8/12/2019 THE CHALLENGE TO FILIPINO HISTORIANS

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\FA MFCGGA@EA \H JKGKRK@H FK]\HTKC@]

H`a strknk`e jcmt cdhut Rfkgkppk`a fksthry ks tfct kt fcs `avar daa` wrktta` dyJkgkpk`hs. Kt ks trua, shia Jkgkpk`hs `cias cppacr h` tfa mhvars hj c jawRfkgkppk`a fksthry dhhns. Dut prcmtkmcggy cgg tfhsa Jkgkpk`hs iaragy ragy uph`,

suiicrkza hr mhipkga `ht h`gy tfa whrns duts cgsh tfa vkawphk`ts hj jhrake`wrktars. Rarfcps tfks ks k`avktcdga, mh`sklark`e tfct kt wcs jhrake`ars, `htJkgkpk`hs, wfh u`tkg rama`tgy fcl daa` icnk`e Jkgkpk`h fksthry.

\fks jcmt hj jhrake`ars icnk`e Rfkgkppk`a fksthry jhr Jkgkpk`hs fcs vary k`tarastk`eajjamts ava` th tfks lcy. Jhr k`stc`ma, wa fcva cgwcys daa` thgl tfct kt wcsIceaggc`, `ht Jkgkpk`hs, wfh lksmhvaral tfa Rfkgkppk`as. ]h laapgy fcs tfks daa`k`erck`al k` tfa Jkgkpk`h ik`l tfct skxtaa` yacrs cjtar k`lapa`la`ma, Jkgkpk`hsstkgg cgihst mhipgatagy ragy h` jhrake`ars th lksmhvar c`l mctcgheua tfa dh`as c`l`amngcmas hj tfakr c`masthrs.

Hj mhursa, Jkgkpk`hs cra `ht `amasscrkgy dattar fksthrkc`s tfc` ]pc`kcrls,Ciarkmc`s hr A`egksfia`. C`l fksthry ks supphsal th da c` hdoamtkva smka`ma.Dut sk`ma cgg ia` wktfhut axmaptkh` mc``ht fagp dak`e sudoamtkva k` h`a sa`sahr c`htfar, kt saais tfct hdoamtkvkty mc` da cttck`al h`gy dy facrk`e vkaws jrhidhtf sklas. \h eat tfa wfhga trutf, h`a iust facr `ht h`gy tfa sfhuts hj tfavkmthrs dut cgsh tfa mrkas hj tfa vc`quksfal.

\cna tfa mcsa hj tfa eract Iceaggc`. Kt ks wrktta` tfct wfa` fa sthppal ct h`a hjtfa sicgg ksgc`ls k` tfa Uastar` Rcmkjkm, shia hj tfa `ctkvas sthga c sicgg dhctdagh`ek`e th fks jgaat. Kiialkctagy fa mcggal tfai tfkavas, c`l `cial tfakr

ksgc`ls Gclrh`as Ksgc`ls. ]fhrtgy, tfaracjtar, fa racmfal hur sfhras c`lwktfhut tfa sgkeftast dy yhur gacva, fa stcrtal th mgcki tfa wfhga crmfkpagcehdy jhrma. Sukta `cturcggy, fa lkl `ht mcgg fkisagj c`l spamkcg `cia. @hr lklJkgkpk`h mfkajtck`, fksthrkc` hr mhiia`tcthr. C`l th tfks lcy hur mfkglra` cratcueft tfct Iceaggc` wcs skipgy c drcva shglkar c`l h`a hj tfa eractast`cvkecthrs hj cgg tkia.

\fa`, tfara wara tfa ihrhs jrhi tfa shutf. \fay wara raphrtal th fcva rcklalmhiiu`ktkas oust c jaw ikgas cwcy jrhi tfakr fhias. Sukta phsktkvagy, tfay waramcggal pkrctas. Dut, cgtfhuef tfa ]pc`kcrls sckgal ta`s hj tfhusc`ls hj ikgascwcy jrhi tfakr hw` mhu`try th sakza c`l sudouecta c mhipgatagy jhrake` `ctkh`,

tfara ks `h ramhrl hj Ihrhs mcggk`e tfa ]pc`kcrls c skikgcr `cia.

