The Challenge of Homer: School, Pagan Poets and Early Christianity:

8/13/2019 The Challenge of Homer: School, Pagan Poets and Early Christianity:

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JOULV @CUFPYFOMFYV FM @BMYJSY

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Abcm D. K. Eor`loy

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@bpyrfkct# Norl Blov Pomimjs, 5776

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Wotjmts O`t, ?633, tb ej fijmtfji os tcj Outcbr bh tcfs wbrn.

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Erftfsc Lferory @otolbkufmk-fm-Wuelfòtfbm Ioto

O òtolbkuj rj`bri hbr tcfs ebbn fs ovofloelj hrbd tcj Erftfsc Lferory

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Mbrhbln
http://www.continuumbooks.com/http://www.continuumbooks.com/


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Ijif`otji tbdy tjo`cjrs,

dy lotj dbtcjr omi dy hotcjr fm portf`ulor


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Dbijrm Pbur`js

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Oeerjvfotfbms xf


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Eosfl bh @ojsorjoOibl. Oi oibljs`jmtjs (Oiirjss tb Vbumk Djm bm Ujoifmk Krjjn

Lftjroturj)

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Huk. Ij huko jt fmvjmtfbmj

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Ljkot. Ljkotfb oi Kofud

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Pbdm. Ij sbdmffs

Ppj`. Ij spj`folfeus ljkfeus

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Mot. Oi motfbmjs

Wrojs`r. Ij projs`rfptfbmj cojrjtf`brud

SjmbpcbmDjd. Djdbroeflfo

Pydp. Pydpbsfud

Oeerjvfotfbmsxfv


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MBYJ BMPBZU@JP

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WUJHO@J

Ycfs prbaj`t wbuli mbt covj ejjm pbssfelj wftcbut tcj suppbrt omi cjlp

hrbd domy. Ft fs dy pljosurj tb jxprjss krotftuij tb tcbsj wcb kovj dj ocjlpfmk comi olbmk tcj woy. F bwj tcomns tb tcj lferory stohh bh dy s`cbbl,DH Mbrwjkfom P`cbbl bh Ycjblbky, hbr nfmily omi potfjmtly prbvfifmkdj wftc tcj lftjroturj F mjjiji. Dy s`cbbl kromtji dj dbmjy tb covj dyJmklfsc prbbhrjoi. Ycfs tosn cos ejjm umijrtonjm wftc potfjm`j omiiflfkjm`j ey Ir Iovfi Wukc.

Wrbhjssbr Bsnor Pnorsoumj omi Ir Ujfior Ooskoori wjrj nfmi jmbukctb `bddjmt upbm ports bh tcj stuiy. Ossfstomt Wrbhjssbr Kljmm [jcus

lbbnji fmtb tcj Krjjn bh dy domus`rfpt. F od jspj`folly krotjhul tbWrbhjssbr Abcm D.K. Eor`loy, tcj jiftbr bh tcj sjrfjs, hbr rj`bddjmifmkdy stuiy tb Y&Y @lorn/@bmtfmuud hbr puelfòtfbm. Cfs òrjhul rjoifmkomi `bddjmts covj `bmtrfeutji `bmsfijroely tb tcj fdprbvjdjmt bh tcjdomus`rfpt. Ycfs opplfjs tb Wrbhjssbr Lbvjioy Oljxomijr os wjll> scjbhhjrji `bmstru`tfvj `rftf`fsd bh o rst iroht bh tcj domus`rfpt. F bwjtcomns tb Pjmfbr Jiftbr Coorfs Moqvf hbr cfs cjlp omi `bbpjrotfbm fmprjporfmk tcj domus`rfpt hbr puelfòtfbm. Oltcbukc F covj ejmjtji hrbdtcj cjlp bh domy pjbplj, omy scbrt`bdfmks br dfstonjs rjdofm hully dyrjspbmsfeflfty.

F ijifòtj tcfs ebbn tb oll dy tjo`cjrs, hrbd dy `cflicbbi bm tbprjsjmt-ioy `blljokujs, eut jspj folly tb dy porjmts wcb fmtrbiu`ji dj tbtcj pljosurj bh ljormfmk, omi wcb fmtrbiu`ji dj tb @crfst.

Bslb, Puddjr 5773


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WOUY ?

P@CBBL, CBDJU OMIJM@V@LF@OLJIZ@OYFBMFMOMYF_ZFYV


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Ycfs pokj fmtjmtfbmolly ljht elomn


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@coptjr ?

FMYUBIZ@YFBM

?.? O Vbumk Ebys Yjxtebbn omi o Efk @colljmkj

Odbmk tcj sb-òllji Wopyrf Ebrfomt bh Jkypt tcjrj orj sbdj pokjs hrbdtcj comiwrfttjm tjxtebbn bh o stuijmt, opporjmtly o ybumk eby, fm tcjhburtc `jmtury @J.? Ycj ebbn kfvjs o klfdpsj bh lfhj fm om`fjmt prfdorys`cbbls, mb ifhhjrjmt hrbd btcjr sfdflor mifmks hrbd omtfqufty. Cjrj orjlfstji tcj Cbdjrf` kbis omi tcjfr dytcblbky oll tonjm ibwm fm brijr tbho`flftotj djdbrfzotfbm. Ycj modjs wcf`c tcfs s`cbbleby coi tb ljorm eycjort oppjor fm sfdflor hrokdjmts hrbd stuijmts jxjr fsj ebbns.5

@bdporji tb btcjr tjxtebbns hrbd om`fjmt prfdory s`cbbls, tcfs popyrusfs mbt jxtrobrifmory jx`jpt hbr tcj `rbss ft ejors!

Bm tcj rst scjjt bh tcj popyrus tcj eby cos irowm tcfs @crfstfomsydebl hbllbwji ey tcj Krjjn wbri qjbv", djomfmk Kbi. Ycfs wbri fshbllbwji ey tcj Krjjn ljttjrs jkwl-> eut umhbrtumotjly, tcj popyrus fsiodokji, omi tcj `bdpljtj wbri tcjrjhbrj rjdofms tb ej rj`bmstru`tji.Ycj fmtjrprjtotfbm bh jkwl- fs hor hrbd `jrtofm, eut jkwl- opporjmtlyhbrds tcj rst port bh om ummfscji wbri. Ycj oppjorom`j bh tcj `rbss oswjll osqjbv" cos lji s`cblors tb ossudj tcot tcfs tjxtebbn bm`j ejlbmkji

tb o @crfstfom s`cbbleby.Ycj tjxtebbn fs prbeoely jvfijm`j bh o s`cbbleby ejtwjjm ; omi ?5

yjors bh okj, `bdfmk hrbd o @crfstfom cbdj, omi sjjnfmk sbdj nfmi bhprbtj`tfbm okofmst tcj ùrrfùlud cj wos jxpj`tji tb djdbrfzj. Ycfs doyscji lfkct bm tcj fmtjrprjtotfbm bh jkwl-. Hrbd Ajwfsc troiftfbm tcj@crfstfoms oibptji tcj pro`tf`j bh soyfmk o ejrono, o eljssfmk br o profsjwcjm tcjy jdeornji bm vorfbus nfmis bh o`tfvftfjs (sjj j.k. Jpc.?.0> ? Wjt.?.0). Krjjn tjxts mbrdolly rjmijr tcj Cjerjw ejrono wftc qjb>"

jualbkctbv", djomfmk Eljssji/Wrofsji ej Kbi. @buli tcj ljttjrs jkwl-ej wcot fs ljht bh o s`cbblebys umsu``jsshul ottjdpt tb wrftj jualbkctbv"2

? Ycfs mbtjebbn fs prjsjmtji ey Lj`ljrq ?6031 567?75> sjj olsb Dorrbu ?6:81 05: omi

Lofstmjr ?6:71 :?. Dy prjsjmtotfbm fs ijpjmijmt upbm tcjfr fmtjrprjtotfbm.

5 Jxodpljs hrbd sfdflor mbtjebbns orj `bllj`tji ey Qfjeortc ?6?0. @rfefbrj ?668 fs om

jxtjmsfvj stuiy bh s`cbbl fm Kroj`b-Ubdom Jkypt eosji bm tcj jvfijm`j hbumi fm su`c

dotjrfol> sjj j.k. pp. 5;00, :0::. Wcbtbkropcs bh tcfs dotjrfol orj `bllj`tji ot tcj jmi bh

cjr fmvjstfkotfbm. Ycj sfkmfòm`j bh su`c s`cbbl tjxts fs jdpcosfzji olsb ey Dbrkom ?663.


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Uohhojllo @rfefbrjs stuiy bh sfdflor s`cbbl jxjr`fsjs kfvjs jxodpljs bhjrrbrs hbumi fm tcfs dotjrfol, wcf`c scj soys orj oeumiomt. Fm ho`t, tcjprjsjm`j bh jrrbrs fm tcj `bpyfmk fs om fmifòtfbm bh tcj s`cbbl brfkfm bh

tcj tjxt.0

Ycj tcjbry kljomji hrbd tcfs popyrus òm corily ej prbvji, eut ft lbbnsprbeoelj. Ycj tjxtebbn òm, tcjrjhbrj, ej sjjm os o cjlphul fllustrotfbm bhtcj tbpf` bh tcfs ebbn1 [cot bpfmfbms omi ottftuijs ifi tcj @crfstfoms bhtcj rst hbur `jmturfjs @Jcbli wftc rjkori tb prfdory jiuòtfbm2 WopyrusEbrfomt doy pbssfely wftmjss tb cbw o eby sblvji tcfs `colljmkj. Cjottjmiji s`cbbl omi djdbrfzji wcot cj wos tbli tb ib, eut cj sbukctprbtj`tfbm okofmst tcj Cbdjrf` kbis fm tcj prfdory sydebl bh cfs hoftc.

Ycus tcfs tjxtebbn wftmjssjs tb o `bmstf`t wftc wcf`c domy ejlfjvjrs wjrj`bm`jrmji. Abcm @crysbstbd vbf`js o qujstfbm wcf`c j`cbjs tcrbukcbuttcj cfstbry bh tcj Jorly @cur`c1 [cot fs tcj usj ^b^hjlb"T bh sjmifmk bur`cflirjm tb tcj kroddorfom jfa" ifiosnovlbu"T, wcjrj, ejhbrj ljormfmktcjfr tjxts ^bfA lbvkbfT, tcjy wfll o`qufrj wf`njimjss ^nonfvoT, omi, fm tcjfrijsfrj tb rj`jfvj o trfstj tb> jlottbmT, tcjy wfll lbsj tcj dbst fdpbrtomttcfmk tb> djf'zbmT, oll tcj vfkbur omi cjoltc bh tcjfr sbul yu`cvT (Oivjrsusbppukmotbrjs vftoj dbmostfòj 0.??/WK 9;.08;).9 Ycj tjxt j`cbjs Ajsus

if`tud oebut cfs hbllbwjr tonfmk up tcj `rbss omi hbrhjftfmk lfhj (Dn 3.09-03 omi porolljls). Ycfs qujstfbm fs rofsji fm o sftuotfbm wcjrj @crfstfomporjmts fm Omtfb`c wjrj fmvblvji fm o ijeotj wftc Abcm @crysbstbd oebutdbmostf` trofmfmk bh tcjfr sbms. Ft tcus `bdjs hrbd o ijvjlbpji stokj fmtcj `bmstf`t wcf`c tcfs ebbn fs fmvjstfkotfmk. Eut tcj qujstfbm j`cbjs tcjqujstfbm wcf`c domy @crfstfom porjmts, dbstly hrbd tcj jlftj, dust covjosnji tcjdsjlvjs tcrbukcbut tcj rst `jmturfjs @J.

Ycj popyrus djmtfbmji oebvj ottjsts tb o prbeljd hrjqujmtly oiirjssji

fm jorly @crfstfom wrftfmks1 [os tcjrj o plo`j hbr o @crfstfom fm pokoms`cbbls2 Yb wcot jxtjmt wos ft pbssfelj hbr o @crfstfom tb tonj pljosurj fmtcj rjoifmk bh pokom ebbns omi fm donfmk bh tcjd cfs hovburftj djmtolifjt.: Ycfs qujstfbm povjs tcj woy hbr du`c krjotjr qujstfbms, ollfmvblvji wftc tcj rjlotfbmscfp ejtwjjm tcj @crfstfom hoftc omi Krjjn`lossfòl troiftfbm omi ùlturj. Yb opprbo`c tcfs `bdpljx tcjdj hrbd tcjpjrspj`tfvj bh jiuòtfbm omi wcot `cflirjm wjrj toukct fm s`cbbl wfllflludfmotj tcj ùlturol `bmstf`t, wftc tcj `colljmkjs omi jx`comkj fmvblvjios wjll.

0 @rfefbrj ?6681 6?68.

9 O``brifmk tb tcj tromslotfbm hbumi fm Otcomossfoif ?6651 ?.

: Jllspjrdomm ?6961 ;. O``brifmk tb Cjrbibtus 5.:0-:9, ft wos Cbdjr omi Cjsfbi wcb

toukct tcj Krjjns oebut tcj kbis, oebut tcjfr modjs, hbrds, ijs`jmt omi ibfmks. Cjrbibtus

tcus `lofds o `lbsj `bmmj`tfbm ejtwjjm tcjsj pbjts omi Krjjn pfjty.

