carriers and Senser, as if what are said are absolutely true. If the Carriers and the

Sensers believe that what the step mothers said are true, it can make them

question themselves, feel bad about themselves, and start being obedient to the


54

step mothers as they think the step mothers are being true. This can be an effective

way for the step mothers to manipulate them and start making them do what they

want.

CE/01

You,

Cinderella,

in all your

dust and dirt you want

to go to the

festival!

Sense-

Circumstance:

Quality -er

Process: Mental:


CE/04

[you] have no dress and no shoes

Carrier


Possessive Attributive Attribute

Attribute

If Cinderella as the Senser and Carrier believe to the circumstance of

quality in all your dust and dirt, and the Attributes no dress and no shoes, she will

start questioning whether she is worthy enough to want to go to the festival. This

might lead to her not going to the festival without the step mother even try.

SW/10

What a figure you are child

Attribute Ca-


Intensive Attributive -rrier

In SW/10, if Snow White believe to the compliment given by her step

mother, she will probably be lulled, thinking that the step mother, disguised as a

peasant woman, is a nice person after all. If it happens, which it is, it will lead

Snow White to just accept everything done or given by the step mother, including

the poisoned apple.

HG/10

you are fool

Carrier


Attributive Attribute

In HG/10, the quality fool is attached to the stepmother‟s husband.

Contextually, this happens after the husband said that he is not going to follow her

wife‟s plan to abandon their children, Hansel and Grethel in the forest. This


55

manipulation that the husband is a fool can make the husband questioning himself

again, whether he is really fool. If the husband believes this as a true fact, it is

easier for the step mother to ask her husband to follow her plan on abandoning

their children in the forest.

Behavioural processes can also be used to manipulate someone in order to

get what is wanted. The example is provided below.

CE/12


-stance

Process:

Behavioural

Circum-:

Matter Behaver

To laugh, is a physiological behaviour that is coming naturally and not

controled by the Behaver. This process of laughing is rather controlled by the

circumstance around the Behaver, thus, the process of laughing happens. The

circumstance that makes someone laughs is usually a joke or anything funny

enough to be laughed at. Datum CE/12 shows that people as the Behaver would

do the process of laughing with you as the circumstance of matter. CE/09,

Cinderella, you have no proper clothes, and CE/10 you do not know how to dance

explain the quality of Cinderella that is considered funny, and make people as the

Behaver laugh. This manipulation is used by the step mother, so that Cinderella

will not go to the festival.

6. Ambitious

The word ambitious itself comes from the word ambition means

“something that you want to do or achieve very much” (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). Having ambition, and being ambitious about it is

depicted by the combination of the use of relational and material process.


56

The ambitions of the step mothers are seen through the use of relational

procesess found. This is because relational process is a process of attaching

quality to something, showing what kind of quality want to be achieved by the

step mothers.

While material processes show how the step mother are ambitious to reach

their goal. Ambitious means “needing a lot of effort, money, or time to succeed”

(Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). The efforts are shown from the

use of material process as a process of doing.

CE/26

when you are queen

Carrier



CE/24

[you] cut

a piece of your

heel

for when you are queen,

you will never have to

go on foot.

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal Circumstance: Reason

Queen is the Attribute of the intensive attributive relational process in

CE/26. This process is considered as attributive rather than identifying because

the participant queen does not have any spesification. Thus queen is not a Value,

but an Attribute. The Attributes in the clauses show what kind of attribute or

quality want to achieved by the step mother. By the queen being an Attribute,

rather than a Value, it shows that the goal is actually to be a queen, it does not

matter what kind of queen it is, as long as it is being a queen.

The clause when you are queen is said twice (CE/23 and CE/26). The

Attribute in both processes are same, it is queen. However, the Carrier attached to

this attribute are different even though both are realized by you. The Carrier in


57

CE/23 refers to one of the step mother‟s true born daughter, and in CE/26, the

Carrier you refers to the other true born daughter. The Carrier changes, but the

Attribute queen does not. It shows how the Attribute queen is more important than

the Carriers, referring the step mother‟s true born daughters. The step mother is

eagerly projecting one of her decendants to be a queen, no matter which one it is.

