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The Challenges of the Internet of Nano Things. Sasitharan Balasubramaniam ( Sasi ) ( [email protected] ) Nano Communication Centre Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Tampere University of Technology. Outline. Nanotechnology Nanomachines Nano Communications - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Department of Communications Engineering
The Challenges of the Internet of Nano Things
Sasitharan Balasubramaniam (Sasi)([email protected])
Nano Communication CentreDepartment of Electronics and Communications
EngineeringTampere University of Technology
Department of Communications Engineering
Outline
• Nanotechnology• Nanomachines
• Nano Communications• Molecular Communications
• Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)• Applications of IoNT
• Plans for Horizon2020
Department of Communications Engineering
Nanotechnology
• Concept was first proposed by Richard Feyman in 1959 in his nobel prize acceptance speech• “Plenty of room at the bottom”
• Nanotechnology are devices on the scale of the order of one billionth of a meter(10-9)
• Example materials: Graphene, Nanocrystallites, Nanoparticles
• Numerous healthcare applications• Improved monitoring of chronic diseases• Accurate drug delivery• Nanorobots that can perform surgery
• Other applications include Aeronautics, Environmental Science
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Nanomachine to treat cancer
• Issue with current chemotherapy is that drugs kill good cells
• Aim – deliver drug to targeted areas• Cut the dosage down by
hundred – thousand times
• Developed at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
• Honeycomb nanostructure that holds the drug particles
• Valves releases particles. Numerous approaches:• Chemical agent• Light http://www.rsc.org
Department of Communications Engineering
DNA Nanorobot
• Developed at Wyss Institute• Robotic device developed from
DNA• DNA origami – 3D shapes created
from folding DNA
• Two halves connected with a hinge, and shut using DNA latches
• The latches can be designed to recognize certain cell proteins and disease markers
• Hold molecules with encoded instructions (antibody fragments)• Used on two types of cancer cells
(leukemia and lymphoma) http://wyss.harvard.edu
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Problems and Challenges
• Scale of nanodevices allows us to….
• Reach hard to access areas…..
• Access vital information at a whole new level (molecular information)…..
• Devices of the future will be built from nanomaterials
• Limitation – limited functionalities!!
• Communication and networking between nanomachines would further advance their capabilities and functionalities
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What is the answer…..???
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Nano Communications!
• Two broad Areas…………
o Electromagnetic (EM) Nano Communications
o Molecular Communications
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Molecular Communication
• Sender nanomachines encode information into information molecules (e.g. DNA, proteins, peptides)• Information can be transmitted through diffusion or active transport• Ability to create communication systems and networks using biological components and processes that are found in nature• Interdisciplinary research (nanotechnology, communication technology, biochemistry, molecular biology)
I. F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blasquez, “Nanonetworks: A New Communication Paradigm”, Computer Networks, 52, 2008
Nanomachine Bacteria
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Diffusion-based Molecular Communications
• Communication is performed through diffusion of molecules
• Information is embedded into the molecules
• Ideally this is suited to fluidic medium
I. F. Akyildiz, J.M. Jornet, M. Pierobon,,"Nanonetworks: A New Frontier in Communications," Communications of the ACM, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 84-89, November 2011.
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Bacteria Communication
Nanonetworks (1)Bacteria can hold genetic information (plasmids)
Mess. 2 Mess. 1
Bacteria can swim – possible attraction through the process of chemotaxis
20μm
λRandom
λBiased
Chemoattractant
AB
L. C. Cobo-Rus, I. F. Akyildiz, "Bacteria-based Communication in Nanonetworks", Nano Communication Networks, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 244-256, December 2010.
M. Eisenbach, “Bacterial Chemotaxis”, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2001
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DTN Bacteria Nanonetworks
Sasitharan Balasubramaniam, Pietro Lio’, Multi-hop Conjugation based Bacteria Nanonetworks, IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, vol. 12, no. 1, March 2013.
Opportunistic multi-hop routing in bacteria nanonetworks using chemotaxis and conjugation.
Each Bacteria is akin to a mobile node.
3
2
3
2
3
2
Bacteria conjugation point
(a) (b) (c)
Bacteria with transferredmessage
Chemoattractant
ChemoattractantEmitter
11 1
Relay Node
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Smart Organ
• Through tissue engineering we can develop various body parts• Tissues -> Organs (skin, bone)
• Using nanomaterial scaffolds, we can grow cells on the scaffold into tissue
• Utilizing 3D bioprinting to develop organs
• Challenge – integration to the existing system within the body
• Integrate sensors into the tissue (Smart tissue)• Robert Langer (BBC, October
2013)
www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk
www.explainingthefuture.com
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Internet of Things
BAN
EnvironmentalSensors
• Physical Interconnection of devices, objects……integrated with virtual interconnection of services
• A large number of these devices are MINITIARIZED devices (sensors, BAN)!!!
