TitleTHE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FORRESEAERCH, MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATIONON SEA TURTLES IN VIET NAM

Author(s) Dung, Phan Hong

Citation Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on SEASTAR2000 (2002):13-21

Issue Date 2002

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/44151

Right

Type Conference Paper

Textversion publisher

Kyoto University

†3

THE CHALLENGESAND OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEAERCH， MANAGEMENTANDCONSERVAT10N ON SEATURTLESrNVIETNAM

PhanHongDung

ResearchlnstituteforManneF（Sheries 価血和／Of戸払わeJT郎Of＞fefN∂m em∂〟ごdun97960＠γa／IOO．COm

ABSTRACT

ItisrecognizedthattherearefivespeciesofseaturtlesinVietnam’sseawaters（loggerhead，01弓verid［ey． leatherback．greenandhawksbi［lturtles），butthereareonlyfourspeciesoftennestonVietnamrsbeaches・MaJOT nestingbeachesarenotccncentratedintheno－1hernpaTtOTthesouthernoneofVietNamseawaters・lnaddition・ theremaybenestsonmostofFshoreislands・DeterminednestingbeacheswerefoundinthelbnkinGulf・Central coastsandtheislandsintheGulfofThailand．

1tissigniflCantthatdeclineshaveoccurredinbothforag■ngandnestingpopulationsofaIIfIVeSeatUrLle speciesfoundinVietNarTl・lnadditiontotheprotectionofnestingturtlesandtheirnestslreductioninthemortalityof juvenileandaduEtIifestagesispeltinenttotheprotectionofseaturtlesinVietNam（LeXuanAi・，2001；MarkHamann・， 2002）．

TheEargestcurrentthreatsformarlneturtlesinVietNamare＝ ★theaccidentalandopportunisticcapturebyflSheTmenandlocaEs， ★thedirecttakeofnestingfemalesandtheireggsatbeaches・ ThespecifLCflSheriessectoTSthatposethelaTgeStrlSkformaTinetL．rtlesarebottomtrawlers・PurSeSeine

opeTatOrS．■ong－IInenetWithseveralhookoperatorsanddivingactivities・lngeneral・mOStgreenlhawksbi”andolive rldleyturLEesthatarecaptuTedbythesemethodsareeitherkiIledforfoodortheproductionofsouvenirs・

Baseduponourresearchprq］eCtWhichhasbeenconductedsince19981theseresultsshowedthatoverthe lasttwotothreedecades，mOStOftheeggsandnestingturtleswerecollectedforfoodortheirshelL・Withthe exceptionofThoChuIsEand（KienGiang），ConDaoNationalPark（Vunglbu）andNuiChuaReserveATea（NinhThuan Province）．andharvestofnestingturLlesandnearlytolOO％ofeggsstiFloccurringforeachspeciesnestinginViet Nam（thefInalresultwillbepubEishedin20041snationalreportastheendofprqJeCt）・

Mostseaturtlesthatarekilled（indirectlyordirectly）areeatenbylocalflShermenorsoldforfoodorshe11 products（）．Thomson，TRAFFIC＿lndochina2002）・Continuationofthistrade・WhichpFacesamonetaryvalueonsea turLles，a10ngWiththeadditiona■threatssuchasnsheriesby－CatChandeggharvestingwi111eadtotheinevitabIe extinctionofseaturtlesinVietNamintheforthcomingdecades．

1．1NTRODUCT10N

Theseaturtlehasbeenrecognizedasoneof Eeatherbackturtle（Dermoche／ysco／TaCea），hawksbil［ theendangeredspeciesintJleWOHdbyIUCN（Lntemationalturtle（Eretmochelysimbrjcata）・OIiveridleyturtle unionofConservationNature）．Therearesevenspe－（Lepidochelys olivacea）1kemp’s TidLey turtEe cies，Whichconsistsofgreenturtle（Cheloniamydas），（Lepidochelyskempi）・logge「headturtle（CareEta