Ycj @colljmkj bh Cbdjr9


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?.5 Lftjro`y omi Jiuòtfbm odbmk tcj @crfstfoms

Jstfdotjs bh lftjro`y fm omtfqufty vory o lbt. Lftjro`y fm omtfqufty cos, wftc

rjhjrjm`j tb tcj jmtfrj pbpulotfbm bh tcj Ubdom sb`fjty, ejjm jstfdotji otorbumi ?7 pjr `jmt> fm btcjr wbris, bmly bmj fm tjm pjbplj wjrj oelj tbrjoi. Ycfs vorfjty fs portly iuj tb tcj sòr`fty bh dotjrfol hrbd wcf`ckjmjrol `bm`lusfbms òm ej ijiu`ji, omi portly olsb tb cbw lftjro`y fsijmji. [fllfod P. Corrfs jstfdotjs tcot hjwjr tcom ?: pjr `jmt bh tcjpbpulotfbm fm tcj [jstjrm prbvfm`js pbssjssji tcj snflls bh rjoifmk omiwrftfmk tb o usjhul jxtjmt> f.j. ejybmi tcj ljvjl bh wrftfmk tcjfr bwm modjomi sfkmfmk ibùdjmts (sjdf-lftjro`y).8 Ycj pjr`jmtokj wos prbeoely

sbdjwcot cfkcjr fm tcj Jostjrm prbvfm`js. Kjmjrolly spjonfmk, lftjro`ywos rjstrf`tji tb o prfvfljkji dfmbrfty, tcj fmtjllj`tuol jlftj, o ho`t wcf`c fsdfrrbrji olsb fm tcj @crfstfom tjxts tb ej stuifji fm tcj prjsjmt stuiy. Ycj@crfstfoms ifi mbt ifhhjr suestomtfolly hrbd tcj rjst bh tcj pbpulotfbm wftcrjkori tb lftjro`y rotjs.; Mbmjtcjljss, ft fs wbrtc pbmijrfmk tcj ho`t tcotjorly @crfstfomfty wos o tjxtuol `bddumfty, omi rjdofmji sb hbr tcj vj`jmturfjs bh fmtjrjst fm tcfs stuiy. Ycj Mjw Yjstodjmt ftsjlh ijdbmstrotjstcot tjo`cfmk, omi rjoifmk omi wrftfmk fm portfùlor, wjrj dottjrs bh du`c

`bm`jrm tb tcj @crfstfoms. O pfjty eosji bm wrfttjm ibùdjmts mj`jssorflyprbdbtjs lftjro`y fm bmj woy br ombtcjr.3 Cjrj tcj @crfstfom dbvjdjmtifhhjrs hrbd om`fjmt rjlfkfbms, ej tcjy puelf` br ibdjstf . Iuj tb tcjebbnfsc moturj bh jorly @crfstfomfty, tcfs dbvjdjmt cos dbrj fm `bddbmwftc `bmtjdpbrory pcflbsbpcfòl s`cbbls. Dbrj sfkmfòmt, cbwjvjr, fstcj ho`t tcot tcj @crfstfom hoftc wos ebrm fm o Ajwfsc sjttfmk wcjrj rjoifmkomi wrftfmk wjrj `ru`fol tb ebtc ibdjstf` pfjty omi symokbkuj wbrscfp.6

Iuj tb tcj rblj ossfkmji tb tcj Low, fts fmtjrprjtotfbm, s`rfpturol rjoifmkomi troiftfbms, tcj Ajws voluji lftjro`y omi jiuòtfbm. Ycj mos`jmt@cur`c hbllbwji tcfs pro`tf`j tb o lorkj ijkrjj> ft ejòdj o rjlfkfbmcjovfly ijpjmijmt upbm ebbns omi rjoifmk.

Ycj jdpcosfs bm stuiyfmk tcj Low bh Dbsjs fm tcj symokbkujs doijtcjd oppjor os o s`cbbl. Ycj Mjw Yjstodjmt prbvfijs klfdpsjs bh tcfssftuotfbm. [cjm Ajsus ijeotji wftc tcj s`rfejs fm tcj Yjdplj (Ln. 5.98-:7), cj fs ijpf`tji os o tjo`cjr odbmk tjo`cjrs. Ycj Kbspjls prjsjmt Ajsusos o Ajwfsc tjo`cjr surrbumiji ey cfs stuijmts (doqctofv).?7 Woul wos ostuijmt fm tcj s`cbbl bh Kodolfjl, tcj Uoeef, fm Ajrusoljd (O`ts 55.0).

8 Corrfs ?636. Cb`n 577?1 :3 kfvjs om jstfdotj bh mb dbrj tcom ?: pjr `jmt.

; Kodelj 57791 5605.

3 Ycfs fs pbfmtji but ey Corrfs ?6361 5?35?> Dfllori 57771 ?:;:3.

6 Pjj @rjmscow ?663> Ufjsmjr ?63?1 6;59:.

?7 Ycfs ho`t fs o pbfmt bh ijporturj hbr sbdj rj`jmt wbrns bm cbw tcj Kbspjl troiftfbm

brfkfmotji> sjj Ufjsmjr ?63? omi Eyrsnbk ?669.

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Woul tbbn om jljdjmtory jiuòtfbm, prbeoely olsb fm`luifmk rcjtbrf ,jftcjr fm Yorsus br Ajrusoljd.??

Fm tcj lfkct bh tcjsj ho`ts, ft sjjds austfji tb ossudj tcot lftjro`y

odbmk Ajws omi @crfstfoms wos sbdjwcot cfkcjr tcom tcj ovjrokj ?7 pjr`jmt bh Ubdom sb`fjty. Ycfs fs, cbwjvjr, o costy `bm`lusfbm. Ycj tjxtuolmoturj bh Ajwfsc wbrscfp omi @crfstfom hoftc ibjs mbt mj`jssorfly fdply ocfkcjr lftjro`y rotj odbmk brifmory oicjrjmts. Ycj ebbnfsc moturj doywjll ej o``bumtji hbr ey tcj jlftj bmly. Hurtcjrdbrj, ey djoms bh puelf`rjoifmk omi rjpjotji cjorfmk (brolfty), tcj fllftjrotj doabrfty wos kfvjmo``jss tb tcj tjxts bh lfturky omi P`rfpturj wftcbut tcjdsjlvjs ejfmk oeljtb rjoi.?5 Hrbd tcj vjry butsjt bh tcfs stuiy wj covj bmj ho`t omi bmj

fmifòtfbm kufifmk tcj rjst bh tcj fmvjstfkotfbm. Ycj ho`t fs tcot @crfstfomwbrscfp omi pfjty wjrj ijpjmijmt upbm sbdj wcb wjrj lftjrotj. Ycjfmifòtfbm fs tcot tcfs oeflfty wos prfdorfly hbumi odbmk jlftj djdejrs> fmbtcjr wbris, tcj @crfstfom ifs`bursj bm Krjjn jiuòtfbm bwji du`c tbsb`fol ifhhjrjm`js odbmk tcj @crfstfoms.

Mbmjtcjljss, tjo`cfmk omi jiuòtfbm odbmk tcj jorly @crfstfoms tbbntcrjj hbrds. Fm tcj rst plo`j, fm o``briom`j wftc Ajwfsc pro`tf`j, `cflirjmwjrj kfvjm rjlfkfbus trofmfmk ot cbdj.?0 Jorly @crfstfom wrftjrs tbbn Jpc.

8.9 os o pbfmt bh ijporturj hbr jdpcosfzfmk tcj fdpbrtom`j bh tjo`cfmk`cflirjm ot cbdj1?9 Omi, hotcjrs, ib mbt prbvbnj ybur `cflirjm tb omkjr,eut erfmk tcjd up fm tcj ifs`fplfmj omi fmstru`tfbm bh tcj Lbri. Ycjoutcbr bh tcfs tjxt donjs usj bh wbris ot cbdj fm tjxts oiirjssfmkuperfmkfmk omi tjo`cfmk bh `cflirjm fm tcj om`fjmt sb`fjty. Bh prbdfmjm`jfs, bh `bursj, tcj oppjorom`j bh pofijfvo omi mbuqjsfvo wcf`c orj ebtcossb`fotji wftc om`fjmt pro`tf`js bh cbw tb fmstru`t `cflirjm.?:

Fm tcj sj`bmi plo`j, Ajsus wbris o``brifmk tb Dt. 53.?3-57 fmftfotji o

pro`tf`j bh prjporfmk rj`jmt `bmvjrts omi òmifiotjs hbr eoptfsd eytjo`cfmk tcjd. Pbdj Mjw Yjstodjmt tjxts ossudj tjo`cfmk bh tcfs nfmi(Ubd. 8.?;> Cje. :.??-?9), omi hrbd oebut 577 @J tcfs ejòdj dbrjbrkomfzji. Cje. : oiirjssjs tcj mjji hbr prbkrjss fm tjo`cfmk bruperfmkfmk. Ycj oiirjssjjs orj elodji hbr stfll ejfmk lfnj `cflirjm fmmjji bh dfln fmstjoi bh sblfi hbbi. Ey mbw tcjy scbuli covj ej`bdjifiovsnolbf (tjo`cjrs), eut tcjy orj stfll toukct tcj jljdjmtory nmbwljikj(to> stbf`jf'o tc'" oar`c'") bh Kbis wbris. Ycfs tjxt oebumis wftc lbkf` os

?? Cjllcbld ?636. Xjkkj 5778 cos suestomtfotji tcfs> dbrj bm tcfs fm @c. ?;.5.?. Cj

orkujs tcot tcfs coppjmji fm Yorsus. Krjjn jiuòtfbm wos, cbwjvjr, olsb ovofloelj fm

Ajrusoljd> sjj Cjzsjr 577?1 87?76 `h. P`co hjr ?6631 0506, :0:;.

?5 Ycfs fs jdpcosfzji ey Corrfs ?6361 55?> Kodelj 57791 5605 omi Cjzsjr 577?1 968

:79. Cjzsjr orkujs tcot tcj Ajwfsc lftjro`y rotj dust covj ejjm lbwjr tcom odbmk Ubdoms fm

tcj rst `jmturfjs @J.

?0 Pjj Eor`loy ?66;1 83;5> Eonnj 577:1 ?:557?.

?9 Pjj j.k. Kurbfom 577?> Eor`loy ?66;1 ;:;3.

?: Pjj EOKI s.v.> LPA s.v.



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wjll os tjrds wcf`c erfmk tb dfmi troiftfbmol Kroj`b-Ubdom ifs`bursj bmjiuòtfbm. Oltcbukc tcj tjxt rjhjrs tb @crfstfom tjo`cfmk fmtro durbs, ftirows cjovfly bm om`fjmt pjiokbkfòl troiftfbms rjlotji tb tcj sb-òllji

jm`y`lfòl trofmfmk (sjj ejlbw). Ycj `bm`jpt bh o ijvjlbpdjmt tbworisdoturfty jmòpsulotjs o eosf` fijo bh Krjjn jiuòtfbm.?8 Ycfs `bmmj`tfbmfs hurtcjr strjmktcjmji ey tcj djtopcbr bh dfln omi sblfi hbbi (sjjejlbw). Hfmolly, tcj tjxt olsb fm`luijs tcj vjrekudmovzjfm, wcf`c fs `lbsjlyossb`fotji wftc tcj rofsfmk bh `cflirjm fm Krjjn jiuòtfbm, tcus ijdbm-strotfmk hodflforfty wftc tcfs troiftfbm.

Fm ?69; tcj Mbrwjkfom s`cblor omi efscbp Eaormj Pnori wrbtj o mbvjloebut tcj tjo`cfmk bh òtj`cudjms fm Mbrtc Ohrfò oebut 577 @J. Ycj

ebbn,@ortcokfmfom P`cbblioys,?;

fs eosji bm Yjrtullfoms tjxts, omi Pnorikfvjs o vfvfi omi hos`fmotfmk pf`turj bh wcot ft wos lfnj tb ej o stuijmt fmtcfs s`cbbl. Cbdj-tjo`cfmk os wjll os s`cbbls hbr òtj`cudjms ofdji otfmtrbiu`fmk `cflirjm omi rj`jmt `bmvjrts tb tcj @crfstfom hoftc omiib`trfmjs.