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Internet of NANO Things
BAN
EnvironmentalSensors
• MORE MINITIARIZED -> Interconnection of devices at Nanoscale AND connection to the wider Internet
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IoNT Architecture
Molecular nanonetworks
Micro-gateway
nano-sensors
on clothing
sPhone surface sensors
–
Nano-sensorsFor
environmental monitoring
Context Management layer
Query routing
EM – nano communication
Micro-gateway
PathogensChemicals
Sweat
Blood
Allergens
nano-sensors
nano-sensors
nano-sensors
Services Layer
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IoNT Challenges: Context Models
Smart Home
Smart Office Ontology
Shopping Env.
ContextProcessing
ContextInference
andDeduction
ServiceDirectory
Nano Sensors
RawData
Micro Sensors
ContextBroker
Context Model
Data CollectionServices
Micro-Conte
xt
ApplicationServices Micro
-Conte
xt
User Profile Medical Condition
BAN2BANMolecular Communication
Nano-sensor
Bacteria Nanonets
Calcium Signaling
Temperature
Pressure
Accelerometer
Location
X-value
Y-valueZ-value
Device Mobile PhoneNano Senso
rsEM nano
Nano Senso
rs
Bio nano-sensor
Contains
ContainsLocatedAT
Contains
Activity
PerformingAt
(a) (b)
Cross domain ontologies
Ontologies and Knowledge base
Contains
Contains
Cross domains of heterogeneous knowledge bases
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IoNT Challenges: Service Models
• Multitude of nanodevices and micro-gateways
• Big data from nanoscale sensors and networks
• New distributed service models (lightweight services)
EM Nanonets
Molecular Communications
Data Collection
Services A1
Data CollectionServices
A2
ApplicationServices A
ServiceComposition”EM Nanonets”
ServiceComposition”Molecular Nets”
Micro-Conte
xt
ContextInteraction
ContextInteraction
Micro-Conte
xt
Micro-Conte
xt
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Applications (1): Body Area NanoNetworks (BAN2)
Enzyme protocols
Cell
Nucleus
Cell
Nucleus
Cell
Nucleus
Cell
NucleusCell
Nucleus
Cell
Nucleus
Micro-gateway
Short rangetransmission
Message biomolecule
Synthetic Nanosensor
Long rangetransmission
• New healthcare monitoring approaches
• BAN -> BAN2
• Heterogeneous molecular communication networks• Short range (Calcium
signalling)• Medium range
(Bacteria)• Long range
(Hormones)
Baris Atakan, Ozgur B. Akan, Sasitharan Balasubramaniam, Body Area NanoNetworks with Molecular Communications in Nanomedicine, IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2012.
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Applications (2): Smart Cities
Smart Transport•Pollution control
Smart Energy•Monitoring of renewable energy infrastructure ( graphene-based solar panels)•Monitoring of biofuel production
Smart Water•Contamination control•Infrastructure monitoring (smart pipes)
Smart Agriculture•Contamination control•Urban agriculture (hydroponics)
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EU FET Project Plan (1)
• Coordinated Support Action (FET OPEN2 - September 2014) Planned submission September 2014 (7 partners including TSSG - WIT, Ireland (coordinator); Koc, Turkey, TUT (Finland)........
• FET Open (FET OPEN1 - September 2014): Internet of Bacteria Things
• Collaborator: Prof. Ozgur B. Akan, Koc University• Partners: University of Helsinki (Finland), Tampere University of
Technology (Finland), Koc University (Turkey), University of Cambridge (UK), Tyndall Institute (Ireland)
• Objective: To realize a simple bacteria nanonetwork that interfaces to the Internet (software services)• Bridge ICT to Molecular Biology World. Linking communication of
behaviour of bacteria to the software services in Telecommunications.
• Bacteria communication will be conducted through wet lab experiments (Univ. of Helsinki).
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EU FET Project Plan (2)
Microgateway
Services
Services
Services
Bacteria
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Conclusion
• Basics of Nanotechnology• Examples of Nanomachines• Nano Communication
• Electro-magnetic Nano Communications• Molecular Communications
• Internet of Nano Things• Body Area Nanonetworks• Smart Cities Applications
• Plans for Horizon2020