While relational processes shows the ambition of the step mother, material

processes shows the effort that needs to be done in order to realize the ambition.

In CE/24, the process of cutting a piece of heel needs to be done in order to realize

the ambition to make her descendant to be queen. Seeing how cruel it is, yet the

step mother still ask her true born daughter to do it shows that the step mother is

really ambitious in making one of her descendants to be a queen.

SW/01

Looking-

glass

upon the

wall who is fairest of us all?

Token


Intensive Identifying Value

Circumstance:

Comparison

SW/05

You must put her to death

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal Scope

SW/

27

There, I will give You one

Circumstance:

place Actor

Process: Material:


The identical clauses looking glass upon the wall, who is fairest of us all

appear 7 times in the data of utterances said by Snow White‟s step mother. Unlike

the previous example, this data are not intensive attributive relational clauses,

rather, they are the identifying relational type. In SW/01, the process is intensive

identifying clause. The Value uses superlative –est in the fairest, showing the


58

spesification of fair, meaning the most fair. The Value, fairest refers to a spesific

person, shows from the Token who. The fact that these utterances are said 7 times

by Snow White‟s step mother, showing how being that one and only fairest of all

is very important to the step mother as the speaker.

Having the ambition to be the one and only fairest, one will drive someone

that is fairer than her out. To Snow White‟s step mother, driving this someone

fairer than her out means killing this person too. In the story, Snow White, her

own step daughter is the one fairer than her. The efforts done by the step mother

to kill Snow White are shown from the use of the material processes in the “Snow

White and The Seven Dwarfs” data. This process can be done by the step mother

herself like in datum SW/27, or done by others by the order of the step mother

like in datum SW/05. Even though the Actors might be different, but the

processes are always about killing Snow White because Snow White is seen as the

„intruder‟ who takes her title as the fairest.

HG/02

We will take

the

children

early in the

morning into the forest

where it is the

thickest

Actor

Process:

Material:

Transitive Goal

Circumstance:

Time

Circumstance:

Place

Circumstance:

Place

The Attribute half a loaf is possessed by the Carrier we in HG/32.

However, the circumstance only, makes a significant change to the situation. The

urgent situation is clearer with the circumstance only. By this situation, we as the

HG/32

We have only half a loaf

Carrier

Process: Relational: Possessive

Attributive

Circumstance:

Much Attribute


59

Carrier, refers to the step mother and her husband are eager in surviving life with

only half a loaf.

Their ambition to survive life with only half a loaf then makes them do an

action about it. Rather than trying to survive together as a family, the step mother

encourage and manipulate her husband to abandon their kids in the forest by using

we instead of I as the Actors (datum HG/02). The Goal refers to Hansel and

Grethel occur 6 times in the data, showing how ambitious the step mother is to

abandon her kids.

7. Superior

Superior means “showing by your behaviour that you think you are better

than others” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). This charateristic is

shown from the material processes, the behavioural processes, the mental

processes, and the verbal processes. The use of circumstance also put a significant

change to this characteristic.

CE/07



Circumstance:

Condition Actor

Process: Material:

Intransitive

Circumstance:

Comitative

In CE/07, the utterance is said by Cinderella‟s step mother and her true

born daughters to Cinderella. The process may go and the circumstance with us or

with the step mother and her true born daughters can only happen under a certain

circumstance, that is if you (Cinderella) can pick them al (the lentils) up again in

two hours. This shows how the accompaniment of the step mother and her true

born daughters to go with Cinderella as the Actor is nearly impossible without a


60

certain condition. Showing how us is very exclusive and superior towards the

Cinderella as the Actor.