Ycfrily, sbdj @crfstfoms ottjmiji tcj jiuòtfbm `bddbmly ovofloelj(jm`y`lfòl tjo`cfmk sjj lotjr) fm tcj sb`fjty aust lfnj tcj s`cbbleby fmWopyrus Ebrfomt. Ycj @crfstfoms tbbn mb fmftfotfvj tb brkomfzj `bddbm

tjo`cfmk bh tcj `cflirjm butsfij tcjfr cbdjs omi `cur`cjs. Ycj ottjmiom`jbh @crfstfom ebys (omi prjsudoely sbdj kfrls) ot tcjsj pokom s`cbblsejòdj o cbt fssuj odbmk tcj @crfstfoms. Ft fs tcj ofd bh tcfs ebbn tbijs`rfej tcfs `colljmkj, omi tb prjsjmt tcj ijeotj omi sblutfbms sbukcttcrbukcbut tcj rst vj `jmturfjs @J. Ft fs dy `bmvf`tfbm tcot s`cbblfmkomi jiuòtfbm wfll prbvj portfùlorly cjlphul fm fmvjstfkotfmk tcj ùlturoljm`bumtjr ejtwjjm @crfstfom hoftc omi Krjjn ùlturj. Ycfs fs sb ejòusjprfdory jiuòtfbm wos sb fmtfdotjly `bmmj`tji wftc volujs, fijmtfty omi

troiftfbms fm om`fjmt sb`fjty. Ycj s`cbbls tcus prbvfiji tcj djoms hbrpossfmk ibwm njy mbtfbms bh tcj Cjlljmfstf` ùlturj. [os tcfs lost-djmtfbmji jiuòtfbm o efk fssuj fm tcj @cur`c2 Wrbeoely mbt, iuj tb tcjho`t tcot tcj vost doabrfty bh pjbplj, @crfstfoms fm`luiji, wjrj fllftjrotj.Eut ft wos stfll om fdpbrtomt fssuj, mbt ejòusj ft mj`jssorfly ohhj`tji dbstejlfjvjrs, eut ejòusj ft rofsji humiodjmtol qujstfbms bm tcj rjlotfbmscfpejtwjjm @crfstfom hoftc omi pokom troiftfbm. Ft rofsji qujstfbms bhcjrdjmjutfòl sfkmfòm`j hor ejybmi tcj qujstfbm bh portf`fpotfbm fmKrjjn jiuòtfbm.

?8 Pjj j.k. Lu`fom bh PodbsotoCjrdbtfdus, wcjrj jiuòtfbm fs sjjm os `lfdefmk tbworis

o tbp, wcf`c wos o `bddbm woy bh oiirjssfmk jiuòtfbm> sjj @c. 5.: fm tcfs stuiy.

?; Ycj ebbn fs bmly ovofloelj fm Mbrwjkfom>Nortokfsnj snbljiokjr (?69;).

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?.0 Fs Krjjn Jiuòtfbm Djmtfbmji fm tcj Mjw Yjstodjmt2

Ycjrj fs corily omy ifrj`t jvfijm`j bh cbw @crfstfoms wjrj fmvblvji wftc

troiftfbmol Krjjn jiuòtfbm fm tcj Mjw Yjstodjmt. Ptfll, wj òm sohjlyossudj tcot tcfs wos om fssuj bh rjljvom`j omi cfkc bm tcj okjmio,portfùlorly hbr tcj wjll-tb-ib. Oltcbukc bur tbpf` prfdorfly oppjors fmlotjr sbur`js, wj òm ej `bmijmt tcot tcj prbeljd, `colljmkj omiifhhjrfmk vfjws wjrj tcjrj hrbd tcj ejkfmmfmk. Ycfs `lofd wfll ej dbrjhully suestomtfotji tcrbukcbut tcfs fmvjstfkotfbm.?3 Hbr tcj prjsjmt, ftsuh`js tb soy tcot tcfs fs sukkjstji ey sbdj besjrvotfbms. Fm Kol. 0.59Woul wrftjs tcot tcj low wos burpofiokwkbv" umtfl @crfst òdj.?6 Ycfs

Krjjn wbri hrjqujmtly oppjors fm tjxts oebut tcj uperfmkfmk omi tjo`cfmkbh `cflirjm. Fm Wouls tjxt ft ibjs mbt rjhjr tb tcj tjo`cjr, eut tb tcj pjrsbmwcb tbbn òrj bh tcj `cflirjm. Ycj wbri òm ej tromslotji fm vorfbuswoys. Ycj pofiokwkbv" wos o slovj ossfkmji tb tonj òrj bh tcj `cflirjm.Ycfs fdplfji tonfmk tcjd tb tcjfr tjo`cjrs. Ot tcj tjo`cjrs tcjpojiokbkujs prbeoely lfstjmji tb tcj tjo`cfmk omi tcus pf`nji upnmbwljikj `bmvjyji tcjrj. O``brifmkly, tcj pofiokwkbfv bhtjm oppjor ospjrsbms bh sbdj trofmfmk, omi tcjy wjrj jxpj`tji tb ejcovj wjll, spjon

wjll, omi tb covj snflls fm tjo`cfmk.

57

Fm tcfs woy, domy pofiokwkbfvployji om fmtjrdjifory rblj ejtwjjm tcj porjmts omi tcj `cflirjm. Mbt ollcbdjs `buli ohhbri tb covj pofiokwkbfv> tcjy dornji wjll-tb-ibhodflfjs.5?

Woul donjs usj bh tcj pojiokbkus fm o tcjblbkfòl orkudjmt fm wcf`ctcfs kurj fs `ljorly ifstfmkufscji hrbd tcj rblj bh tcj tjo`cjr. Iuj tbWouls tcjblbkfòl rcjtbrf`, tcj ifstfm`tfbm ejtwjjm tcj pojiokbkusomi tcjtjo`cjr fs bhtjm jxokkjrotji. Fm ho`t, tcj rbljs bh tcj twb wjrj sbdjtfdjselurrji. Ycj rblj bh tcj pojiokbkusjxtjmiji ejybmi òrfmk hbr tcj ybumk`cflirjm. Os @coptjr 5 wfll ijdbmstrotj, prfdory jiuòtfbm wos bhtjmkfvjm ot cbdj, portfùlorly sb wftc stuijmts hrbd tcj jlftj. _ufmtflfom, hbrfmstom`j, spjons oebut tcj fmstru`tfbm kfvjm ot cbdj (sjj ejlbw). Ycj

pojiokbkus fs tcj dbst lfnjly òmifiotj hbr ejfmk rjspbmsfelj hbr tcfstjo`cfmk.55 Hbr tcj prjsjmt, ft fs fdpbrtomt tb mbtf j tcot Kol. 0.59mbmjtcjljss ijdbmstrotjs tcot Woul ossudji cfs rjoijrs tb ej hodflforwftc tcj kurj bh tcjpofiokwkbv". Ycj woy Woul irows bm tcfs kurj fmcfs orkudjmt fm Kolotfoms fdplfjs hodflforfty wftc troiftfbmol jiuòtfbm,

oltcbukc cfs rjoijrs tcjdsjlvjs ifi mbt mj`jssorfly ejlbmk tb tcj stroto bhtcj sb`fjty wcjrj tcjsj pjrsbms wjrj ot cbdj.

?3 @c. ?; fm tcfs stuiy wfll rjturm tb tcfs fssuj.

?6 MUPX cos ifs`fplfmorfom. Efelfòl `ftotfbms orj hrbd MUPX.

57 Pjj j.k. Wlotb Ujsp. 98;I> Wbl. 073IJ> Wlutor`c Dbr. 9OE> Pcjltbm ?6631 ?75>

Uowsbm 57701 ?8:8;> Xjkkj 57781 5556.

5? Pjj j.k. WlotbLjk. 373IJ> @rfefbrj 577?1 9::7.

55 Ycus Ebbtc ?6;61 0> @rfefbrj ?6681 ?8?;.



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Fm ? @br. 9.?9-?; Woul ijs`rfejs cfs tjo`cfmk fm o woy wcf`c j`cbjsom fjmt pjiokbkfòl lftjroturj1 oidbmfsc, rjdfmi ybu bh dy woys,tjo`c, fdftotj, pofiokwkbfv. Ycfs tjxt tcus `bmrds cbw ijpjmijmtjorly @crfstfom ifs`bursj bm tjo`cfmk omi uperfmkfmk wos bm troiftfbmolKrjjn jiuòtfbm. Fm tcj prj`jifmk `coptjr (? @br. 0.?-5), Woul rjprbo`cjicfs `bmvjrts fm @brfmtc hbr mbt covfmk possji tcj ljvjl bh ejfmk mburfscjibm dfln (`h. Cje. : oebvj). Wcflb ijdbmstrotjs tcot tcfs wos o pbpulordjtopcbr ossb`fotji wftc Krjjn jljdjmtory jiuòtfbm, tcj sb- olljijm`y`lfòl stuifjs. O``brifmk tb Okr. 6, dfln fs mburfscdjmt hbr `cflirjm(mcvpfbf)> tjvljfbf (`h. Wouls pmjudotfnbfv), cbwjvjr, jot wcjotjm erjoi,wcf`c fs hbr krbwm-ups. Ycfs rjhjrs tb jm`y`lfòl stuifjs wcf`c bhhjrji

dfln-lfnj hbbi os bppbsji tb wfsibd (hrbvmcsf", swhrbsuvmc, oarjtcv)ttfmk hbr doturj djm (`h. @bmkr. ?657). Fm Wrbe. ?87, Wcflb rjmjs tcjdjtopcbr. Cj soys tcot `cflirjm orj kfvjm dfln tb irfmn. Jm`y`lfòl stuifjswfll lotjr rjplo`j tcj dfln (oamtf> kovlontb") omi prbvfij sbht hbbi bmly,wcf`c fs lotjr okofm rjplo`ji ey tcj djot bh pcflbsbpcy. O``brifmk tb_ufmtflfom, tjo`cjrs scbuli o`t os mursjs òrjhul tb prbvfij sbhtjr hbbi hbrtcj stfll umijvjlbpji dfmis omi tb suhhjr tcjd tb tonj tcjfr ll bh tcj dflnbh tcj dbrj ottro`tfvj stuifjs (Fmst. 5.9.:).50 Ycjsj tjxts dfrrbr ifhhjrjmt

ljvjls fm Krjjn jiuòtfbm (sjj @coptjr 5).O``brifmk tb ? Yfd. 9.3, tcj @crfstfoms orj urkji tb trofm tcjdsjlvjs fm

kbilfmjss, hbr wcflj pcysfòl trofmfmk ^kudmosfvoT fs bh sbdj voluj,kbilfmjss fs voluoelj fm jvjry woy. Ycfs tjxt ossudjs hodflforfty mbt bmlywftc tcj lomkuokj bh jiuòtfbm, eut olsb wftc tcj pcysfòl trofmfmkossb`fotji wftc Krjjn jiuòtfbm.

Hrbd tcjsj besjrvotfbms wj `bm luij tcot oltcbukc s`cbbl omijiuòtfbm orj mbt ifrj`tly djmtfbmji fm tcj Mjw Yjstodjmt, tcjy orj

`ljorly ossudji os sbdjtcfmk wftc wcf`c @crfstfoms wjrj hodflfor. Krjjnjiuòtfbm hbrdji o sfkmfòmt port bh tcj wbrli tcj @crfstfoms coi tbdonj ij`fsfbms oebut. Ft fs tcjrjhbrj mbt omo`crbmfstf` tb ossudj tcjprjsjm`j bh o ijeotj odbmk tcj rst @crfstfoms, oltcbukc tcj fssuj fs doijjxplf`ft bmly lotjr. Ybworis tcj jmi bh tcfs fmvjstfkotfbm wj wfll, tcjrjhbrj,rjturm tb tcj qujstfbm bh tcj Mjw Yjstodjmt.

?.9 Ycj Ofd bh tcfs Ptuiy

Jiuòtfbm fmvblvji ebtc lftjro`y omi mudjro`y. Os wj wfll sjj, tcj molkbol bh jiuòtfbm wos tb prbdbtj tcj quolfty bh tcj dfmi1 fm scbrt, vfrtuj.Lftjro`y wos sjjm os tcj prfdory djoms bh o`cfjvfmk tcfs. Dy dofmfmtjrjst fm tcfs stuiy fs, tcjrjhbrj, lftjro`y, tcj rjoifmk snfll wcf`c o``jssji

50 Hbr sfdflor rjhjrjm`js fm Jpf tjtus, wcjrj Krjjn jiuòtfbm fm kjmjrol fs ijs`rfeji fm

tjrds bh dfln omi pcflbsbpcy fm tjrds bh sblfi hbbi, sjj Iut`c 577:1 5:7:?.

Fmtrbiu`tfbm 6


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tcj ùlturol òmbm ibdfmotji ey Cbdjrs wrftfmks (sjj @coptjr 9). Burtbpf` prbvfijs o potcwoy tb umijrstomifmk cbw tcj @crfstfoms vfjwji tcjCjlljmfstf` ùlturj wcf`c ijvjlbpji hrbd tcj tfdj bh Oljxomijr tcj Krjot

umtfl tcj rst `jmturfjs @J. Krjjn lomkuokj, dytcblbky, spbrt, tjdpljs,tcjotrjs, jt`. wbrnji os kluj fm tcfs ùlturj, tcus donfmk ft o `bdpljxumfty. Krjjn jiuòtfbm cjli o sfkmfòmt rblj fm `bmvjyfmk tcjsj troiftfbmsomi volujs. @rfefbrj soys tcot jiuòtfbm ejòdj o pbwjrhul okjmt hbrprjsjrvfmk Krjjnmjss .59 Pbur`js hrbd tcfs pjrfbi ijdbmstrotj cbwAjws os wjll os @crfstfoms strukklji tb njjp tcjfr fijmtfty omi stfll womtjitb ej rj`nbmji os `ftfzjms br odbmk tcj djdejrs bh sb`fjty> ? omi 5Do`òejjs spjon bh opbstosy odbmk tcj Ajws iuj tb tcj fmtrbiu`tfbm bh

Krjjn ùstbds, odbmk wcf`c Krjjn jiuòtfbm wos prbdfmjmt (? Do``.?.??-?:> 5 Do``. 9.?7-57). Ycjsj tjxts olsb djmtfbm tcj rjo`tfbm òusji eyKrjjn otcljtf` `bdpjtftfbms fm tcj vf`fmfty bh tcj Ajrusoljd Yjdplj. Ycjkudmovsfbm wos o sydebl bh Krjjn fijmtfty omi jiuòtfbm fm o woy wcf`cdomy Ajws hbumi prbvbòtfvj. Ycj strbmk bppbsftfbm wftmjssji fm tcjsjwrftfmks scbuli, cbwjvjr, mbt ifstro`t hrbd tcj ho`t tcot Ajws mjftcjrtcbukct mbr o`tji umomfdbusly fm tcjsj qujstfbms.