7J

Caretta）and blackturtle（Cheloniaagassizi）．whichis

StillstruggIlngtOSurViveinvariouspar［softheoceans・

The seawaters of some countries belonging to

Asian Countries are recognized as criticaIhabitatsfor

Sea turtles ofthe world．Research，COnSerVation and

managementactivitiesonseaturtleshavebeenconducted

ineachcoastalcountrylnthereg10n，buttherearest…

gapsinourknow】edgeofthebiologlCalcharacteristics

aswe”ashabitatsofseaturtres．ThereareonEy5species

Ofthem．whichhadbeenfoundinVietnamseawaterand

theyhavebeenthreaten［ngSPeCies．Therefore．seaturtles

need to be seriouslystudied and p「oper［y managedin

each memberofAsian Countriesaswellinothercoastal

nations．

The GovernmentofViet Nam recognlZeSthe

important ro（ein terms of the sea turtle research，

management and conservation．Viet Nam was「e－

initiated the necessary action only after ASEAN

WOrkshop on ASEAN Sea Turtles Conservation

Programme held4－5December1997inJakarta．

lndonesia．Sinceearly1998，theMinistryofFisherieshas

appointedtheResearchlnstituteforMarlneFisheTleS（RIMF）

as Nationallnstitution taking responsibilityforresearch

activities and proposing the generalframeworkin

managlngandprotectingseatu「tlesinVietNam．

★Use questionnaires，

★BasedlinesuNeyandmulti－discipllnarylnVeSti－

gation，Whichfocusonturtlenesting beachandtheir

ecosystemaswd10therconcerned，

★lbkepicturesofspecimenandhabitats，

★SetAuPtheNationalSeaTuTtleDatabasebyuslng

SPSS，Access．．．‖SOftwaretoanalyzetheirdistribution，

frequencynesting，breedingseason，location，bio10glCal

Characteristics，food chain，etC．

4．POPULAT10NSANDDISTRIBUT10N

OFSEATURTLES

SomedeflnitionsconcernIng ShouId beidentif［ed

as followlng二

★■■SeaTurtIes”liveinVietNamSeawaters，meanS

anyofthespecieslistedintablel．

Tablel：The five name ofsea turtIe speciesin

Viet Nam Seawaters．

Vietnamesename Englishname Scientif】cname

Vich Greenturtle C／†eJo／1／∂myd∂S

Doi Moi Hawksbi”turtle

′椚br／C∂f∂

RuaOLuu

0ノル∂Ce∂

Rua Da LeatherbackturtIe

COrJ∂Ce∂

QuanDong

2．OBJECTIVESOFTHEPREVIOUSAND

FUTUREPROJECTSARE：

－1bfaciIitate appropriate research，COnSerVation

and management of sea turtles between ASEAN

CountriesandVietNam．

一Ib enhance the common awarenessin term of

PrOteCtingtheseaturtles andothers，

n Tointroduce the advanced techno［ogyln

rnonito「lng，COntrO”lngandsurveylngforseaturtleswith

integrated coastalzone managementapproaches

’lHabitats11meansalltheaquaticandterrestrial

environmentswhich seaturtlesarein atanystage

Oftheirlife cycles，

’Vietnamese seawaters”means alIofthe water bod

iesandcoastalVietNamintheSouthChinaSea，

Which are underits」urisdiction．

’lConservation status of sea turtles”means the sum

Oftheinf［uencesactingonaseaturt（especiesthat

maya什ectitsbngrtermdistribution andabundance．

”Conservation status”wiIr be taken as11favorable”