Ava` thlcy, ic`y Jkgkpk`hs whugl tcna sumf `hvag vkaws cs c` cjjrh`t th tfakrk`taggkea`ma hr c` k`sugt th tfakr sa`skdkgktkas. Jhr lkl `ht tfa ]pc`kcrls mhia thMfrkstkc`kza tfa Jkgkpk`hs8

K`laal, wa tacmf hur mfkglra` tfct tfa ]pc`kcrls mcia th tfa Rfkgkppk`as jhrtfraa racsh`s? avc`eagkzctkh`, phgktkmcg ceerc`lkzaia`t c`l mhiiarmkcgksi?

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Mrhss, ]maptar c`l Ih`ay. \h tfa mhgh`kzar, parfcps kt wcs c fcppy c`l ihstjhrtu`cta mhidk`ctkh`. C`l ava` tfa ihst raspamtal tfk`nars thlcy lh `ht saac`ytfk`e erkavhusgy wrh`e wktf tfa klac. K` jcmt, tfay wrkta c`l tcgn cdhut tfarhic`tkm scec hj tfa ]whrl c`l tfa Mrhss. Fhw whugl Mfrkst fcva ghhnal kjFa fcl mhia th tfks whrgl k` tfa mhipc`y hj Thic` Ea`arcgs c`l Oawksf

dusk`assia`8 \fara ks `h ramhrl hj sumf quastkh` dak`e csnal aktfar kRfkgkppk`a fksthry hr k mhiia`tcrkas tfarah`. Ufct ks ramhrlal ks tfct tfaJkgkpk`hs cra c vary kiprasskh`cdga pahpga.

Axcmtgy h`a waan cjtar Iceaggc` gc`lal k` Madu, 622 Jkgkpk`hs pcec`s waradcptkzal. Fksthry lhas `ht ramhrl fhw ic`y tkias Iceaggc` jkral tfa mc``h`shj fks sfkps dajhra tfctoust th eraat tfa Jkgkpk`hs hr th sctksjy tfakr murkhskty.Dut kt ghhnal cs kj tfa ]pc`kcrls wara ct tfa phk`t hj lksmhvark`e c iatfhl ihraajjamtkva tfc` Mfrksts? ralaiptkh` wktfhut thh iumf mrumkjkxkh`. Q`jhrtu`ctagy,c jaw lcys gctar, Iceaggc` fcppa`al th da nkggal k` dcttga c`l shia hj fks ia`damcia jrasf wktf Maduc`c ekrgs. \fa `awgy dcptkzal Jkgkpk`hs ghst `h tkia k`

k`vktk`e tfa ]pc`kcrls th c rcra varskh` hj Jkgkpk`h fhspktcgkty jrhi wfkmf varyjaw ]pc`kcrl mcia hut cgkva. Qp th tfks lcy, mhiia`tcthrs h` Rfkgkppk`a fksthrycppacr th da u`cwcra hj c`y kiprcmtkmcgkty k` tfa pcrt`arsfkp datwaa` tfa ]whrlc`l tfa Mrhss.

Hur fksthry dhhns cra jkggal wktf cmmhu`ts hj fhw mhgh`kzars gkna Icrtk` la Ehtk(888) whugl csn Jkgkpk`h rugars th ekva up tfakr tfrh`as, swacr cggaekc`ma c`l pcytrkduta th tfa nk`e hj ]pck`, k` c ic``ar cgihst cs skipga c`l cturcg cs tfhueftfa mhgh`kzars wara oust csnk`e tfai th cdhut c ik`hr `uksc`ma. Ufa` shia hjtfa Jkgkpk`h rugars rajusal, tfay wara `cturcggy wkpal hut oust cs h`a whugl`cturcggy wkpa hut c pgceua tfct sthhl k` tfa wcy hj fuic` prherass c`l

fcppk`ass. @h h`a ramhrlal tfa racmtkh`, tfa csth ksfia`t, tfa mh`jgkmt, tfapctfhs c`l tfa fuic` lrcic tfct fcppa`al k` tfa shugs, tfa jcikgkas c`l tfapahpga hj tfa ghmcg mfkajs.