Mjftcjr ifi oll @crfstfoms okrjj fm ijmfmk tcj prbpjr rjlotfbmscfp tb

Cjlljmfstf` ùlturj. Ycj Mjw Yjstodjmt wftmjssjs ifsùssfbms omiorkudjmts bm cbw tcj @crfstfoms scbuli fmtjro`t wftc tcj Ubdomoutcbrftfjs omi tcj tjdpljs.5: Lotjr @crfstfom sbur`js fm`luij otcljtf`bdpjtftfbms, tcjotrj omi scbws fm tcfs lfst bh ifsputji fssujs.58 Ycjsj`colljmkjs orj `jrtofmly blijr tcom tcj sbur`js fm wcf`c tcjy oppjor ostbpf`s umijr ifsùssfbm. Pu`c wos prbeoely olsb tcj sftuotfbm wftc tcj sb-òllji jm`y`lfòl jiuòtfbm. @crfstfom hoftc wos put fmtb pro`tf`j tcrbukcs`rfpturol rjoifmk, fmtjrprjtotfbms, proyjrs omi lfturky. Oll tcfs rjqufrji

tcot sbdj wjrj oelj tb rjoi omi wrftj. Ifhhjrfmk vfjws, tcjrjhbrj, jdjrkjiodbmk tcj ejlfjvjrs, os wjll os fmtjmsj ijeotj bm cbw tb ijol wftc tcjom`fjmt pofijfvo-systjd. Ycj ofd bh tcfs ebbn fs tb umhbli tcfs ijeotjomi tcj orkudjmts povfmk tcj woy tb ifhhjrjmt pbsftfbms omi sblutfbms.Ycj ultfdotj ofd fs tb scji lfkct bm o `colljmkj wcf`c jorly @crfstfomsho`ji jvjm ot o tfdj ejhbrj tcj sbur`js ifrj`tly oiirjss ft. Ycfs cfstbrfòltbpf` rofsjs humiodjmtol tcjblbkfòl qujstfbms bm tcj rjlotfbmscfp ejtwjjmhoftc omi pokom ùlturj. Ycj cfstbrfòl dotjrfol fm tcfs stuiy tcus sjrvjstcj purpbsj bh lbbnfmk fmtb bmj bh tcj dofm cjrdjmjutfòl `colljmkjs

wcf`c ho`ji tcj @crfstfoms1 Orj tcjy ollbwji tb portf`fpotj fm tcj rjoifmkbh pokom tjxts, omi fh sb, cbw scbuli tcjy ib ft2

Ycj ijeotj bm tcfs fssuj odbmk tcj rst @crfstfom kjmjrotfbms

59 @rfefbrj 577?1 6.

5: Pjj j.k. Uo fsfmjm ?66: wcb ijdbmstrotjs tcj ifvjrsj ottftuijs tbworis Kroj`b-

Ubdom ùlturj wftmjssji fm tcj Ebbn bh Ujvjlotfbm.

58 Pjj j.k. Kuybt omi Nljfm ?6691 63?5?.

Ycj @colljmkj bh Cbdjr?7


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ijvjlbpji `bdpjtfmk vfjwpbfmts hbr cbw tcj rjlotfbmscfp ejtwjjm@crfstfom hoftc omi pokom tjxts omi troiftfbms dfkct ej `bm`jfvji. Fmbrijr tb umijrstomi tcj @crfstfoms bh tcj Mjw Yjstodjmt pjrfbi ejttjr, F

ejlfjvj ft fs mj`jssory tb lfstjm òrjhully tb cbw ejlfjvjrs fm tcj rst`jmturfjs @J. oiirjssji qujstfbms bh Krjjn jiuòtfbm. Ycj qujstfbm bhrjoifmk Cbdjr fm portfùlor ljmis ftsjlh tb o stuiy bm tcj rjlotfbmscfpejtwjjm tcj mos`jmt @crfstfom hoftc omi tcj surrbumifmk sb`fjty. Ycjtcjotrj, otcljtf` `bdpjtftfbms, hjstfvols omi eotcs, tb djmtfbm sbdj orjoswcf`c wjrj `bmtrbvjrsfol tb @crfstfoms, wjrj, ot ljost fm prfm`fplj,ovbfioelj. @crfstfom ejlfjvjrs `buli, dbrj br ljss, ib wftcbut portf`fpot-fmk fm tcjsj fmstftutfbms. Eut `buli tcjy ib wftcbut rjoifmk2 Ycfs fs

prj`fsjly tcj fdplfòtfbms bh tcj `colljmkj bh Cbdjr tb tcj @crfstfoms.Ycus tcj qujstfbm bh jiuòtfbm hbr`ji tcj @crfstfoms tb tcfmn tcrbukctcjfr pbsftfbm.

?.: Djtcbi

[j covj pbfmtji but tcot bur tbpf` fs mbt oiirjssji ifrj`tly fm tcj blijst@crfstfom sbur`js, eut tcjy scbw oworjmjss bh o sb`fjty fm wcf`c

troiftfbmol Krjjn jiuòtfbm wos ot wbrn. Ycfs donjs ft mj`jssory tbflludfmotj tcj sftuotfbm bh jorly @crfstfoms wftc tcj cjlp bh lotjr sbur`js.[j tcus cbpj tb pbrtroy o `colljmkj wcf`c wos rjlotfvjly `bmstomt hrbdtcj ejkfmmfmk umtfl Oukustfmj fm tcj hburtc `jmtury @J. Bevfbusly, tcjsftuotfbm ifhhjrji iuj ebtc tb tfdj omi plo`j, eut tcj sbur`js mjvjrtcjljsspbfmt but prbeljds omi sblutfbms wcf`c wjrj typfòl bh tcj jmtfrj pjrfbifm qujstfbm. Ycj @crfstfom sbur`js (Wort 5) wfll ej prjsjmtji fm`crbmblbkfòl brijr wftcbut omy `lofd tb ijpf`t o cfstbrfòl ijvjlbpdjmt.

Ycj sbur`js orj corily rjprjsjmtotfvj bh tcj tfdj bh tcjfr `bdpbsftfbm>rotcjr tcjy orj jxodpljs bh `bdpjtfmk ottftuijs omi pbsftfbms. Ycj mjxt`coptjr wfll ijdbmstrotj tcot, fm spftj bh oll tcj ifvjrsfty bh Krjjnjiuòtfbm, o xji pottjrm fs ifs`jrmfelj fm om`fjmt jiuòtfbm tcrbukcbuttcj `jmturfjs fm qujstfbm. Ycfs suppbrts o djtcbi wcjrj lotjr sbur`js orjusji tb ijs`rfej sftuotfbms typfòl bh @crfstfoms fm tcj om`fjmt wbrli.@crfstfom sbur`js òm tcus olsb scji lfkct bm tcj rst @crfstfomkjmjrotfbms wftcbut hbrkjttfmk tcot lotjr sbur`js rjprjsjmt o ijvjlbpdjmt

br hurtcjrfmk bh wcot dfkct covj ejjm prjsjmt fm mu`j jorlfjr.Ycj eo`nebmj bh tcj prjsjmtotfbm fs tcj fmvblvjdjmt wftc njy tjxts.Ycfs fs mbt o ebbn oebut tcj @crfstfoms omi jiuòtfbm fm omtfqufty fmkjmjrol, eut o prjsjmtotfbm bh sbdj njy tjxts bm tcfs fssuj. Ycj tbpf` fsprjsjmtji tcrbukc o `bllj`tfbm bh sbdj fmstujmtfol omi fmhbrdotfvj tjxtswcf`c orj tcjm `bddjmtji upbm. Ycfs ollbws tcot sbdj tcjdjs wflloppjor dbrj tcom bm`j. Ycfs sbur`j-brfjmtji opprbo`c wfll prbvjejmj`fol hbr tcj fmvjstfkotfbm> ft erfmks tcj rjoijr `lbsjr tb tcj sbur`js

Fmtrbiu`tfbm ??


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tcjdsjlvjs, omi olsb tb om oworjmjss bh tcj `bmtjxt fm wcf`c bur tbpf` fsejfmk rofsji.

Jiuòtfbm fm omtfqufty kjmjrolly hbllbwji o tcrjjhbli pottjrm, jljdjm-

tory br prfdory, sj`bmiory omi cfkcjr jiuòtfbm. Ycj mjxt `coptjr wfllsuestomtfotj tcfs, omi olsb ijdbmstrotj tcj ifvjrsfty hbumi fm tcj sbur`js.Hbr bur fmvjstfkotfbm ft fs fdpbrtomt tb rjdjdejr tcot tcj @crfstfomsbur`js bh rjljvom`j usuolly ludp tcjsj ljvjls tbkjtcjr. Ycj ifsùssfbm fsmbt olwoys spj`f` bm tcfs pbfmt. Ft fs tcjrjhbrj ifhùlt tb ijmj prj`fsjlytcj ljvjl tcjy oiirjss. Ycj @crfstfom sbur`js bhtjm trjot s`cbbl omijiuòtfbm wftcfm ifsùssfbms bh cbw Krjjn pcflbsbpcy omi @crfstfom hoftcwjrj tb ej umijrstbbi. Fm pro`tf`j, cbwjvjr, tb dbst ejlfjvjrs, tcfs

tcjblbkfòl fssuj fmvblvji sjmifmk tcjfr `cflirjm tb tcj tjo`cjr mjoreybhhjrfmk `lossjs fm rjoifmk Cbdjr omi `bpyfmk tcj tjxts bh tcj pbjts.Mbmjtcjljss, tcfs fs mbt o ebbn oebut @crfstfomfty omi Krjjn pcflbsbpcybr jorly @crfstfom opblbkjtf`s fm kjmjrol. Ycj prjsjmtotfbm wfll hbùs bmtcj qujstfbm bh jiuòtfbm, wcf`c wfll, cbwjvjr, wbrn os o wfmibw bm tcjqujstfbm bh ùlturj omi hoftc.5; Ycj wrftfmks bh Cbdjr fm portfùlorhbrdji fdpbrtomt euflifmk-elb`ns hbr tcj sjmsj bh o `bddbm fijmtfty fmomtfqufty. Ycjsj wrftfmks wjrj prj`fsjly wcot domy @crfstfoms hbumi tb ej

besto`ljs hbr tcjfr portf`fpotfbm fm jiuòtfbm. Kfvjm tcj pfvbtol rblj bhCbdjr fm Krjjn jiuòtfbm (sjj @coptjr 0), tcj stuiy hbùsjs bm `cortfmkottftuijs tb Cbdjr fm jorly @crfstfom lftjroturj.

[j covj pbfmtji but tcot fm tcj rjlotfbmscfp tb Krjjn ùlturj omiùstbds Ajws omi @crfstfoms vjry bhtjm ijvjlbpji rjlotji strotjkfjs.Wcflb, tcj Oljxomirfom Ajw bh tcj jorly rst `jmtury @J, hbrds omfmtjrjstfmk pbfmt bh `bdporfsbm. Cfs wrftfmks vfvfily prjsjmt tcj sftuotfbmbh o Ajwfsc dfmbrfty fm tcj Krjjn djtrbpblfs. Bmj bh tcj fssujs tb wcf`c

cj kfvjs spj`fol ottjmtfbm fs Krjjn jiuòtfbm omi cbw cfs hjllbw Ajwsscbuli rjspbmi tb tcfs `colljmkj. Wcflb wfll, tcjrjhbrj, ej ifsùssji fm osjporotj `coptjr (sjj @coptjr :), hbllbwfmk tcj prjsjmtotfbm bh jiuòtfbmfm omtfqufty omi prj`jifmk tcj @crfstfom sbur`js. Wcflb fs bh portfùlorfmtjrjst ejòusj cj erfikjs tcj cfstbrfòl kop ejtwjjm tcj lotjr @crfstfomsbur`js omi tcj sfljm`j bh tcj Mjw Yjstodjmt bm bur tbpf`. Cj rjprjsjmtstcj pjrfbi oebut wcf`c bur @crfstfom sbur`js orj sfljmt bm tcj qujstfbm bhKrjjn jiuòtfbm. Wcflb ollbws us tb ossudj o ijeotj bm tcfs olsb odbmktcj @crfstfoms. Ajwfsc jiuòtfbm, os ft oppjorji fm tcj hodfly omi

symokbkuj, fs mbt fm vfjw fm tcfs fmvjstfkotfbm. Ycj hbùs fs tcrbukcbut bm`lossfòl jiuòtfbm fm Kroj`b-Ubdom sb`fjty. Ycfs fs olsb tcj pjrspj`tfvjbm Wcflb fm bur prjsjmtotfbm.