When：

a）populationdynamicsdataindicatesthatthe

SeaturtlespeciesaremaintainIngitseIfonalong－

termbasisasaviablecomponentofitsecosystems；

b）therangeoftheseaturtlespeciesis neither

Currentlybeing reduced，nOrisrikelytobe「educed，

Ona10ng－termbasis；

3．METHODOLOGY

Prq）eCtmethodo】ogyareto：

★considerand classifytheirtaxonomy by using

IUCNstandardsandcategories】

★FieldsurveyontheflShermanboats，andassess

the uslngflShing gear，etC

★GatherandcoIlectinformationfrDmlogbookof

fishing boats，

★1nterview，meetinganddiscussionatthecoastal

COmmuneS（RRA，PRAtool），

了5

Table2．Sea turtle species and theiT OCCurrenCein Vietnam seawaters

A「ea Number of Species ScientifECnameOfSpecies

lbnkinGulf 4 C†】e／0仰amy由S

C∂／℃什∂C∂／℃打∂

De／mOC／Ie／γSCO「T∂Ce∂

亡refmoc／】叫唱血加c∂r∂

CentralSeawater 4 C∂re亡fac∂／℃打∂

C／1eJo／1／∂myぬ5

Frefmoc／1e／y5fmbr／c∈Iね

Dermoc／】e小吉CO／TaCe∂

South－eaSternSeawater 4 C∂J℃ff∂C∂／℃＃∂

C／1e／oJlねmy由ざ

亡代わ10CJ】eレS／m上l〟c8fa

」ep／doc／Te恒OJル∂Ce∂

South－WeSternWater 3 Careけac∂refね

（GulfofThailand） C／1eJo〃由mydaざ

Erefmoc／1eルS／m上〉r／C∂ね

Hoang Sa Archipelago 2 C∂re什∂C∂／℃ffa

（Paracels） 亡refmoc／7（ヲレ5血bJTC∂ra

TruOng Sa Archipelago 2 C／？e／0〃／∂仰ydaぶ

C）thereis，andwillbeinthefo「eseeable

future．sufficienthabitattomaintainthepopulation

oftheseatuTtlespeciesonaEongLtermbasis；and

d）thedistributionandabundanceofthesea

turtlespeciesapproachlevelstotheextentthat

POtentia11ysuitableecosystemsexistandtothe

extentconsistentwith wisewi［dlife management．

wisdom．Therefore，fishermen always trytoavoidto

CatChmaTineturtles．【fflShermenincidenta”ycatchturtles，

theyshouIdreleasethemimmediatelybacktothesea・

Someinterview－based studies were carried out

in1998－2002byRIMFinThanhHoa（lbnkinGuEf），Quang

Nam，Da Nangand Khanh Hoa provinces（Centralof

Vietnam），ConDaoandThoChulsLands（Southempart

andGulfofThailand）．Theresultsshowedthatmostof

themarineturtleswereincidentallycaughtbydifferent

typesoffishing gears especial［yby bottomtrawIs・

glllnets．Iong－llneandsometimesbypurseseine・However，

numberofmarineturtlesincidentallycaughtbyfishing

gearsasby－CatChinVietNamwasestimatedtobeles

thanlOOindividuaEsperyear，

Ontheotherhand，COaStaIhabitantswhoarenot

invoIved h fisheries activities are stillhunting marine

turtles byscubadivingandlong－lLneSfortourism pur－

posesorcollectingmarinetunleeggsfordomesticcon－

SumPtionasfood・

4．1．SPEC［ESOCCURRENCE

These five species of sea turtles have been

identifiedin Viet Nam and the occurrence ofthese

speciesthroughoutseawatersofVietNaminlbbIe2・

4．2．AFFECTOFHUMANACTIVITIESONPOPULATION OFMARINETURTLES

Ln Viet Nam，tu止Ieis considered asoneofthe

fourcultanimals．TurtlesaresymboLofLongevityand

DtheranimalsaresymboIsofpower，happ■neSSand

了6

ナ7

0bservations on nesting behaviourofsea

turt7esshowedthatturtlesusuaIEynestmostlyatnightat

about15minutesbeforeoraf（erspnngtide．

Hatch rate of sea turtles depends on the

interaction ofa numberoffactors，SuCh as salinity】

humidity，temPeTature，gaSflow，rainfalE，tidalinundation，

erosion，and predation，The hatch rate ranged with

average of75．3％．

5LNestingseasonandeggco”ection

Con Dao（Ba RiaLVunglbu），ThoChu（Kien

Giang）andNuiChua（NinhThuan）ReserveAreaarethe

main nestingsitesofseaturtlesinVietNam．Annually．

thousandsofseaturtlesgoashorefornestingonsand

beachesofthese ma］OrneStingsites．Nesting season

for sea turtles differs among different species．］n

general．nestingseason［astsfrom Marchto November