\fks ic` wcs c eract ]pc`ksf mh`qukstclhrtfct, c eract mhgh`kzar tfct ceract ]pc`ksf Ehvar`hr-Ea`arcg. Fa pcmkjkal vcrkhus raekh`s, fa mhiic`lal`cvcg jgaats, fa dukgt tfa mkty wcggs, c`l fa mh`strumtal mfurmfas. \h tfks lcywa c`l hur mfkglra` mh`sklar tfai tfa eractast ia` hj tfct parkhl. Dut wfhthhn tfa pck`s th ramhrl tfa `uidar hj Jkgkpk`hs nkggal, fhw tfay wara jhrmal thdukgl tfa sfkps, fhw tfay wara wrastal jrhi tfakr jcikgkas, fhw tfay c`l tfakrmfkglra` wara kiphvarksfal, fhw tfay wara jhrmal th mcrry tfa sth`as c`l dukgl

tfa wcggs c`l mfurmfas8 Cfdut wfy dhtfar cdhut tfai8 Cra tfay `ht tfaprhpargy u`n`hw` k`eralka`ts hj c mhiih` lastk`y c`l mhiih` eghry8

Rfkgkppk`a fksthry phk`talgy ramhrls k` c `uidar hj pgcmas fhw mhstgy kt wcs jhrtfa ]pc`ksf Mrhw` th naap tfa Rfkgkppk`as. Hj mhursa, `h h`a sfhugl daeruleatfa ]pc`kcrls tfct mralkt. Dut `h ia`tkh` ks icla hj fhw mhstgy kt wcs jhr tfaJkgkpk`hs! Fhw mhugl fksthry fcva ikssal tfks htfarwksa jruktjug iutucgkty hj

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jaagk`es8 \fus, Jkgkpk`h lasma`lc`ts fcva cgwcys jagt laapgy hdgkeal th tfamh`quarhrs hj tfakr c`masthrs.

Jk`cggy, fksthrkc`s icna c suiictkh` hj ouleia`t h` ]pc`ksf mhgh`kzctkh` k`tfa Rfkgkppk as. Aik`a`t smfhgcrs, smka tksts c`l wrktars cra mh`sugtal c`l

quhtal. \fay mhia jrhi vcrkhus pcrts hj tfa whrgls? Tak`smf, Ocehr, Gc Rarhusa,Dhur`a, GaThy, atm., atm., atm, (888mfamn `cias). \fa icohrkty hpk`kh` saaisth da tfct ]pck` wcs c raicrncdga summass. Ufh ks th qucrrag wktf sumf couleia`t8 Dut tfa k`tarastk`e jcmt ks tfct tfa ic` ihst mh`mar`al c`l ihstcjjamtal k` tfa kssuatfa Jkgkpk`hwcs `ht csnal th ra`lar fks hpk kh`. Kt ksiaragy ramhrlal tfct tfa Jkgkpk`hs laskra th da jraa dgaw hut, gkna shia saik-axtk`mt vhgmc`h, k` sphrclkm aruptkh`s. ]h usal th tfks tractia`t fcva wa daa`tfct k` whrgl cjjckrs thlcy ic`y Jkgkpk`hs whugl shh`ar quhta tfa whrgls dkeia` tfc` spacn jhr tfakr hw` gkttga sagvas.

Da tfct cs kt icy, thwcrls tfa a`l hj tfa `k`ataa`tf ma`tury, c gkikt th Jkgkpk`h

kiprasskh`cdga`ass wcs racmfal. Jkgkpk`hs jk`cggy lamkla th icna tfakr hw`fksthryc`l parfcps wrkta kt thh. Dut u`jhrtu`ctagy (hr jhrtu`ctagy) tfa Jkgkpk`hsjhu`l tfaisagvas thssal jrhi tfa gcp hj tfa eract Mfrkstkc` mkvkgkzar th tfct hj ceract Laihmrct tacmfar. ]h, ceck`, kt wcs th da icla c`l wrktta` dy shiadhlyagsa jhr tfai.

\fa sphtgkeft wcs jhmusal h` Rcrks c`l Ucsfk`eth`. Dajhra tfay n`aw kt, tfaJkgkpk`hs wara purmfcsal ct c gkttga ihra tfc` twh lhggcrs c facl. \fa` tfarawcs tfa mghsa-up hj Rraskla`t ImNk`gay, sgaapgass k` fks dalrhhi, u`larehk`e c`hrlacg hj mh`smka`ma? Ufct th lh wktf tfa Rfkgkppk`as8 Jk`cggy mcia tfa facva`gyk`spkrctkh`? Ciarkmc sfhugl naap tfa Rfkgkppk`as k hrlar th alumcta c`l mkvkgkza

tfa dcmnwcrls Jkgkpk`hs. (Fhw krraskstkdga tfa Jkgkpk`hs fcva daa` cs c` hdoamthj jhrake` ea`arhskty!) \fus, fksthry cipgy fkefgkeftal tfa u`pramala`talgkdarcgkty c`l prherasskvas hj Rraskla`t ImNk`gay. C`l `h h`a scw tfa `aal hjprhdk`e c`y Jkgkpk`h dalrhhi th jk`l hut wfct ceh`y, kj c`y, trc`spkral k` tfafacrt c`l ik`l hj tfa gkttga ic` jrhi Ncwkt, hr hj tfa pcrcgytkm k` tfa fciihmn,hr hj tfct dacrlal ravhgutkh`cry wfh rajusal th surra`lar jhr sh gh`e.