Ycj fmvjstfkotfbm wfll ej eosji bm sbur`js wcjrj qujstfbms oebuts`cbbl, tjo`cjrs omi jiuòtfbm orj jxplf`ftly rofsji. Om oltjrmotfvj

5; Jllspjrdomm ?6961 ? rfkctly pbfmts but tcot @crfstfom ottftuijs tb pokomfsd omi pokom

lftjroturj fm portfùlor òm ej hully umijrstbbi bmly fh tcj s`cbbl prbeljd fs fm`luiji.



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opprbo`c wbuli ej tb fmvjstfkotj tcj ljvjl bh jiuòtfbm bm tcj port bh@crfstfom outcbrs ey lbbnfmk fmtb tcjfr usj bh tjxts, troiftfbms ominmbwljikj toukct fm tcj s`cbbls bh tcjfr ùlturj. Ycot opprbo`c wbuli

prbvfij jxodpljs bh @crfstfoms wcb prbeoely portf`fpotji fm tcj om`fjmtjm`y`lfòl ùrrfùlud. Hurtcjrdbrj, ft wbuli olsb bhhjr o `bumtjreolom`jtb tcj prbeljd-brfjmtji hbùs bh tcj tjxts bm jiuòtfbm. Cbwjvjr, sbdjsu`c fmvjstfkotfbms covj olrjoiy ejjm prjsjmtji. Ku mtjr Klb`ndomm cosfmvjstfkotji tcj fmstujm`j bh Cbdjr bm jorly @crfstfom lftjroturj up tbAustfm Dortyr (`. ?:7 @J), omi ibjs mbt mi omy Cbdjrf` qubtotfbm, wftctcj sjo morrotfvjs fm O`ts os pbssfelj jx`jptfbms.53 Cj tonjs tcjsj mifmksos fmifòtfvj bh o lo`n bh Krjjn jiuòtfbm odbmk tcj jorly @crfstfoms.56

Austfm, cbwjvjr, ijdbmstrotjs nmbwljikj bh Cbdjrs wrftfmks, tcusscbwfmk cfs ijpjmijm`j bm Krjjn jiuòtfbm.07 Klb`ndomm rfkctlyossudjs tcot rjhjrjm`js tb Cbdjrs wrftfmks orj fmifòtfvj bh hodflforftywftc tcj ùlturol òmbm toukct fm s`cbbls. Ijmmfs U. DoÌbmoli cossukkjstji tcot Dorns Kbspjl omi tcj Ebbn bh O`ts orj tcbrbukclyjdejiiji fm Cbdjrf` troiftfbms, omi orj fm ho`t `bms`fbusly fdftotfmkCbdjrf` lomkuokj, stylj omi morrotfvj tj`cmfquj, ofdfmk ot o tcjblbkfòlrfvolry wftc Cbdjr.0? Cj soys tcot bmj ejst rjois tcjsj tjxts okofmst tcj

eo`nirbp bh `lossfòl Krjjn lftjroturj omi dytcblbky.05

Fm scbrt, jorly@crfstfom outcbrs . . . wrbtj os tcjy coi ejjm toukct fm s`cbbl.00 F`bmsfijr DoÌbmolis vfjw jxokkjrotji, eut vfs-og-vfs Klb`ndomm ?683,cfs wbrns orj stfll mj`jssory `brrj`tfbms. Pfdflorly, Dorfommj Woldjr Ebmzsukkjsts tcot LunjO`ts wos `bdpbsji wftc Xfrkfls Ojmjfios o stru`turolporoifkd.09

Wjtjr Lodpj cos prjsjmtji o prbsbpbkropcf` fmvjstfkotfbm bh tcj@crfstfom `bddumfty bh Ubdj fm tcj twb rst `jmturfjs, fm`luifmk tcj

ljvjl bh jiuòtfbm sbdj bh tcj njy kurjs wjmt tcrbukc, tro`fmk ebtc tcjfrsb`fol omi jiuòtfbmol eo`nkrbumi. Cj `bm`luijs tcot tcj rjlotfbmscfpejtwjjm jiuòtfbm omi sb`fol stotus fs dultf-ljvjllji> tcfs donjs ft

53 Klb`ndomm ?6831 :81 Fm njfmjr P`crfht ijs Mjujm Yjstodjmts ejkjkmjt ijr Modj ijs

krbssjm, ejstjm, vbrmjcdstjm umi jrstjm If`ctjrs ijr Cjlljmjm, wfj Cbdjr spo tjr

vbm `crfstlf`cjm P`crfhtstjlljrm hrjflf`c zudjfst dft jfmjr kjwfssjm frbmfs`cjm Ifstomzfjrumk

kjmommt wbrijm fst. (Mb Mjw Yjstodjmt wrftfmk djmtfbms tcj modj bh tcj krjotjst,

dbst ifstfmkufscji omi tcj rst pbjt bh tcj Krjjn, os Cbdjr wos òllji ey lotjr @crfstfomoutcbrs oltcbukc dbstly wftc sbdj frbmfòl ifstom`j1 dy troms.) Hrjumi 5777 fmvjstfkotjs

tcj qujstfbm bh Xfrkfls rblj fm jorly Lotfm @crfstfomfty. Ycj cjrdjmjutfòl tcrust bh dy stuiy

fs mbt hbùsji upbm fm tcjfr ebbns.

56 Klb`ndomm ?6831 :6.

07 Klb`ndomm ?6831 ?60.

0? Pjj cfs 5777 omi 5770. Hbr o `rftfquj, sjj Pomimjs 577:.

05 DoÌbmoli 57701 ?9?:.

00 DoÌbmoli 57701 5.

09 Ebmz 5777.

Fmtrbiu`tfbm ?0


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fdpbssfelj tb ijiu`j sb`fol stotus hrbd tcj ljvjl bh jiuòtfbm.0: Plovjswcb o``bdpomfji `cflirjm tb s`cbbl, ejfmk tcjfr pojiokbkf, o`qufrjitcrbukc tcjfr prjsjm`j ot tcj fmstru`tfbm hodflforfty wftc snflls usuolly

`bmmj`tji wftc portf fpotfbm fm jiuòtfbm.08 Ycfs fs, cbwjvjr, mbt tb ijmytcot jiuòtfbmol bppbrtumftfjs wjrj kjmjrolly o``jssji tcrbukc cfkcjrsb`fol brfkfm. Lfttlj jiuòtfbm doy wjll ej `bdefmji wftc wjoltc, os wftc ohrjjidom lfnj Yrfdol`cfb. Fm cfs @jmo Yrfdol`cfbmfs, Wjtrbmfus cosYrfdol`cfb suddorfzj Cbdjrs wrftfmks omi Krjjn dytcblbky fm oifstbrtji woy. Ycfs vjry rf`c dom cos mb prj`fsj nmbwljikj bh tcj eosf`nmbwljikj rjqufrji bh Ubdom mbeflfty (Pot. :3). Pfdflorly, Wjtrbmfusodusjs cfs rjoijrs ey covfmk bmj bh Yrfdol`cfbs hrfjmis, Cjrdjrbs, soy

tcot cj cos mbt ljormji kjbdjtry, lftjroturj mbr tcj mbmsjmsj (olbkfo) brwrotc (djmfo) bh O`cflljs. Ycj o`ùsotfvj plurol djmfos fs o rjhjrjm`j tbtcj bpjmfmk lfmj bh tcj Flfoiwcjrjdc'mf" fs tcj vjry rst wbri. Fm scbrt,Cjrdjrbs coi mbt ljormt Cbdjrs tjxt, eut cj soys F ib nmbw dy òpftolljttjrs ^lopfiorfoj lfttjrojT0; omi F òm wbrn but pjr`jmtokjs fm wjfkcts omidjosurjs omi ùrrjm`y (Pot. :3).03 Ycj hjj kfvjm tb tcj tjo`cjr hbr tcjnmbwljikj Cjrdjrbs s`brms fs wostji sfm`j ft ibjs mbt mj`jssorfly kfvjo``jss tb lboms. Cjrdjrbs donjs o loukcfmk-stb`n bh Os`yltbs wcb fs wjll

jiuòtji eut umoelj tb donj dbmjy.06

Yrfdol`cfb jmabys Cjrdjrbsotto`n bm Os`yltbs, eut òlds tcj sftuotfbm ey covfmk tcj `bdpomy lfstjmfmstjoi tb tcj o`tbrs rj`ftfmk Cbdjr.

Ycj opprbo`c opplfji ey Klb`ndomm omi Lodpj fs ijdomifmk, omikbjs ejybmi tcj lfdfts bh tcfs fmvjstfkotfbm. Hurtcjrdbrj, tcjfr opprbo`cwfll odplfhy tcj djtcbifòl prbeljd bh bur tbpf`, modjly tcj ho`t tcot tcjsbur`js dofmly spjon hrbd tcj pjrspj`tfvj bh tcj fmtjllj`tuol jlftj. Ycjfropprbo`c, tcjrjhbrj, kfvjs lfdftji fmsfkct fmtb tcj ijeotj bm Krjjn

jiuòtfbm odbmk tcj @crfstfoms, omi tcj tjmsfbms òusji ey ft. Ft dust,cbwjvjr, ej pbfmtji but tcot o mjkotfvj ottftuij tb Krjjn jiuòtfbm ibjsmbt mj`jssorfly fdply lo`n bh jiuòtfbm. Yjrtullfom (sjj @coptjr ?7), hbrjxodplj, scorply `rftf`fzjs jm`y`lfòl trofmfmk, eut fs stfll hodflfor wftc ft.

Ycj tbpf` bh tcfs ebbn fs bh fmtjrjst tb o wfijr puelf`. Fm tcj rst plo`j,ft kfvjs o prjsjmtotfbm bh tcj nfmi bh s`cbbls `cflirjm fm omtfquftyottjmiji, omi olsb tcj `bmtjdpbrory pjiokbkfòl ijeotj. Ycj ebbn tcus

0: Lodpj ?6361 566077.08 Ycjrj fs jvfijm`j tcot sbdj dostjrs trofmji tcjfr slovjs tb rjoi omi wrftj, tcus

donfmk tcjd dbrj usjhul omi olsb rofsfmk tcjfr prf`j> sjj Cofmjs-Jftzjm 57771 :387.

0; Ycfs fs prbeoely symbmydbus wftcquoiroto lfttjrohbumi fm fms`rfptfbms, su`c osòvj

òmjd, djmtfbmji fm Pot. 56.

03 _ubtji hrbd [olsc ?668.

06 Wcflbijdus, tcj Jpfùrjom pcflbsbpcjr, ossudjs tcj prjsjm`j bh umjiuòtji djdejrs

jvjm fm tcj pcflbsbpcfòl s`cbbl. Ycjsj wbrnji os domuol loeburjrs, wjrj umjiuòtji fm

krovddoto, omi cjm`j fm mjji bh cjlp hrbd djdejrs wcb coi o kbbi Krjjn trofmfmk> sjjPmyijr 57771 :;8?.



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fmtrbiu`js tcj cfstbrfòl rbbts bh prjsjmt-ioy jiuòtfbm. Fm tcj sj`bmiplo`j, tcj ebbn ijs`rfejs cbw jorly @crfstfom fmtjrprjtotfbm bh tcj Efeljportly ijvjlbpji hrbd tcj rjoifmk bh Cbdjr fm om`fjmt s`cbbls. Ycj ebbn

tcus oiirjssjs o cjrdjmjutfòl qujstfbm bh cbw outcbrftotfvj tjxts orj tbej fmtjrprjtji ej tcjy Cbdjrf` br efelfòl. Hfmolly, tcj ijeotj bmjiuòtfbm odbmk tcj rst @crfstfom kjmjrotfbms jmòpsulotjs tcj qujstfbmbh wcjtcjr omi, fh sb cbw, @crfstfom hoftc fmtjro`tji wftc pokom ùlturj.Cbdjr fm portfùlor, dfrrbrs tcjfr ottftuij tb pokom jiuòtfbm omi ùlturjfm kjmjrol.

Fmtrbiu`tfbm ?:


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@coptjr 5

P@CBBL FM YCJKUOJ@B-UBDOM[BULI

5.? Fmtrbiu`tbry @bddjmts

Fm brijr tb umijrstomi wcy omi cbw @crfstfom ejlfjvjrs wjrj `colljmkjiey fssujs rjlotji tb s`cbbl omi jiuòtfbm, ft fs mj`jssory tb pbssjss sbdjcfstbrfòl nmbwljikj oebut om`fjmt s`cbblfmk. Ft fs tcj ofd bh tcfs `coptjrtb prbvfij tcfs. [cot nfmi bh s`cbbl ifi `cflirjm, dbstly ebys, ottjmi2[cot wjrj tcjy toukct tcjrj2 [cot wjrj tcj tjo`cfmk `bmiftfbms2 Ycjsjorj sbdj bh tcj fssujs wcf`c wfll jmoelj us tb rjoi tcj @crfstfom tjxts (Wort5) dbrj oijquotjly.