WiththepeakfromMaytoOctober．

Table3：Distribution by sea turtle speciesin the seawaters ofViet Nam，

Area Leatherback Olive Ridley Loggerhead Green HawkshilI

1もnkin Guげ

Centralwaters

Southeast waters

Southwest waters

Parace】sarchipelago

Spratly archipelago

十 ・ト ＋

＋ ・ト ＋

十 十 ＋

＋ ・十 ・ト

・ト ・＋ ・ト

Source：LX．Ai＆Thuoc1999，D．D．Dat，et．al．2002．

6．CONSERVAT10NANDMANAGEMENT

ln1995，the Programme”Sa［vation ofSea

Turtlesin Vietnam”has beenlaunched and supported

byWWF．0bservationson nesting behaviou「Dfmarine

turtles havebeenconducted during reproduction period

inCon DaoIsland．Nestingon nestingsitesinCon Dao

are recorded and marked，and those being threatened

bewashed awaybywaveshould beremovedtosafe

Sites．Newlyemerged hatchlingsare rearlnglnartificial

lakesforsometimethenisreleasedtosea．

Thenumberofsavedhatchlingswasincreased

gradua”yyearbyyear．ln19940nly6，000hatch［ings

have been reLeasedinto Vietnam Sea，increased to

28，500】70，000andlOO．000hatchlingturtlesin1995，1997

and2001，reSPeCtively．

The difficult prob［ems we are facingln

reseaTChand conservation ofmarinetur［lesinVietNam

areshortageoffinancialsupport，1ackoftrairmgoppor－

tunities，insufficient knowIedgetotechno10gyandit’s

appllCations，etC．

7．RESEARCHACT］VITIES

Present research has been conducted in relation

toseaturtlesinVietNam．Thetopictitled”Studyonmarine

tu「tlesresources，tOdeterminemeasurestoprotectand

developtheirresourcesinseawatersofVietNamsince

19980nryandwithveryllmitedbudgetgrantedbyMinistry

OfFisheriesofVietNam．Themainoり］eCtivesofthestudy

are as foFIows：

★To estimate the abundance and distribution of

sea turtles．

★lb study on tagglng，neSting behaviourand

biology．

★lt）Studyonaffectoffishinggearsonseaturtles．

★lb estabrish sanctuaries

Ontheotherhand．activities on conservation

of sea turtles in Can Dao have been carried out since

1995withassistanceoflUCN＿VNandWWFlndochina

in both technicaland fLnanCialterms．

1nstitutionscurrent［ylnVOIvedinresearchand

conservation on sea turtlesin Viet Nam are：Research

lnstituteofMarineFisheries（RIMF），Con Dao National

了8

Table4：Nurslng grOundsofseaturt［esfoundin Vietnanl

No Nursingground Sea tultle species

ConDaoIsland（incIuding16places） C／－e／oJl由mγda5，E「efmoc／】e／γSlmbrrc∂亡∂．

Ca／℃抒∂C∂J℃汀∂

2 NuiChua（NinhThuan） CJle／0／1由myd∈iぶ，亡refmocわeレ5／m加TC∂由

3 QuangNinh（incIudingVinhThucIslaTld C／】e／oJ？伯my由s

andMinhChaubeach）

4 BachLongVylsland（HaiPhong） C／1eJon由mγ由＄

5 Spratlyarchipelago C／le／oJl由myd8ざ

6 Phu Ouy lsland C／1eJo／1由myぬ5

7 PhuQuocIsland C／？eJo〃／∂my由5

8 Tho Chu lsland C／？e／0∩由叫′由5

Source：PhanHongDung2002；D．T．Datet．al．2002

Park and NuiChua Reserve Area．The following

researchers areinvoIvedin sea tuTtles research：from

RIMP－Dr．ChuTienVinh，Mr，PhanHongDung，Mr，Dinh

ThanhDat．FromConDaoNationalPark－Mr．DaoXuanAi．

Mr．NguyenTruongG】ang．FromNuiChuaReserveArea－

Mr．TranPhong．

－NationalLaw on Environment Protectionis－

suedin1993．

・PTOVisionsNo415rTTgdated20August19940f

PrimeMinisterpromulgatingthestatuteontheorganiza－

tionand activitiesofStatelnspectorsinthefieldofpro－

tection of fisheries resources．

TheMinistryofFisheriesofVietnam hasaIsois－

Suedotherrelatingdocuments，namely：

・CircularNoO4－TSITTdated4August1990guid－

1ng eXeCUtion ofordinance on protection and develop－

ment offisheries resources．

●CircuIar No O4－TSITTdated21November1994

guidingtheexecutionofenactmentNo85－CPonadminis－