C`l `h h`a avar wh`laral cghul wfct, kj tfa h`gy purphsa hj tfa Ciarkmc`s wcsth tacmf c`l mkvkgkza tfa Jkgkpk`hswfy lkl tfay `ht oust icna c qukta prhphscgth Ea`arcg Ceuk`cglh8 Ufy lkl tfay fcva th pcy $42,222,222 th purmfcsa tfaRfkgkppk`as8 Ufy lkl tfay fcva th sa`l 34:,

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cpphk`tal laja`lars th tfa u`thgl iksary hj tfhsa wfh wara supphsal th dalaja`lal8 Ufh wcs rasph`skdga jhr tfhsa dgu`lars8 (Cf, dut8) Ufy dhtfarcdhut tfasa tfk`esk` tfa gkeft hj tfa eghrkhus gkdarctkh`8 \fa Ocpc`asa warahvar-cidktkhus, thh ic`y Jkgkpk`hs wara k`mhipata`t (cgtfhuef tfay ralaaialtfaisagvas k` Dctcc`)dut lkl ht tfa eract Ea`arcg ratur` cs fa prhiksal c`l

sattga cgg smhras8

Ufy lwagg h` tfa lcrnar cspamts hj hur fksthry8 Ufct ehhl mc` mhia hj kt8 Crawa `ht wagg a`huef hjj, wktfhut lksmhvark`e c`l rahpa`k`e hgl whu`ls8

K`laal, wa cra `ht wktfhut shia rawcrls. Jhr tfa ekjt hj Mfrkstkc`kty, `hsujjark`e whugl fcva daa` thh eract. C`l k` ic`y raspamts Ciarkmc a`rkmfalhur laihmrcmy c`l fuic`kty. Q`jhrtu`ctagy, tfks jcktf c`l tfks a`rkmfia`twara kipgc`tal cih`e us wktf mh`ea`ktcg lajamts. Rarfcps kt whugl fcva daa`thh iumf th axpamt ihra. Dut u`gass wa racgkza tfasa lajamts dy trcmk`e tfakrfksthrkmcg rhhts, wa ikeft stkgg ghsa wfct wa fcva eck`al ct sh lacr c prkma.

\fa fksthrkmcg lajamt hj hur Mfrkstkc`kty crksas jrhi tfa jcmt tfct kt wcs k` h`awcy hr c`htfar kiphsal uph` us dy jhrma. Hur vary mfurmfas wara dukgt dyjhrmal gcdhr. \h c eract axta`t, tfa` Mfrkstkc`kty damcia jhr us c sat hj axtar`cgrktucgs, hr c` cgtar`ctkva th shmkcg hstrcmksi, hr c fcva` hj hpphrtu`kty, hr ct dastc` c`tk`e-c`tk`e ceck`st atar`cg jkra. Kt fcs `ht qukta damhia, cs kt sfhugl, c`cgg-phssassk`e suparmfcrek`e wcy hj gkja tfct ke`ktas tfa ik`l wktf mh`vkmtkh`c`l mh`suia tfa facrt wktf c pcsskh` tfct a`sgcvas h`gy damcusa kt gkdarctas.

Ua sfhugl, tfarajhra, tcna c samh`l, mcrajug ghhn ct tfks prkmagass farktcea. Ufctwcs pravkhusgy tfrust k`th hur fc`ls dy jhrma, wa sfhugl `hw racmf hut th k`

jraalhi k` hur hw` jcsfkh`. Ufct wcs kiprassal uph` us dy tfa phwar hjaxtar`cg rkta c`l maraih`y wa sfhugl ra-cdshrd wktf tfa wcri aidrcma hju`larstc`lk`e, mh`vkmtkh` c`l sagj-phssasskh`. K` tfct wcy, Mfrkstkc` Jkgkpk hswkgg `ht h`gy da jkrigy rhhtal laap k` tfks u`kvarscg jcktf dut tfay icy cgsh fhpth dghsshi k` kt wktf tfakr hw` lkstk`mtkva jghwar. C`l tfks tfay mc` fhpa th lhh`gy kj, u`lar c raekia hj jraalhi, tfay gacr` th ghhn ct trutf, pcst c`l prasa`t,squcragy k` tfa jcma.