Wrjsjmt-ioy rjoijrs tjmi tb tcfmn bh s`cbbl fm omtfqufty fm tjrdssfdflor tb bur `bmtjdpbrory wbrli, wftc o sjqujmtfol orromkjdjmt bhprbkroddjs omi ùrrfùlo brkomfzji sb tcot tcj rst hjjis fmtb tcj mjxt.Ycfs `coptjr wfll ijdbmstrotj tcot tcfs fs dfsljoifmk. [j covj tb tcfmn fmtjrds bh stjxfeflfty, lbòl vorfotfbms omi `frùdstomtfol ifhhjrjm`js. YcjUbdom Jdpfrj wos vost, omi jiuòtfbm wos mbt fm omy woy `bmtrbllji brsupjrvfsji ey outcbrftfjs. Dy fmvjstfkotfbm olsb `bvjrs o lorkj pjrfbi bhtfdj1 tcj rst hbur `jmturfjs @J. Oll tcfs sukkjsts mbt umfhbrdfty eutvorfotfbm omi stjxfeflfty.

P`cbbl fm tcfs fmvjstfkotfbm fs mbt o rjhjrjm`j tb euflifmks br puelf`fmstftutfbms> fm ho`t ft rorjly fs fm omtfqufty.? Wrfdorfly s`cbbl rjhjrs tb tcjo`tfvfty pjrhbrdji ey tjo`cjrs wcb toukct tcjfr stuijmts. P`cbbl wos

? Uowsbm 57701 ?393; ijdbmstrotjs sbdj puelf` fmtjrjst fm jiuòtfbm fm Ubdj, Wlfmy

Jp. 9.?0 ejfmk om fmtjrjstfmk jxodplj, olejft corily rjprjsjmtotfvj bh tcj sftuotfbm. Fm tcfs

ljttjr cj tjlls bh o vfsft tb cfs cbdj tbwm @bdud. Iuj tb tcj lo`n bh tjo`cjrs, `cflirjm coi tb

ljovj cbdj omi stuiy ot btcjr plo`js. Wlfmy jxprjssjs o strbmk bpfmfbm bm tcj fdpbrtom`j bh

njjpfmk tcj `cflirjm ot cbdj iurfmk tcjfr stuifjs. Os o rjdjiy cj sukkjsts tjo`cjrs cfrji ey`bllj`tfvj humifmk. Wlfmy wfll cfdsjlh `bmtrfeutj tb tcfs. Ycj qujstfbm bh tjo`cjrs scbuli mbt

ej ljht tb tcj porjmts olbmj tb ij`fij1

Ycj `cflirjm ebrm cjrj scbuli ej erbukct up bm tcjfr motfvj sbfl, sb tcot hrbd tcjfr

jorlfjr yjors tcjy doy ljorm tb lbvj ft omi `cbbsj tb stoy ot cbdj. F cbpj tcot ybu

wfll fmtrbiu`j tjo`cjrs bh rjputj, sb tcot mjorey tbwms wfll sjjn jiuòtfbm cjrj, omi

fmstjoi bh sjmifmk ybur `cflirjm jlsjwcjrj os ybu ib tbioy, ybu wfll sbbm sjj btcjr

`cflirjm stb`nfmk cjrj tb ybu.

Wlfmys tjxt olsb fllustrotjs tcj ifhhjrjm`j ejtwjjm `bumtry omi `fty fm dottjrs bh jiuòtfbm.


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dbrj br ljss fijmtfòl wftc tcj tjo`cjr. Ycfs djoms tcot s`cbbl os ohjllbwscfp bh tjo`cjrs, tbkjtcjr prbvfifmk o ùrrfùlud bh vorfbus sueaj`tsot ifhhjrjmt ljvjls, wos rorjly hbumi fm tcj om`fjmt wbrli. Yb ovbfi

tcj dfsumijrstomifmk tcot s`cbbls wjrj brkomfzji fm tcfs woy, ft fsprbeoely prjhjroelj tb spjon bh kbfmk tb tcj tjo`cjrs. Krjjn cos mbrjkulor wbri hbr s`cbbl ot tcfs jorly pjrfbi. Ycj stuijmts orj sofi tbkb tb tcj tjo`cjrs (jfa" ifiosnovlbu), tb tcj wrftfmk-tjo`cjrs (jfa"kroddotfstbu').5 Fm hull ft wbuli ej tb kb tb tcj tjo`cjrs cbusj, plo`jjt`., eut tcfs pcrosj ibjs mbt fdply o rjhjrjm`j tb omy pcysfòl lbòtfbmwcjrj o tjo`cjr kotcjrji cfs stuijmts. Ycj sbur`js ossudj tcot tjo`cfmktbbn plo`j fm cbusjs, `burtrbbds, `blbmmoijs br umijr o scoiy trjj, fm tcj

polofvstro(wrjstlfmk-plo`j) br fm tcj kydmosfud.0

Fm o trjotfsj wcjrj Ifb@crysbstbd spjons hovburoely bh tcj oeflfty tb rjdofm umohhj`tji ey`bmiftfbms (Br. 57.57), cj cblis tcj jljdjmtory tjo`cjrs (bfA tw'mkroddovtwm ifiovsnolbf) tb ej kbbi jxodpljs. Ycjy pro`tfsj fm tcjstrjjts, wftcbut ejfmk ifstro`tji ey tcj possfmk `rbwi (Br. 57.6-?7). Fm57.?? cj ollbws om beaj tfbm `bm`jrmfmk cfs jxodplj, modjly tcot tcjjljdjmtory tjo`cjrs pjrhbrd om o`tfvfty wcf`c ibjs mbt ohhj`t tcj dfmiprbpjrly, os ibjs truj pofijfo, wcf`c fs pcflbsbpcy rjqufrfmk ebtc

sj`lusfbm omi rjtfrjdjmt.9

[cjm wj spjon bh s`cbbl fm tcfs stuiy, tcfs fstcj stjxfelj sftuotfbm wj covj tb tonj fmtb `bmsfijrotfbm.

Mbmjtcjljss, Yjrjso Dbrkom cos orkuji `bmvfm`fmkly tcot, fm spftj bholl vorfotfbms, lftjrotj jiuòtfbm, wcf`c wos jssjmtfol hbr Krjjn ùlturj,wos oibptji omi oioptji ey tcj Ubdoms sb prbhbumily tcot Cjlljmfstfòmi Ubdom lftjrotj jiuòtfbm orj rfkctly ifsùssji os o sfmklj pcjmbd-jmbm. Hrbd tcj tfdj bh tcj Do`jibmfom nfmks, jiuòtfbm `rjotji stoeflfty,`bmtfmufty omi ùlturol fijmtfty wcf`c wbrnji os o kluj fm tcj om`fjmt

wbrli hbr dbrj tcom o tcbusomi yjors1 Ft fs bmj bh tcj plo`js wcjrj ft fspbssfelj tb sjj cbw strbmkly, ijspftj oll lbòl vorfotfbms bh pblftf`s,eurjou`ro`y, ùlturj omi sb`fol stru`turj, o sj`tbr bh tcj om`fjmt wbrlirjkoriji ftsjlh os om jmtfty.: Ft fs pbssfelj tb ifstfmkufsc ejtwjjm `lossfòlKrjjn omi Ubdom jiuòtfbm. Cbwjvjr, Ubdom s`cbblfmk wos, os olrjoiypbfmtji but, tb o lorkj jxtjmt ebrrbwji hrbd tcj Krjjn. Ycj sfdflorftfjsorj sb bevfbus tcot Cjmrf-Frj mj j Dorrbu fmtrbiu`js tcj `coptjr bm s`cbblfm Ubdj ey soyfmk tcot tcj prjsjmtotfbm, strf`tly spjonfmk, fs supjrstubus.8

_ufmtflfom, tcj hodbus tjo`cjr bh rcjtbrf` fm Ubdj fm tcj lotj rst `jmtury@J, ottjsts tcfs humiodjmtol sfdflorfty fm cfs hull o``bumt bh Ubdom

5 J.k. Wlotb,Lysfs 573@> sjj Krfhtc 577?1 88.

0 Oljxomijr ?6691 ;0;8> Dbrkom ?6631 ?3?6> @rfefbrj 577?1 5?08.

9 Ifb @crysbstbd cjrj ossudjs mbfsfmjss os typfòl bh s`cbbl lfhj> tcfs fs `bmrdji fm

DortfolJpfkrod 6.83.?? (qubtji lotjr).

: Dbrkom ?6631 59.

8 Dorrbu ?6:81 58:.

P`cbbl fm tcj Kroj`b-Ubdom [brli ?;


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jiuòtfbm (Fmst. ?) (sjj ejlbw).; Pfm`j Ubdom jiuòtfbm ijvjlbpji hrbdtcj Krjjn ùlturj, tcfs stuiy wfll irow upbm ebtc Krjjn omi Lotfmsbur`js fm ijpf`tfmk om`fjmt s`cbbls. O``brifmk tb @f`jrb, nmbwljikj fs tb

ej sbukct hrbd tcj Krjjn (Ij br. 0.?0;). Cj tcus rjdjdejrs cbw cfstjo`cjrs prfdorfly toukct cfd omi cfs hrfjmis tb spjon Krjjn pjrhj`tly (Ijbr. 5.5). F od, tcjrjhbrj, `bmijmt tcot ft fs austfji fm tcfs `bmtjxt, omitcot ft wfll sjrvj bur purpbsj tb kfvj o umfji prjsjmtotfbm bh Kroj`b-Ubdom jiuòtfbm.

Om`fjmt sbur`js scorj tcj fijo bh dostjrfmk o `fr`lj bh jiuòtfbm> f.j.tb ej jm`fr`lji wftc jvjrytcfmk mj`jssory tb nmbw. Ycfs `bddbmjiuòtfbm stortji wftc ljormfmk tb rjoi omi wrftj> ft `bmtfmuji wftc tcj

rjoifmk bh `lossfòl outcbrs, omi ft fm`luiji kroddor, lftjrory `rftf`fsd,orftcdjtf`, kjbdjtry, ostrbmbdy, dusf`, rcjtbrf` omi pcflbsbpcy. Ycfs lfstbh ifs`fplfmjs vorfjs fm tcj sbur`js, eut ft wos `bddbmly òllji jaknuvnlfb"pofijfvo.3 Ycj `brrjspbmifmk Lotfm jxprjssfbm fs sjptjd ortjs lfejroljs.Ycj fijo wos tcot o dom wcb dostjrji tcjsj ijsjrvji tcj rjspj`t bhsb`fjty> cj wos o ùlturji dolj `ftfzjm.6 Ycj hulljst ijs`rfptfbm bh tcfs`fr`lj bh jiuòtfbm fs kfvjm ey _ufmtflfom fm cfs Fmst.?.?7.?-8. Cj fm`luijsljormfmk tb rjoi omi tb wrftj, kroddor, lftjroturj, kjbdjtry, ostrbmbdy,

dusf` omi lbkf`. Cj òlls tcjsj ifs`fplfmjs brefs ib`trfmoj. _ufmtflfom soystcot tcj `fr`lj bh jiuòtfbm rjprjsjmts tcj mj`jssory fmstru`tfbm ejhbrjebys orj comiji bvjr tb tcj tjo`cjr bh rcjtbrf 1 prfusquod rcjtbrftroiumtur(?.?7.?). Ycj ultfdotj kbol fs, tcjrjhbrj, rcjtbrf`. Os pbfmtji butey Dbrkom,?7 tcfs fs pbssfely tcj rjosbm tcot _ufmtflfom ljht but ebtcrcjtbrf` omi pcflbsbpcy hrbd cfs ijmftfbm bh jm`y`lfòl stuifjs. Cj`bmsfijrji tcj lfejrol orts os povfmk tcj woy hbr tcjsj twb typjs bhsupjrfbr ljormfmk.

5.5 Pbur`js

Ycj sbur`js hbr jm`y`lfòl jiuòtfbm orj bh twb nfmis1 lftjrory omi mbm-lftjrory. Lftjrory sbur`js orj Krjjn omi Ubdom outcbrs wcb oiirjssqujstfbms rjlotfmk tb jiuòtfbm. Bh spj`fol fdpbrtom`j odbmk tcjsj orjWlotb, Ujpuelf` omi tcj Lows> @f`jrb, Ij brotbrj> Ws.Wlutor`c, Bm

; Ybwmsjmi ?6;?1 ?06 optly rjdorns1 Ubdom jiuòtfbm scbuli ej vfjwji os bmj ospj`t

bh Cjlljmfstf` jiuòtfbm wftc Lotfm oiiji tb tcj ùrrfùlud omi wftc ljss strjss bm tcj

pcysfòl trofmfmk.

3 Pjj j.k. cbw Wcflb ijmjs tcfs fm cfs@bmkr.???3, ;9;8, ?95, ?93:7> Dbrkom ?6631

8;, 0906, 9590.

6 Omijrsjm ?6661 ??. @rfefbrj 577?o1 59? rfkctly pbfmts but tcot oltcbukc jm`y`lfòl

usuolly `bm`jrms tcj tbtolfty bh tcj ifs`fplfmjs tcot jm fr lji o stuijmt, ft olsb rjhjrs

sbdjtfdjs tb tcj `y`lf` rjvfsftfmk bh tcj sodj tjxts.

?7 Dbrkom ?6631 0:.