trative punishmentinfisheries resources protection，

・Decision682TS／QDdatedllSeptembeT1993

enactingtheprovisionsonmarine「esourcesexploitation

and managementinkeyfishinggrounds

・Theordinancedated25April1989stipulatesthat

‖TheGovernmentofVietNamwelcomesand readyto

COOPerate Closerywith any reg10nalandinternational

Organizationsinprotecting，COnSerVIngflSherleSreSOurCeS，

theirhabitatsandothersharedaquaticlivlngreSOurCeS”．

8．LAWANDENFORCEMENT

Thereare notanyspecialenactments，regu［a－

tionson pertainingtoseaturtIesinVietNam．However，

thefo”owlng［egaEdocumentsissuedbytheGovernment

OfVietNamrelathgtotheFisheriesResourcesProtection

andDeve10Pment（includingseaturt（es）canbelisted：

・Ordinancedated25Apri119890nProtectionand

developmentofflSheriesresources，Whichstipulatedthat：

＝’Prohibitanyactionscauslngharmfula打ectson

resources，habitatsofaquaticlivingresourcesl’（Chapterl，

A「ticle5），

い’Exploitation andcommerceoflivlngaquatic

resourcesofhigheconomicvaIuebeingrare，threatened

Orendangeredshouldbebanned■1（Chapterll．ArticIe12）．

・EnactmentNo195－HDBT（CouncilofMinisters）

dated2June1990guidingonexecLrtionoftheOrdinance

dated25／Aprjl／1989．

・DecisionNo130－CPdated20Ap「‖991onEs－

tabIishmentoftheFisheriesProtectionDepa止mentunder

MinistryofFisheries，

9．LEARNEDLESSONSANDFUTURE

ACT10N PLAN：

9．1Learnedlessons

★Manyresearch，COnSerVationandmanagement

activities on sea turt［es have been donein Vietnam．

ナ9

allowpopulationsto recoverfrom theirreduced state，：

★itis strongly urged necessary to enforce the

PrOVisionsoflocal（grouplofdecree48／CP）andinter－

national（CITES）Eegislationforthepreventionoftradein

Sea turtle products．

★ltisstronglyurgedtoupgradethereg10nallUCN

Red Listcategoriesforal＝lVeSPeCiesofseaturtlein

VietNam，

＊We strong［y reconlmend that along withlocal

NGOgroups，WeShoulddevelopatwo－yearPrOJeCtthat

（1）developscommunitybased conservationinitiatives

through education and awareness raislng StrategleS，

and（2）expandsthebiologicalknowledgebaseforsea

turtIesinVietNam．

It is strongly urged to undertake or support a a

Single yearmoIecularecology projectto address（1）

asslgnmentOfnestingrookeriesintomanagementunits，

and（2）analysisofDNAco”ectedfromanimalscaughtat

Seain ordertodeterminewhich managementunits are

beinglmPaCtedbytheaccidentalanddirecttakeofsea

turtlesin Vietnam Seawaters．

★werecommendthatMinistryofFisheries（MoFl），

buildingonexperienceand knowledgegained byother

ASEAN nations，initiate research and developmentof

TEDrsin the Vietnamese trawlfESheries with the aim of

implementatiDnWithinthreeyears・

★The ProvincialOffices of MoFl（as Fishery

ResourceProtectionDepartment－FRPD）andMinistryof

Science，lbchnologyandEnvironment－MoSTE（asDe－

PartmentOfScience】l七chnologyand Environment－

DoSTE）areurgedtoundertakebaselinesurveysalong

selected rnainland andisland beaches to determine

sourcesandapproximatelevelsDfbeach－WaShed Eitter，

fIoatinglitter．andsubmergedlitter・

★We recommend that the Provincia10ffices of

MoFlinPhu、ねn，BinhThuan，BaRia－VunglbuandKien

Giangsupportap■lotresearchproJeCttOCOl）ectbaseline

biolog■CaldataonforaglngareaPOPuIations・1fimple－

mented，thiswouldbethefirstsystematicforaglnggrOund

StudyinSouthEastAsia・

★We recommend that representativesfrom the

MinistryofDefence－MoDontheSpratlyandParace‖slands

beprovidedvJiththenecessarytrain■ngand equlPment