SW/03

[you] Take

the


so that I may set

eyes on her no

more

Actor

Pro-

Material:


circumstance:

Place

circumstance:

Purpose

Datum SW/03 has been explained as the sign of the step mother being

domineering. This action also shows the superiority of the step mother. It is even

more obvious with the use of circumstance of purpose. In SW/03, the Actor is

you, refers to the huntsman, to do the action of taking the child out. However, the

circumstance of purpose is showing that I, refers to the step mother is the one who

will get the advantage of it. This shows how the step mother is domineering and

being superior to the Actor you or the hunstman.

CE/12


-stance

Process:

Behavioural

Circum-:

Matter Behaver

Datum CE/12 has been presented as the example of the step mother being

manipulative. The circumstance is at you in the process, refers to Cinderella. It

shows the step mother‟s superiority because the circumstance only include you

and not the step mother herself, showing how she thinks that she is better than

Cinderella since she is not being laughed at.

CE/03

You

that have no

dress and no

shoes want to dance

Senser

Circumstance:

Quality

Process: Mental:



61

In datum CE/03 the Senser is you refers to Cinderella, the process is want

and the Phenomenon is to dance. The process of wanting to dance is being

contrasted to the quality have no dress and no shoes. The step mother is

manipulating Cinderella by seemingly contrasting the two things. However, here,

the step mother only put Cinderella as the Senser, and does not include herself in

it, showing how she is feeling superior toward Cinderella.

HG/01



When someone wants to use the verbal process tell, it is usually be let me

tell you rather than I will tell you. It is because the word let is causative word and

thus let me tell you will have me as Sayer, and you as both the Initiator and the

information Reciever. You being presented as both Initiator and Reciever in the

clause showing that you have the authority both to let the conversation happen,

and also to get the information from the conversation. However in HG/01, the

clause starts with I will tell you. There is no Initiator in that clause. Thus, the

Sayer I shows that the step mother does not give the authority to her husband as a

Reciever to either allow or deny the conversation happening. It shows that the step

mother is forcing the information to her husband. In this case, it is not actually an

information, but rather a command. It is seen from the utterances that comes after.

We will take the children early in the morning into the forest, where it is thickest

(datum HG/02), we will make them a fire (datum HG/04), and we will give each of

them a piece of bread (datum HG/05) then we will go to our work and leave them

alone (datum HG/06), we shall be quit of them (datum HG/09). The step mother


62

does not give the permission of her husband to allow or deny the conversation

because she wants her husband to agree to help her doing the things she said.

Material process and relational process are the two dominant processes

found in the data of the three step mothers‟ utterances. Both processes contributes

the most in the interpretation of the step mothers‟ characteristics. The behavioural

processes, the mental processes, and the verbal processes also contribute in

showing the characteristics of the step mothers. Existential process does not imply

any characteristic of the step mothers since it occurs only once from total 114

data. Some of the circumstances also contributes in the interpretation of the

characteristics of the step mothers.

The different data in each step mother‟s utterances shows that they

presents themselves using different kind of styles. However, they still share

similiar characteristics, shown by the availibility of material process, relational

process, behavioural process, and mental process in each of the step mother‟s

direct speeches


63

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This research is based on the study of style or stylistics. The direct

speeches of the step mothers in “Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven

Dwarfs”, and “Hansel and Grethel” fairy tales are analyzed using transitivity

analysis as a part of Systemic Functional Grammar in order to see the style of

language used by the step mothers.

As the result, material process and relational process are the dominant

processes used by the step mothers in “Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven

Dwarfs”, and “Hansel and Grethel”. The material processes contribute 50,00% of

the total data, while the relational processes contribut 32,46% of the total data.

The next processes are behavioural process (10,52%), mental process (5,26%),

verbal process(0,87%), and existential process(0,87%). Circumstance of quality,

circumstance of condition, and circumstance of matter also play a great role in

interpreting the characteristics of the step mothers.

