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The Challenges of Integration: Lessons from ASB research in the tropical forest margins
Presented by Thomas P Tomich
Principal Economist and ASB Global Coordinator
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
Prepared for MA Conference on Bridging Scales and Epistemologies, Alexandria, Egypt 18 March 2004
http://www.asb.cgiar.org
The real world challenge
… is to identify innovative policies, institutions, and technologies that can reconcile forest conservation and poverty reduction. The Riquez Family,
Peruvian Amazon
Source: WWF Global 200 Ecoregions (WWF 2001).Notes: The Biomes displayed are only forest biomes that are present in the warm humid and subhumid tropics.
NEOTROPICALAFROTROPICAL
INDOMALAY
AUSTRALASIA
1000 0 1000 2000 Kilometers
Terrestrial Forest BiomesTropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf ForestsTropical and Subtropical Dry and Monsoon Broadleaf Forests
Focus areaDividing line between humid and subhumid tropics
ASB site locations#S
Alternatives to Slash-&-Burn (ASB) Benchmark Sites span the humid tropics
Tropical & Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forest Biome
HIGH EXTRAPOLATION POTENTIAL: PANTROPIC PROBLEM DOMAIN
• a long-term, distributed network of benchmark sites, started in 1994
• a global consortium of over 50 research institutions, NARS, NGOs, government agencies, universities, and community groups; with contributions from about 250 researchers
• ASB is the only cross-cutting sub-global assessment of the MA and looks at tropical forest margins
• serious about integrated natural resource management (iNRM) principles: problem focused, driven by user needs, multidisciplinary, integrated approach to natural resource management
• Works at multiple scales through a nested local, national, regional and global structure
• Involves multiple knowledge systems: local knowledge, policymakers’ knowledge, and scientific knowledge
Results from the World Bank Meta-Evaluation of the CGIAR: “ASB has been applauded … for innovative field research, strong science, and for going furthest within the CGIAR toward implementing effectively a holistic, ecoregional approach founded on in-depth local research linked methodologically across long-term benchmark sites around the world to permit effective scaling up to global level. The intellectual value of this work has derived from the synthesis afforded by careful methodological coordination across sites on different continents, and close working relationships with ARIs and NARS…” (From the May 2003 World Bank report CGIAR at 31: A Meta-Evaluation of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research from p. 15 of the Thematic Working Paper on Natural Resources Management Research in CGIAR).
ASB: balancing rainforest conservation & poverty reduction
The organizational challenge: How to discover the ‘truth’
about how ASB works?
It’s possible that no two ASB participants have the same views on ASB processes.
Certainly no individual or small group really knows the collective ‘truth’.
Method: on-line consultation• Asynchronous online ‘event’
• Electronic polls to test premises, establish a common baseline, and to identify areas of consensus and of divergence in views
• Followed by facilitated, open-ended discussions on-line
• These are the data for this paper
• Participants: 42 of potential 109
• Biases?
19 participants are coauthors of this paperJulio Alegre, ICRAF Amazonia, Lima, Peru
Veronika Areskoug, ICRAF SE Asia, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Andrea Cattaneo, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA
Jonathan Cornelius, ICRAF Amazonia, Lima, Peru
Polly Ericksen, Earth Institute of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
Laxman Joshi, ICRAF SE Asia, Bogor, Indonesia
Joyce Kasyoki, ICRAF/ASB, Nairobi, Kenya
Chris Legg, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
Marilia Locatelli, Embrapa, Rondonia, Brazil
Daniel Murdiyarso, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
Cheryl Palm, Earth Institute of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
Roberto Porro, CIAT/ICRAF Amazonia, Belem, Brazil
Alejandro Rescia Perazzo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Angel Salazar-Vega, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Perú
Dagmar Timmer, ICRAF/ASB, Nairobi, Kenya
Meine van Noordwijk, ICRAF SE Asia Regional Programme, Bogor, Indonesia
Sandra Velarde, ICRAF/ASB, Nairobi, Kenya
Stephan Weise, IITA Humid Forest Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon
Douglas White, CIAT, Cali, Colombia
Analytical FrameworkClark et al. 2002; www.sustainabilityscience.org
Integration Institutional learning
Participation
Human & financial resources
Featured result: integration
A 5th dimension of the integration challenge
1. Disciplinary
2. Functional (institutional)
3. Spatial and temporal
4. Knowledge (epistemologies)
5. North – South integration needs specific attention
Hypotheses on integration (a selection)
USERS’ NEEDS & PROBLEM FOCUS: clear problem definition derived from users’ needs is key to disciplinary, functional, spatial/temporal and knowledge integration
PLACE-BASED FOCUS: sustained focus on specific sites facilitated co-location of measurements, which was essential in disciplinary integration.
INSTITUTIONAL INTERESTS: functional integration (among institutions) is more difficult than disciplinary integration (among teams of individual scientists).
BALANCED GOVERNANCE by institutions from North and South helps integrate across disciplines and interests – especially the top-down aspects of global environmental concerns and the bottom-up nature of rural development.
BOUNDARY CROSSING & INTEGRATION: boundary functions are key to integration across institutions, scales, knowledge systems and arenas (local, civil society, policy, science).
ASB as a ‘Boundary Organization’ (Guston, 2001)
Characteristics– Forum for interaction
among actors across social arenas
– Attention to managing boundary crossing activities
Goals are achieved through boundary crossing activities:– Communication– Translation– Mediation
Other Private Sector Managers
and Investors
Policymakers and Public Policy
Shapers
Farmers, local communities
Boundary Organization:
ASB
NGOs,Civil Society