toconductbaselinesurveys ofseaturtledistnbution，

abundance，StatuS andthreats．

★ltisstronglyurgedtocontinuesupportingthe

extremeIyvaluablenestingbeachtagg■ngStudiesatCon

DaoNationalPark．NuiChua（NinhThuan）ReserveArea

andThoChulsland（KienGiang），

★WerecommendthattheGovernmentofVietnam

supportmoredetailed baseEinestudiesatseveral

Since1998】Researchlnstitute for Marine Fisheries

（RIMF）has responsibilities to study on sea turtlesin

VietNam，WhichwasappointedbyGovemmentofViet

Nam．ResearchlnstituteforMarineFisheries（RIMF）has

COnducted a programmeso－Called”Research on sea

turtles resourcesto determine soMionsfoT PrOteCtion

and conservation activitiesin Vietnam seawaters”，

Which covered allbiologlCaland eco10glCaland man－

agement aspects．

★Marinespeciesconservation：Thiswi11focuson

dugongandseaturtlepopulations・ResearchonpopuEa－

tion．behaviour．mgratorypatterns，andrelianceonCon

Dao’s seagTaSS bedswillbe combinedwith species－

speciflCteChnicaltrainlngandlinkswithotherreg10naL

research programs．

★Education of10Calpeople and fishermenin

marineconservation，eSPeCiallyDfthecoralreefeco－

SyStem andseatunle／dugong protectionand

★SaveseaturtlesmeanthattheSharingRespon－

Sibility＋ResponsibLeFisheryOperation十MarineEnvi－

ronment∂lP「otection

9．2Future action plan：

Descriptionofactionpla両ncluding2components，

whichis combinedinthefollowlng6issues，theyare：

★sustainablenestingmanagement：

a／Nesting and enviTOnmentalconsiderationand

assessment，

b／StudyingandpilotapplyingTEDsinflShinggear

and p「actlces，

c／Sea turtle resource enhancement：】ncubating

andhatching／tagging／DNAtechnoLogleSandtaxonomic

iden“fication，

d／EstabIishingthe marine protected areas／artifl－

cialand naturaL reef，SeagraSSforseaturtles・

★lntegratedResearch，ConservationandMan－

agement：

e／Social－eCOnOmicimpacted research and vol－

untaTyaCtivitiesinreLationtoseaturtlemanagement

and conservation，and making a nationalnelwork，

f／Stopping／banningtheseaturtle■smarket，inno－

vating regulation and enhanclng aWareneSS PubLic・

RECOMMENDÅT10NS

WeherebyrecommendthattheGovernmentof

theSocialistRepublicofVietNamaddressthefollowlng

recommendationsinordertopreventfurtherdeclinesin

theseaturtlepopulationsinVietnamseawaters・andto

20

POSSible nesting beaches along the VietnarTL COaSttO

Clanfytheimportanceoftheseareasasseaturtle nestL

lngareaS．ForexampFe，DaNang．PhuYen，KhanhHoa，

PhuQuy，andtheouterisIandsofthelbnkinGuFf． ★VVe recommendthattheGovernmentofVietnam

undertake，OrSuPPOrt，aPrqeCtthatusesmodemsatelFite

telemetry techniques to increase the awareness and

undeTStandingoflocalVietnameseschooIchildrenand

Othercornmunitymembersaboutseaturtlemlgration．

★WestronglyurgetheGovemmentoftheSocialist

RepublicofVietNamtoslgnandimplementtheConvention

OnMigratorySpecies（CMS）．

ACKNOVVLEDGEMENTS

Thisrepor［formspartofanationaIfundedpro］eCt

todevelopa MarineTurtIeResearch，Managementand

Conservation forViet Nam．

Wewouldliketospec所caElythanktheofflCialand

【ocalpeopleforparticipatingIn Various aspects ofthe

SurVey and research，including assisting us to obtain

Permits．conductloca［fieldsuJ’VeyS．

Thisassistance，Sharingandcollaborationisgrate－

fully acknowledged，

REFERENCES

BairdlG・1993・SurveyofseaturtleproductsforsaleinshopsinHoCh＝ⅧnhCity，Vielnam．MaITneTuH／eNewsIeHer60：5－8，

Bocour（，F＝・，1886・NotessurlesReptiles，lesBatraciensetlesPoissonsrecueEespendanlunvoyageEeroyaumeduSfam．Bull，N．