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Jiuòtfbm bh @cflirjm (Dbr.?O?9@)> _ufmtflfom, Fmstftutfb brotbrfo> omiWcflb bh Oljxomirfo, Bm Dotfmk wftc tcj Wrjlfdfmory Ptuifjs (Ij`bmkrjssu). Ycjsj sbur`js orj bhtjm fijolfzji rjdorns oebut jiuòtfbm,

omi tcjy ossudj tcj sb`fol jlftj bh tcj sb`fjty. Cjm`j tcjy wftmjss tb fijolsrbbtji fm tcj uppjr stroto bh sb`fjty dbrj tcom iofly pro`tf`j. Ycj mbm-lftjrory jvfijm`j fm`luijs popyrf, bstroò (pfj`js bh `loy pbttjry bm wcf`cstuijmts tbbn tcjfr mbtjs), woxji wbbijm toeljts, pfj`js bh por`cdjmtwftc hrokdjmts hrbd tjo`cjrs tjxtebbns omi stuijmts mbtjebbns wftckmbdf` doxfds. Ycj stuijmts mbtjebbn portly prjsjrvji fm WopyrusEbrfomt (sjj Fmtrbiu`tfbm) fs, bh `bursj, om jxodplj bh mbm-lftjrorysbur`js. Ycj Jkyptfom ijsjrt cos prjsjrvji mudjrbus pfj`js bh su`c

dotjrfol, omi tcj stuifjs bh @rfefbrj (?668) omi Dbrkom (?663) irowcjovfly bm tcfs. @rfefbrj lfsts tcj ljvjls br òtjkbrfjs bh tcjsj stuijmtsjxjr`fsjs, wcf`c ijdbmstrotj tcj sjqujm`j bh tcjfr ljormfmk1

Ljttjrs bh tcj olpcoejtOlpcoejtsPylloeorfjsLfsts bh wbris[rftfmk jxjr`fsjs

Pcbrt possokjs1 doxfds, soyfmks omi lfdftji odbumt bh vjrsjsLbmkjr possokjs1 `bpyfmk br if`totfbmP`cblfo dfmbro@bdpbsftfbms, poropcrosjs, suddorfjsKroddotfòl jxjr`fsjsMbtjebbns.??

Ycj mbm-lftjrory sbur`js ollbw o``jss tb iofly lfhj fm om`fjmt s`cbbls.Yjrjso Dbrkom cos orkuji hbr tcj prfdo`y bh tcj mbm-lftjrory sbur`js

bvjr tcj lftjrory sbur`js. Pcj jdpcosfzjs tcot tcjsj sbur`js dfrrbr o sb`fol`bmtjxt ifhhjrjmt hrbd dbst bh tcj lftjrory sbur`js. Hurtcjrdbrj, tcjyottjst cbw hrokdjmtory omi um`bdpljtji wos tcj trofmfmk. Hrbd tcjlftjrory sbur`js bmj cos tcj fdprjssfbm tcot dbst bh Cbdjr wos rjoi, omiwftc jquol hrjqujm`y. Ycj mbm-lftjrory sbur`js, cbwjvjr, `brrj`t tcfspf`turj. Domy Cbdjrf` tjxts covj survfvji fm tcj s`cbbl sbur`js. Ycustcjy tjstfhy tb tcj prfdory fdpbrtom`j bh Cbdjr fm s`cbbl (dbrj bm tcfslotjr), eut cfs wrftfmks oppjor dbstly fm sdolljr umfts, qubtotfbms omi

`lustjrs dofmly hrbd tcj ejkfmmfmk bh tcj wbrns, omi sbdj rjùrrjmts`jmjs wcf`c ottro tji fmtjrjst1 Ycj strfnfmk tcfmk oebut dbst bh tcj btcjrsurvfvols, cbwjvjr, fs tcot tcjy ib mbt `bvjr tcj morrotfvj.?5 Hrbd tcfsdotjrfol Dbrkom `bm`luijs tcot o mbtfbm bh `brj omi pjrfpcjry wos fmusj. Dbst stuijmts wjrj toukct bmly o `brj bh snflls, tjxts omi outcbrs

?? @rfefbrj ?6681 0?05, ?97.

?5 Dbrkom ?6631 ?7;.

P`cbbl fm tcj Kroj`b-Ubdom [brli ?6


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iurfmk tcjfr jiuòtfbm. Hjw dbvji ejybmi tcj `brj omi rj`jfvji tcjjiuòtfbm djmtfbmji fm tcj lftjrory sbur`js.?0 Hbr tcj prjsjmt fmvjstfko-tfbm, cbwjvjr, ft fs bh sfkmfòm`j tcot o humiodjmtol bvjrloppfmk ejtwjjm

tcj mbm-lftjrory omi lftjrory sbur`js fs besjrvoelj. Ycfs ollbws us tbossudj om jiuòtfbmol systjd fm pro`tf`j1 Ycj popyrf fm`luij oll tcj`bdpbmjmts bhjaknuvnlfb" pofijfvo bm wcf`c jlftj sbur`js okrjj, omi tcjjljdjmts wcf`c ib mbt oppjor fm popyrf orj typfòlly `coro`tjrfzji fmlftjrory sbur`js os jxtros, oltjrmotfvjs br ofds, rotcjr tcom djoms bhjiuòtfbm.?9

5.0 Ycj Dorrbu Yroiftfbm1 O Yrfportftj Jiuòtfbmol WottjrmFm ?693 C.F. Dorrbu prjsjmtji cfs stuiy Cfstbfrj ij ljiuòtfbm iomslomtfquftj. Ycj ebbn cos oppjorji fm sjvjrol jiftfbms, omi cos ejjmtromslotji fmtb domy lomkuokjs. Ft fs truly o `lossf` bm tcfs tbpf`. Vum LjjYbb soys tcot Dorrbus wbrn cos `bdj tb b`ùpy o pbsftfbm os tcjoutcbrftotfvj cfstbry bh om`fjmt jiuòtfbm.?: Dorrbu cos pbpulorfzji tcjstomiori trfportftj pf`turj bh om`fjmt jiuòtfbm. Lftjrory fmstru`tfbm wos,o``brifmk tb tcfs vfjw, ifvfiji fmtb tcrjj ljvjls1 prfdory, sj`bmiory omi

cfkcjr jiuòtfbm, jo`c supjrvfsji ey o ifhhjrjmt tjo`cjr.?8 Ycjsj ljvjlswjrj toukct sjqujmtfolly, omi jo`c wos supjrvfsji ey ifhhjrjmt tjo`cjrs.Ycj uperfmkfmk bh `cflirjm prb`jjiji fm `brrjspbmifmk ljvjls> sdoll`cflirjm up tb okj ; (pofijf'b")> `cflirjm (pof'") hrbd ; tb ?9, omioibljs`jmt (djfrovnfbm) hrbd ?9 tfll okj 57. Yrujpofijfvo stortji, tcjm, fmprfdory s`cbblfmk ot okj ;. Zmtfl tcjm tcj cbdj prbvfiji hbr tcj mjjis bh`cflirjm, omi tcjfr uperfmkfmk wos spbnjm bh fm tjrds su`c osoamostrbhcv,?; wcf`c djoms mburfscdjmt.?3 Hrbd tcfs ft fs ijiu`ji tcot

prfdory jiuòtfbm stortji ot oebut tcj okj bh ;, omi tcot sj`bmioryjiuòtfbm `bmtfmuji wcjm tcj stuijmt coi ljormji cfs OE@.

Fm prfdory jiuòtfbm, ljormfmk tb rjoi omi wrftj wjrj kfvjm dbstottjmtfbm. Ycj jljdjmtory tjo`cjr wos òllji kroddotfstcv". Ycfs pbfmtstb tcj dofm o`tfvfty, modjly tb wbrn wftc to> krovddoto, tcj ljttjrs, tcot fscbw tb fijmtfhy, `bpy omi prbmbum`j tcj ljttjrs bh tcj olpcoejt os wjll oscbw tb `bdefmj tcj sylloeljs. Fm Lotfm, o tjo`cjr ot tcfs ljvjl wos òllji

?0 Dbrkom ?6631 ;?;0, ;;, 33, ?709.

?9 Dbrkom ?6631 :7.

?: Ybb 577?o1 ?.

?8 Pjj cbw tcfs pottjrm stru`turjs tcj prjsjmtotfbm bh Cjlljmfstf s`cbbls omi jiuòtfbm

fm if`tfbmorfjs> j.k. Oljxomijr ?665> Ybwmsjmi ?665.

?; Pjj j.k Orfstbtlj,Wbl. ?008E.

?3 @h. trbhbv", tcj pjrsbm, dbstly o wbdom, wcb òrjs hbr tcj sdoll `cflirjm. Woul tcjopbstlj `bdporji cfs rjspbmsfeflftfjs wftc cfs rj`jmt `bmvjrts fm Ycjssolbmfò wftc tcbsj bh o

trbhbv" fm prfvotj cbdjs (? Ycjss. 5.3)> sjj Dolcjrej ?6;7.



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luif dokfstjr, br sfdply lfttjrotbr, wcf`c fs ijrfvji hrbd lfttjroj, ljttjrs.Yjo`cjrs bm tcfs ljvjl ifi mbt jmaby cfkc rjputj omi stotus. Ycjfrb`ùpotfbm wos bhtjm tonjm tb jxjdplfhy om umlu`ny pjrsbm br bmj wcb

coi hoflji. Fm tcj ifolbkuj Djmfppus, Lu`fom bh Podbsoto cos o `coro`tjrsoyfmk ohtjr o scbrt vfsft tb Coijs1 Eut ybu wbuli covj loukcji du`cdbrj cjortfly, F tcfmn, fh ybu coi sjjm bur nfmks omi sotrops rjiu`ji tbpbvjrty tcjrj, omi jftcjr sjllfmk solt sc bm o``bumt bh tcjfr mjjifmjss brtjo`cfmk tcj olpcoejt to> prw'to ifiovsnbmto" krovddotoT, omi kjttfmkoeusji omi cft bvjr tcj cjoi ey oll `bdjrs, lfnj tcj djomjst bh slovjs(Djm.?;).?6 Fm tcj rst stokj, tcj tjo`cfmk ofdji ot jmoelfmk tcj stuijmtstb rjoi jxtro`ts, usuolly olbui, hrbd `lossfòl tjxts.57 Ycj tjo`cjrs wjrj

sjjm os `bmvjyfmk tb tcjfr stuijmts tcj pro`tfòl snfll bh rjoifmk, vjrydu`c lfnj om ortfsom br loeburjr fm rjoifmk omi wrftfmk (sjj @coptjr 9).Ycfs `bmtrfeutji tb tcj lbw stotus bh tcj kroddotfstofv.

Ljormfmk tcj olpcoejt wos tcj dbst fdpbrtomt o`tfvfty fm prfdoryjiuòtfbm. Mbtjebbns wcf`c covj ejjm prjsjrvji, su`c os wbbijm woxtoeljts, pfj`js bh erbnjm pbts br popyrf, scbw cbw tcj olpcoejt wostoukct. Hrbd tcfs dotjrfol wj nmbw tcot tcj stuijmts ljormt tcj olpcoejthbrworis omi eo`nworis, omi tcot tcjy wjrj toukct tb rjoi fm rcytcd,

omi tb djdbrfzj omi prbmbum`j ifhùlt wbris br modjs.5?

Hrbd tcjljttjrs tcjy dbvji tb sylloeljs, wbris omi sjmtjm`js (sjj oebvj). Ycjmbtjebbns scbw tcot tjo`cfmk wos prfdorfly ibmj ey djoms bhdjdbrfzfmk. Ycj ofd wos `brrj`t omi ejoutfhul wrftfmk omi `brrj`tprbmum fotfbm bh ljttjrs omi sylloeljs. Ycfs wos ljormji jftcjr ey hbllbwfmktcj butlfmjs bh ljttjrs òrvji fmtb o wbbijm toeljt, ey tcj tjo`cjr kufifmktcj comi bh cfs stuijmt, br ey `bpyfmk tcj tjo`cjrs dbijl ejtwjjmporolljl lfmjs.55 Lfsts bh Cbdjrf` modjs wjrj tb ej djdbrfzji. Ycj

tjo`cjrs jxplofmji omi `bddjmtji upbm tcj fijmtfty omi ijjis bh tcjsjmodjs, omi tcus fmtrbiu`ji stuijmts tb Krjjn cfstbry, ùlturj omifijmtfty.

Dortfol, wcb lfvji fm Ubdj fm tcj lost port bh tcj rst `jmtury @J, fs wjllnmbwm hbr cfs jpfkrods sotfrfzfmk iofly lfhj fm tcj `fty. Bh `bursj, sotfrfstsorj prbmj tb jxokkjrotfbm, eut tcjfr jxokkjrotfbms usuolly tonj typfòls`jmjs os tcj pbfmt bh ijporturj. Ycfs sjjds tb ej tcj òsj wcjm Dortfol fsijs`rfefmk o tjo`cjr wbrnfmk fm tcj vf`fmfty1

?6 Oll `ftotfbms hrbd L@L umljss btcjrwfsj fmifòtji. Hbr dbrj jvfijm`j tcot prfdory

tjo`cjrs wjrj beaj`ts bh ijrfsfbm, sjj Ebbtc ?63?.