Although each of the step mothers have different styles in portraying

themselves, they share similiar characteristics such as being domineering, being

cruel, being selfish, being crafty, being manipulative, being ambitious, and beng

superior. These characteristics are mostly supported by the material clauses, and

relational clauses as they are the two dominant processes in the data.


64

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67

APPENDICES

Appendix 1

Transitivity Analysis on the Step Mother’s Direct Speech in “Cinderella”

Fairy Tale

CE/01

You, Cinderella,

in all your dust and

dirt you want

to go to the

festival!

Sense-

Circumstance:

Quality -er

Process: Mental:


CE/02

[you] to go to the festival

Actor Process: Material: Intransitive Circumstance: Place

CE/03

You that have no dress and no shoes want to dance

Senser Circumstance: Quality

Process: Mental:


CE/04

[you] have no dress and no shoes

Carrier



Attribute

CE/05

[you] to dance

Behaver Process: Behavioural

CE/06

I have strewed a dishful of lentils in the ashes

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal Circumstance: Place

CE/07



Circumstance: Condition Actor

Process:

Material:

Intransitive Circumstance: Comitative


68

CE/08

if you can pick

them

all up again in two hours

Actor

Pro-: Material:

Transitive Goal

-

cess

Circumstance:

Frequency

Circumstance:

Duration

CE/09

Cinderella,

you, have no proper clothes

Carrier Process: Relational: Possessive Attributive Attribute

CE/10

you do not know how to dance

Senser Process: Mental: Cognitive phenomenon

CE/11

how [you] to dance


CE/12


-stance

Process:

Behavioural

Circum-:

Matter Behaver

CE/13

if you can pick two

dishful of lentils, out

of the ashes, nice

and clean you shall go with us

for that is not

possible

Circumstance:

Condition Actor

Process:

Material:

Intransitive

Circumstance:

Comitative

Circumstance:

Reason

CE/14

if you can pick

two

dishes

full of

lentils

out of the

ashes nice and clean

Actor

Process:

Material:

Transitive Goal

Circumstance:

Means Attribute Attribute

CE/15

for that is

not

possible



69

CE/16

all of this is no good to you

Carrier


Attributive Attribute Beneficiary

CE/17

you cannot come with us

for you have no propper

clothes and cannot dance

Actor

Process: Material:

Intransitive Circumstance: Comitative Circumstance: Reason

CE/18

for you have no proper clothes

Carrier Process: Relational, Possessive Attributive Attribute

CE/19

and [you] cannot dance


CE/20

for you have no proper

clothes, and cannot dance you would put us to shame

Circumstance: Reason Actor

Process:

Material:Transitive Goal Scope

CE/21

[you] cut the toe off

for when you are queen,

you will never have to go

on foot.

Actor

Pro-: Material:

Transitive Goal -cess Circumstance: Reason

CE/22

for

when you are


have

to go on foot

Circumstance:

Condition Actor

Pro-:

Material:

Intransitive

Circumstance:

Frequency -cess

Circumstance:

Means

CE/23

when you are queen



70

CE/24

[you] cut

a piece of

your heel

for when you are queen, you will

never have to go on foot.

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal Circumstance: Reason

CE/25

for

when you are


have

to go on foot

Circumstance:

Condition Actor

Pro-:

Material:

Intransitive

Circumstance:

Frequency

-

cess

Circumstance:

Means

CE/26

when you are queen


CE/27


Carrier

Process: Relational,

Intensive Attributive

Circumstance:

Degree

Circumstance:

Degree Attribute

CE/28

I could not let her be seen [by him]

Inducer Pro-: Mental: Perceptive Phenomenon -cess Senser


71

Appendix 2

Transitivity Analysis on the Step Mother’s direct speeches in “Snow White

and The Seven Dwarfs” Fairy Tale

SW/01

Looking-

glass upon

the wall who is fairest of us all?