月rcわ．仙S．什PP．4－20．

Bourret，Rり1927・Lafaunedelndoch】neInventairedeL■lndochine．Hanol（Soc．Geo．Hanoi）．

BoLJrret，R・，1941・LestorturesdeLllndochine・38e’note，lnst．Oceano．［’lndochine．pp．123、132．

BourretR・1941・Lesto「tuesde［’lndochine・lnstituteOceanograph†quedelllindochine．SlationMarFtimedeCauda，NhaTrang．

ChanEH＆LiewHC・1996rDeclineoftheleatherbackpopulationinl七rengganu，Malaysla，1956・1995．ChelonianConsewationand

β旧Jogy2：196－203．

Chevey，P・，i926・Lapechedeslbrturesaux］lesParacels（MerdeChine）．Bull．Soc．Aqulno．T．XXX”l，PP．102－105

ConDaoNationalPark，1999，2000and2001，（inV戸etnamesecirculation）Reportonresu／tsofconse／Vat［OnOfma血etu11lesinCon

D∂0八l∂〟onaJP∂止in1999－2001．

CrowderLB，CrouseDT，Heppe”SS＆MarLinTH・1994・PredictingthelmpactofTurtleExcluderDevicesOnLoggerheadSea－Turtle

Populations．亡co／09血／4pp／fc∂f加ぶ4：437－445．

DobbsKA，MiFlerJD，LirT．PuSCJ＆LandryAMJ・1999・HawksbiIturtIe，Eretmocherysimbricata，neSti［gatMilman［sland，nOrthern

GreatBar「ierReef，Australia，ChelonianConservationandBiology3：344L361．

DucLeDien＆BroadS．19g5．Exploitationofhawksbf”turtresinVietnam．TRAFFICBulIetin15：77－82．

GroombridgeB＆LuxmooreR・1989・ThegreenturtleandhawksbilHReptiIia：CheEonidae）：WOrEdstatus，eXPloitationandtrade．

Secr由〝∂†of納eCo〃Ve〃池口on仙e√∩∂f加∂／丁帽由fnEn由∩卵佗dSpec／esof晰／dF∂Un∂∂〃dF／0／a．，1∂〟S∂仰e．

HamannMark12002・Reproductivecycles，】nterrenaFgrandfunctionandlipidmobilisat†0両nthegreenseaturtleCheloniamydas，PhD

ThesFs．DepartmentofAnatomicalSciences，TheUniversityofQueensland．

rbrahinlK・1994・Thestatusofmar†neturtleconservationinPeninsulaMalays■a・lnNacuA，TronoR．PalmaJA，lbrresD＆AgasPJ，

eds・FirstASEANsymposium－WOrkshoponm8rTneturtleconservation・Manila，Philippines＝WWF－Phiipplnes．87hlO3．

lnstituteofOceanographyedL2000・Co”ectionDfmarineresearchworks・InstituteofOceanography，NhaTrang・

KamnlererAJ・1989・SunlmaryrePOrtfromTrawllbwTimeVersusSeaTurtreMortalityWorkshop・Mississ■PPiLaboratorres．SEFC，

NMFS，Pascagoula，MississIPPl．17．

Kiessr■ngl＆HamiltonC・2001・MarinedebrisatCapeAmhemNorlhernlbritory，Australia，WWF，Darwin．1－32．

LeXuanAi，2001・MarineturtlestatusreportinConDaoNatronalPark．WWF▼lndochina，HanorPublishedHouse．

LiewHC・ChanEH・PapiF＆LuschiP］1995・Longdistancem．grationofgreenturllesfromRedang■sEand，MaIaysia：Theneedfor

regionalcooperationinsealurtleconservation・lnternationalCongressofCheFonianConservatio［．Gonfaron．France．

LimpusCJ・2002・ConservationandresearchofseaturtlesintheWesternPacificregionLanOVerView．lnKinanl．ed．WestemPacific

Seatu州ecooperatFve「esearchandmanagementworkshop・Honol山Hawaii：WesternPacincFisheriesManagement

Council．

LimpusCJ＆CouperP・1994・Loggerheads：aSPeCiesindecIine50－80percentreduction∃nnestingfema■esoverthe■ast15years OftheeasternAustra＝anpopuEatio［】．Mldl（feAustralia30：11－13．