\fa Rfkgkppk`as c`l Ciarkmc fcva aidcrnal h` c pcrt`arsfkp hj jraalhi c`lfuic` aqucgkty. \hlcy, tfks pcrt`arsfkp ks dy `h iac`s jraa hj krrktc`ts c`lc`hicgkas. Ic`y hj tfasa prhdgais eraw hut hj tfa fyphmrkskas, wacn`assas,

c`l ikscpprafa`skh` hj tfa pcst.

Jhr k`stc`ma, wa fcva daa` tcueft th da erctajug th Ciarkmc jhr fcvk`e rugal usiaragy jhr hur hw` ehhl. Dut tfa jcmt ks Ciarkmc hmmupkal tfa Rfkgkppk`asprk`mkpcggy th prhtamt c`l prhihta far k`tarast. Ihrahvar, dy cssuik`eshvarake`ty hvar tfa Rfkgkppk`as wktfhut tfa mh`sa`t hj tfa Jkgkpk`hs, Ciarkmccssuial jugg rasph`skdkgkty jhr avarytfk`e tfct fcppa`al th tfai. Hur prasa`tshmkcg, amh`hikm c`l phgktkmcg prhdgais crhsa lkramtgy hr k`lkramtgy jrhi

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Ciarkmc` phgkmkas c`l cmtkh`s lurk`e tfa Ciarkmc` raekia. Kt ks tfa ercvahdgkectkh` hj Ciarkmc, tfa`, u`lar oustkma, th fagp tfa Jkgkpk`hs shgva tfasaprhdgais. ]umf prhdgais, tfarajhra, cs tfhsa h` wcr lcicea hr jhrake` ckl cra`ht ghvars qucrrags cs shia Jkgkpk`h hjjkmkcgs ikeft wc`t th lasmrkda tfai. \faycra prhdgais hj oustkma c`l mh`jgkmt hj k tarast. \h shgva hur prhdgais wktf

Ciarkmc, wa iust erhw hut hj tfct clhgasma`t ia`tcgkty mfcrcmtarkstkm hj hurhutghhn h` hur mhgh`kcg pcst.

@hr mc` wa racggy prasuia wktf martktula tfct wa cra `hw ihra jraa c`l ihralaihmrctkm tfc` wa whugl fcva daa` kj Ciarkmc avar k`tarva`al k` hur pahpgasravhgutkh` ceck`st jhrake` lhik`ctkh`. \fks ks sh, kj h`gy damcusa hj tfamh`trclkmtkh` k`fara`t k` Ciarkmc mhgh`kcg phgkmy> th tacmf tfa Jkgkpk`hs jraalhidy tcnk`e kt cwcy jrhi tfai. H` tfa htfar fc`l, k` martck` raspamts Ciarkmc`k`jgua`ma fcs a`rkmfal hur laihmrcmy. Axcmtgy wfara, fhw, th wfct axta`tktks sh tarrkdgy kiphrtc`t jhr us th latarik`a. Jhr wfkga k` shia raspamts wa fcvau`lhudtalgy kiprhval, k` htfars wa fcva laea`arctal hr wkgg laea`arcta,

damcusa hj Ciarkmc` k`jgua`ma. Fa`ma, martck` clcptctkh`s c`l ihlkjkmctkh`sfcva th da icla, kj Ciarkmc` k`jgua`ma ks racggy th a`rkmf c`l `ht lajhriRfkgkppk`a laihmrcmy. Dut wa mc``ht jk`l tfa trua c`swars, kj wa eh h` vkawk`ehur pcst gkna rcf-rcf dhys hr mhgh`kcg cphgheksts hr stcrry-ayal ghvars hr wkstjugickla`s.

\fks ks tfa eract mfcgga`ea th Jkgkpk`h fksthrkc`s thlcy. C`l kj kt ikeft prhva thhgcta jhr Jkgkpk`hs th wrkta tfakr pcst fksthry, tfay mhugl ct gacst gacr` fhw th raclkt wktf tfakr hw` ayas.