Token



Circumstance:

Comparison

SW/02

Looking-

glass upon


Token



Circumstance:

Comparison

SW/03

[you] Take

the


so that I may set eyes

on her no more

Actor

Pro- Material:


circumstance:

Place

circumstance:

Purpose

SW/04

so

that I may set eyes on her no more

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Scope Goal

Circumstance:

Frequency

SW/05

You must put her to death

Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal Scope

SW/06

and [you] must bring me

her

heart for a token

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Recipient goal Circumstance: Purpose

SW/07

Looking-

glass upon


Token



Circumstance:

Comparison


72

SW/08

Fine wares to sell! [by me]

Goal Process: Material: Transitive Actor

SW/09

Fine wares to sell! [by me]


SW/10

What a figure you are child

Attribute Ca- Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive -rrier

SW/11

[you] come

Actor Process: Material: Intransitive

SW/12

and [you] let me lace you properly for once

Initiator

Pro-:

Material:

Transitive Actor

-

cess Goal

Circumstance:

Quality

Circumstance:

Frequency

SW/13

Now you have done being the fairest

Circumstance: time Actor

Process: Material:

Intransitive Scope

SW/14

[you] being the fairest

Token Process: Relational: Intensive Identifying Value

SW/15

Looking-

glass against


Token



Circumstance:

Comparison

SW/16

But now I will think of

something that will

be her ruin

Circumstance: time Senser

Process: Mental:

Cognitive Phenomenon


73

SW/17

[something] will be her ruin


SW/18

Good wares to sell! [by me]


SW/19

Good wares to sell! [by me]


SW/20

But you are not forbidden to look


SW/21

Now for once your hair

shall be properly

combed [by me]

Circumstance:

Time

Circumstance:

Frequency Goal

Process: Material:

Transitive Actor

SW/22

Now,

you

paragon of

beauty this is

the end of

you

Circumstance:

time Token


Identifying Value

SW/23

Looking

glass against


Token



Circumstance:

Comparison

SW/24

Snow-

white shall die though it should cost my own life

Actor

Process:Material:

Intransitive Circumstance: Concession


74

SW/25

though it should cost me

my own

life

Carrier


Attributive Beneficiary Attribute

SW/26

I can easily

get rid

of

my

apples elsewhere

Actor

Pro-: Material:

Transitive

Circumstance:

Quality -cess Goal

Circumstance:

place

SW/27


Circumstance: place Actor

Process: Material:


SW/28

Are you afraid of poison


Attributive Carrier Attribute

Circumstance:

Matter

SW/29

[you] look here

Behaver Process: Behavioural Circumstance: place

SW/30

I will cut

the

apple in two pieces

Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal Circumstance: Product

SW/31

You shall have the red side


SW/32

I will have the white one

Carrier



SW/33

this time

the

dwarfs

will not be able to

bring you to life again

Circumstance:

Time Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal Scope

Circumstance:

Frequency


75

SW/34

Looking

glass against


Token


Identifying Value

Circumstance:

Comparison

SW/35

Looking

glass upon


Token


Identifying Value

Circumstance:

Comparison


76

Appendix 3

Transitivity Analysis on the Step Mother: Direct Speeches in “Hansel and

Grethel” Fairy Tale

HG/01



HG/02

We will take

the

children

early in the

morning into the forest

where it is the

thickest

Actor

Process:

Material:

Transitive Goal

Circumstance:

Time

Circumstance:

Place

Circumstance:

Place

HG/03

where it is

the

thickest


HG/04

we will make them a fire

Actor Process: Material: Transitive Client Goal

HG/05

and we will give

each of

them

a piece of

bread

Actor Process: Material: Transitive Recipient Goal

HG/06

then we will go to our work

Actor

Process: Material:

Intransitive Circumstance: Place

HG/07

and [we] will leave them alone

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal Circumstance: Commitative

HG/08

they will never find the way home again

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal

Circumstance:

Frequency


77

HG/09

and we shall be quit of them

Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal

HG/10

you are fool


HG/11

Then we will all four starve

Be- Pro-:Behavioural -haver -cess

HG/12

you had better get the coffins ready

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal Resultative Attribute

HG/13

Get up you lazy bones

Process: Material: Intransitive Actor

HG/14

We are going into the forest to cut wood

Actor

Process: Material:

Intransitive Circumstance: Place Scope

HG/15

[we] to cut wood


HG/16

That is for dinner

Carrier Process: Relational: Circumstantial Attributive Attribute

HG/17

and you must not eat it before then

for you will get no

more

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal

Circumstance:

Time

Circumstance:

Frequency

HG/18

for you will get no more.

Actor

Process: Material:

Intransitive Circumstance: Frequency


78

HG/19

That is not your kitten

but the sunshine on the

chimney pot

Token


Possessive Identifying Value Circumstance: Reason

HG/20

but [that] [is] the sunshine on the chimney pot

Token


Intensive Identifying Value Circumstance: Place

HG/21


Circumstance: Time Behaver

Process:

Behavioural Circumstance: Place

HG/22

and rest yourself you, children

Process: Behavioural Behaviour Behaver

HG/23

and we will go

Actor Process: Material: Intransitive

HG/24

and [we] will cut wood


HG/25

and when we are ready we will come

Circumstance: Time Actor

Process: Material:

Intransitive

HG/26

and when we are ready [we] will fetch you


Process: Material:

Transitive Goal

HG/27

we are ready



79

HG/28

You,

naughty

children why did you sleep so long in the wood

Circum

stance:

Reason

Pro-:

Behavioural Behaver -cess

Circum

stance:

Duration

Circumstance:

Place

HG/29

We thought you were never coming home again

Senser Process: Mental: Cognitive Phenomenon

HG/30

You were never coming home again!

Actor

Process: Material:

Intransitive Scope Circumstance: Frequency

HG/31

Everything is finished up


HG/32

We have only half a loaf


HG/33

and after that the tale comes to an end


Process: Material:

Intransitive Scope

HG/34

The children must be off

Carrier Process: Relational: Circumstantial Attributive Attribute

HG/35

We will take them farther into the wood this time

so that they

shall not be

able to find

the way

back again

Actor

Process:

Material:

Transitive Goal

Circum

stance:

Distance

Circum

stance:

Place

Circum

stance:

Time

Circum

stance:

Purpose


80

HG/36

so that they shall not be able to find

the

way

back again

Actor

Process: Material:

Transitive Goal

Circumstance:

Frequency

HG/37

There is no other way to manage

Process: Existential Existent

HG/38

You are fool


HG/39

That is no pigeon


HG/40

but [that] [is]

the morning sun shining on the

chimney pot

Token



HG/41

the morning sun shining on the chimney pot

Actor

Process: Material:

Intransitive Circumstance: Place

HG/42

Sit still there

you,

children

Process: Behavioural Circumstance: Place Behaver

HG/43

and when you are tired you can go to sleep


Process: Material:

Intransitive Scope

HG/44

and when you are tired

Carrier




81

HG/45

[you] to sleep


HG/46

We are going into the forest

to cut

wood

Actor

Pro-: Material:

Intransitive Circumstance: Place -cess

HG/47

[we] to cut wood


HG/48

and in the evening

when we are ready to

go home, we will come

Circumstance: Time Circumstance: Time Actor

Process:

Material:

Intransitive

HG/49

when we are ready to go home, [we] will fetch you


Process: Material:

Transitive Goal

HG/50

when we are ready to go home

Carrier



HG/51

[we] to go home

Actor Process: Material: Intransitive Scope


Documents

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEP MOTHERS IN GRIMM’S … · 2020. 8. 5. · Dongeng-dongeng Grimm terkenal akan cerita-ceritanya yang mengerikan. Salah satunya karena adanya karakter