2T

LimpusCJ，CarterD＆HamannM・2001・Thegreenturtle，Che10niamydas，inQueensland：TheBrambleCayrookeryinthe1979－

1980b「eedingseason．ChelonianConservationandBio10gy4：34－46．

NEeylanA＆Donne”yM・1999・StatusjustificationforIistingthehawksbi”turtle（Eretmoche桓imbdcata）asCritica”yEndan9eredon

the19961UCNRedListofThrealenedAnimals．ChelonianConsewationandBiology3：200－224．

MiIIerJD，1997．Reproductio両nseaturtles．ln：LutzPL＆MusickJA，eds．TheBio】ogyofSeaTurtles．CRCPress．BocaRato［，PP．

51－83．

NEAed．1998．Vietnamsmarineenvironment．NEA－MinistryofScience，lbchnologyand Env汀onment，Hanoi．

Nguyen DuyThuong．1999．MarineturtlestatusreportinCon DaoNationalPark．WWF－lndochhla，Hanoi．1L24．

NguyenKhacHuorlg．1978．SomesealurtlesofthesoutheTnSeaSareaOfVietnam（inVietnamese）．Proceedingsofmarmeresearch

l：275－287．

PalmaJA．1994．MarinelurtleconservationinthePhilipplneS．lnNacuA．TronoR，PalmaJA，lbrresD＆AgasPJ】eds．FTrStASEAN

SymPOSium－WOrkshoponmarmetuJl／econsewation．Manila．Philippines：WWF－Phil叩PlneS，105－120．

PhamThuoc．2001．StatusofmarineturtIeresearch，COnSerVat†onandmanagement†nVietnameseseawaters．【nSchaubleC，ed．

丁ねJnJn9肋rねわoJ）Pn川∂〟nefu「侮「ese∂／Cわ∂ndco〃Se「帽伽∩／n）7e血肌∨unglも∪．Vietnam：lUCN－〉ietnam．

ResearchlnstituteforMarine Fisheries，MinistryofFisheriescfVietNam，1999，2000，2001and2002；（inVietnamese

Ci「cuFation）．AnnualreportsonfheSeaTu11leRese8rCh，ManagementandConservationPr扉ectsinVretNam，

RobinsJB．1995．EstimatedcatchandmortalilyofseaturtlesfromtheEastCoastOtterTrawIFisheryofQueensland，Australia，

βJo／og血／Con5eⅣ∂f加74：157．

SaliniJ，BrewerD，FarrTlerM＆RawlinsonN．2000．A5SeSSmentandbenefitsofdamagereductioninprawnsduetouseofdifFerent

bycatchreductiondevicesintheGuIfofCarpentaria，Austral】a．FisheriesResearchAmsterdam，Feb．45：1－8．

SeminoffJA．2002．Globalstaluso＝hegreenturtle（Cheloniamydas）：aSummaryOfthe2001statusassessmentforthelUCNredlist

P「09「amme：l〕CN．

ScdoyamaA，KamczakiN＆MiyawaT（il．1996．RecaptureinV弓etnamoftheroggeTheadturtle，neStedintheMiyakojimalsland，

Ok毒nawaA「chipeLagD．Umfg∂me帖ⅣS／e什erofJ叩即29：9．

SoehartonoT．1994．MarineturtleconservatioTlinlndonesia．lnNacuA，TronoR，PaImaJA，TorresD＆AgasPJ，eds．FirsLASEAN

SymPOSium－WOI＊shoponmannefu11Ieconservatlon・Manila，Philippines：WWFLPhilippines，75－85・

SuganumaH．2002．PopulationtrendsandmortalityofJapaneseIoggerheadturtles，Carettacaretta，lnJapan・lnKlnanl，ed・肋stem

PacincSeaTu11leCooperativeResearchandManagementWorkshop．Honolulu：WPFMC，77－79．

J，Thomson，TRAFFIC＿lndochina．2002・

Tran Minh Hien．2002．TheslatusofmarlneturtleconservationinVietnam．lnKinanl．ed．伸bsternPacif（CSeatUrtlescooperative

reぶe∂rCわ∂ndm∂∩∂9emenrWOr柚op．Hono仙∪：WPFMC・

WibbelsT．1989．ShTimptravJEinducedmorlalityofseatu州esdurhgshortduraliontraw†ing・MameTurtleNewslefter47：3－5・