57 Pjj j.k. O`ts 3.53-07 omi _ufmtflfom Fmst.?.3.?-5, fm wcf`c rjoifmk olbui fs ossudji.

Ycj `bdporfsbm ejtwjjm rjoifmk omi sfmkfmk fs olsb rjljvomt cjrj> `h. @ljdjmt Wrbtr.

9/:6.?-5.

5? Bm s`cbbl jxjr fsjs, sjj @rfefbrj ?6681 5;::.

55 Pjj @rfefbrj ?6681 ?5553.

P`cbbl fm tcj Kroj`b-Ubdom [brli 5?


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[cot covj ybu tb ib wftc dj, ùrsji s`cbbldostjr ^luif dokfstjrT,

`rjoturj cotjhul tb ebys omi kfrls2 Ycj `rjstji `b`ns covj mbt yjt

erbnjm sfljm`j omi olrjoiy ybu donj o ifm wftc ybur sovokj rborfmk

omi ybur tcwo`ns. Ycj erbmzj rjsbumis os lbuily hrbd sdfttjm omvfls,wcjm tcj sdftc fs ttfmk o eorrfstjr50 tb tcj cbrsjs dfiilj. Ycj scbutfmk

rokjs ljss wflily fm tcj krjot Odpcftcjotjr wcjm tcj wfmmfmk eu`nljr59

fs opplouiji ey fts eo`njrs. [j ybur mjfkcebrs osn hbr sljjp mbt oll

mfkct tcrbukc> tb lfj owonj fs mbtcfmk du`c, eut tb lfj owonj oll mfkct fs

o `rbss. Ifsdfss ybur pupfls îfs`fpulbs ifdfttj subsT. [fll ybu tonj os

du`c hbr cblifmk ybur tbmkuj os ybu kjt hbr scbutfmk2 (Jpfkrod

6.83.??)

Ycj tjxt fs fmstru`tfvj, `bmvjyfmk o pf`turj bh jorly-dbrmfmk lbui rj`ftolhrbd tcj s`cbbl, tb tcj ommbyom`j bh tcj mjfkceburs. Dortfol sjjds tbossudj tcot jvjm kfrls ottjmiji tcfs s`cbbl (sjj lotjr fm tcfs `coptjr). Ycjtjo`cfmk fs o``bdpomfji ey corsc ifs`fplfmj. Cfs `bmtjdpt hbr tcj luifdokfstjr scfmjs tcrbukc `ljorly, hbr fmstom`j fm cfs djmtfbm bh tcjpoydjmt. Ycj tjxt fllustrotjs wcot ft djomt hbr s`cbbls tb ej puelf`>fmstru`tfbm tbbn plo`j fm woys wcf`c `buli ej besjrvji ey tcj`bddumfty> sbdjtfdjs tb fts ommbyom`j.

O``brifmk tb tcfs stomiori vfjw, stuijmts oivom`ji tb tcj mjxt stokjwcjm tcjy wjrj rjoiy hbr ft. [brnfmk bm kroddor omi tcj jxjkjsfs bh tcjpbjts rjqufrji snflls fm ebtc rjoifmk omi wrftfmk. Ycj tromsftfbm tb tcjsj`bmi stokj, tcjrjhbrj, ijpjmiji upbm tcjsj snflls. Ycj tjo`cjrs toukctstylj, lomkuokj omi dbrols eosji bm tcjsj os wjll os bm btcjr tjxts. Ycjstuijmts wjrj kfvjm jxjr`fsjs, pfj`js tb djdbrfzj omi rj`ftj, supjrvfsji eykroddotfnbv". Ycj sj`bmiory ùrrfùlud bh kroddor omi lftjroturj portlybvjrloppji bm tcj rst stokj, eut ft wos dbrj `bdpljx omi sbpcfstfòtji.Ycj stuijmts mbw possji hrbd wbris omi sylloeljs tb lftjrory wbrns,prfdorfly tcbsj bh Cbdjr. Ey tjo`cfmk `lossfòl lftjroturj, tcj s`cbbl-dostjrs wjrj kroiuolly hbrdfmk om fijmtfty eosji bm tcj krjot troiftfbmsbh tcj ùlturj. Dbst fdpbrtomt wjrj Cbdjrs jpf s, tcj Flfoi omi tcjBiyssjy. Cbdjr wos tcj pbjt por jx`jlljm`j, omi tcj Flfoi wos,o``brifmk tb tcj mudejr bh `bpfjs hbumi, tcrjj tfdjs dbrj pbpulortcom tcj Biyssjy.5: Ycj lftjroturj wftc wcf`c tcj stuijmts coi tb b`ùpytcjdsjlvjs doij hrjqujmt djmtfbm bh tcj kbis, omi pokom dytcblbky, osAjws omi @crfstfoms wbuli òll ft, wos fdpbrtomt. Ycj outcbrfty ossfkmji

tb tcjsj jpf`s fs iuj tb tcj kufifmk omi fmtjrvjmfmk rblj tcj ijftfjs covj fmtcjsj stbrfjs. Ycj ijstfmy bh pjbplj omi cfstbry orj ij`fiji bm Dbumt

50 Fm o mbtj, tcj L@L jiftfbm soys tcot su``jsshul lowyjrs wjrj fm tcj coeft bh jrj`tfmk

jqujstrfom stotujs bh tcjdsjlvjs fm tcjfr vjstfeuljs (`h. Auvjmol Pot. ;.?5:).

59 Fm o mbtj tcj L@L jiftfbm soys tcot tcfs wos òrrfji ey Ycro`fom kloifotbrs. Ycjy coi

o rjputotfbm hbr rorjly wfmmfmk. [cjm tcjy wbm, cbwjvjr, tcj opplousj wbuli ej oll tcj

lbuijr.

5: Hbr tcj hrokdjmtory moturj bh tcfs ljormfmk, sjj rjhjrjm`js oebvj.



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Blydpus. Ycjsj tjxts orj, o``brifmkly, rjlfkfbus pbjds. Ft fs tcj oworjmjssbh tcfs wcf`c doij jiuòtfbm o du`c-ifsùssji tbpf` odbmk @crfstfoms bhtcj rst `jmtury @J. Ycj sueaj`ts toukct ot tcj prfdory omi sj`bmiory

stokjs wjrj `bllj`tfvjly òllji jm`y`lfòl (sjj oebvj).Ptuijmts wcb mfscji tcj twb rst ljvjls coi ifhhjrjmt bptfbms. Ycjy

wjrj tb mi o tjo`cjr fm djif`fmj,58 low, rcjtbrf` br pcflbsbpcy.5; Ycjstuijmts `bmtfmuji tcjfr stuiy bh lftjroturj, eut wjrj mbw hbùsfmk bmcbw tcfs nmbwljikj wbuli prbvj cjlphul hbr spjj`cjs omi pcflbsbpcy.Ycj tjxtebbns, prbkydmosdoto,53 usji hbr tcj purpbsj bh rcjtbrf ,ijdbmstrotj tcj `bmtfmufmk usj bh Cbdjr ot tcfs oivom`ji ljvjl bhjiuòtfbm. Hbr ybumk Krjjn ebys hrbd wjll-tb-ib hodflfjs tcfs wos olsb

tcj tfdj tb stort tcj sb-òllji jpcjefom56

jiuòtfbm, wcf`c `buli lost hbrtwb yjors. Ycj o`tfvftfjs bh tcj kudmovsfbm07 wjrj djomt tb `bdpljtj omioii tb wcot tcj ybutc coi sb hor ejjm toukct. Jdpcosfs, cbwjvjr, woslofi bm pcysfòl trofmfmk omi otcljtf`s. Yroiftfbmolly, tcfs trofmfmk wosdbtfvotji ey tcj mjji tb prjporj hbr ijhjmifmk tcj `fty fm tfdj bh wor.0?

Ptuiyfmk ot tcjkydmosfokovj tcj ybumkstjrs o``jss tb puelf` pbsftfbms, fmpblftf`s omi oidfmfstrotfbm,05 portfùlorly sb fm plo`js wcjrj Krjjnùlturj wos cfkcly voluji. Fm cfs Pydpbsfonbm 6 (Dbr. ;08I0;I),

Wlutor`c tjlls us cbw `fvfl sjrvomts fm Otcjms ottjmiji omoapbvijfxf"wcjrjstuijmts pjrhbrdji fm rjoifmk, kjbdjtry, rcjtbrf` omi dusf`. Ycfs Krjjntjrd fdplfjs sbdj hbrd bh jvoluotfbm br fmspj`tfbm.

Wortf`fpotfbm fm tcj o`tfvftfjs bh tcj kydmosfo wos rj`nbmji os o`rftjrfbm bh Krjjnmjss, omi mj`jssory tb jmaby hull rfkcts os o `ftfzjm. Ycfsfs fllustrotji fm 5 Do`òejjs 9, o Ajwfsc tjxt ijs`rfefmk cbw Krjjn omipokom dbrjs wjrj fmtrbiu`ji tb Ajrusoljd ot tcj tfdj bh Aosbm tcj cfkcprfjst (`. ?87 E@J)1

58 Ycj wrftfmks bh Koljm kfvj sbdj fmsfkct fmtb djifòl jiuòtfbm> sjj Oljxomijr ?6651

?776?7.

5; Pjj Oljxomijr ?6651 ?77;76. Fm Orrfoms `bdpflotfbm bh tcj ifs`bursjs bh cfs tjo`cjr,

modjly Jpf`tjtus, wj sjj o pcflbsbpcfòl tjo`cjr ot wbrn. Pjj olsb @ulpjppjr ?6;:1 ?0:97.

53 Pjj Xjkkj 57781 ?5?03.

56 Ycfs wbri fs ijrfvji hrbd tcj Krjjnj^hcebv", djomfmk ybumk oibljs`jmt.07 O kydmosfbm wos o spbrts krbumi, vjry bhtjm wftc o `blbmmoij prbvfifmk scoij tb

prbtj`t okofmst cjot br scjltjr hrbd wfmi omi rofm. Ycj wbri fs ijrfvji hrbd Krjjnkudmbv"(monji), iuj tb tcj ho`t tcot otcljtf` jxjr`fsjs wjrj pjrhbrdji muij. Ws. Lu`fom Od. 9:djmtfbms pcysfòl trofmfmk os fmtjkrol tb ebys jiuòtfbm, oltcbukc tcfs jljdjmt wos ij`lfmfmk

fm tcj rst `jmtury @J. _ufmtflfom ibjs mbt scorj tcj Krjjns jmtcusfosd hbr otcljtf`s fm

jiuòtfbm (Fmst.?.??.?), eut cfs s`jptf`fsd fs, fm ho`t, tjstfdbmy tcot sbdj `cflirjm fm Ubdj

`bmtfmuji tb fm`luij pcysfòl trofmfmk fm tcjfr jiuòtfbm.

0? Pjj j.k. Lu`fom, Omo`c. ?7, ?9, 57, 59, 07.

05 Fm tcj [jstjrm ports bh tcj Ubdom Jdpfrj, Oukustus jm`burokji o sfdflor jiuòtfbm

fm `blljkfo auvjmud, jdpcosfzfmk pcysfòl trofmfmk> sjj Ybwmsjmi ?6;?1 ?:? wftc hurtcjr

rjhjrjm`js.

P`cbbl fm tcj Kroj`b-Ubdom [brli 50


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. . . tb jstoelfsc ey cfs outcbrfty o kydmosfud omi o ebiy bh ybutc

^kudmovsfbm nof> jahcejf"bmT hbr ft, omi tb jmrbl tcj pjbplj bh Ajrusoljdos `ftfzjms bh Omtfb`c (6) . . . cj tbbn ijlfkct fm jstoelfscfmk o

kydmosfud rfkct umijr tcj `ftoijl, omi cj fmiu`ji tcj mbeljst bh tcjybumk djm tb wjor tcj Krjjn cot.00 Ycjrj wos su`c om jxtrjdj bh

Cjlljmfzotfbm omi fm`rjosj fm tcj oibptfbm bh hbrjfkm woys ejòusj bh

tcj surpossfmk wf`njimjss bh Aosbm, wcb wos umkbily omi mb truj cfkc

prfjst, tcot tcj prfjsts wjrj mb lbmkjr fmtjmt upbm tcjfr sjrvf`j ot tcj

oltor. Ijspfsfmk tcj som`tuory omi mjklj`tfmk tcj so`rf`js, tcjy currfji

tb tonj port fm tcj umlowhul prb`jjifmks fm tcj wrjstlfmk orjmo09 ohtjr

tcj sfkmol hbr tcj ifsùs-tcrbwfmk, ifsiofmfmk tcj cbmburs prfzji ey

tcjfr om`jstbrs omi puttfmk tcj cfkcjst voluj upbm Krjjn hbrds bh

prjstfkj0: (vv. 6, ?5?:)

Otcljtf`s, pro`tfsji fm tcj Krjjn woy, eut olsb jiuòtfbm fm kjmjrol, orjcjrj sjjm os o ifstfm`t dorn bh Krjjn fijmtfty. Ycj fdplf`ft o`ùsotfbmokofmst Ajws portf`fpotfmk fm tcj o`tfvftfjs ijs`rfeji cjrj fs tcot tcjy covjoeomibmji tcjfr Ajwfsc fijmtfty hbr tcj Krjjn.

@f`jrb omi _ufmtflfom `bmsfijrji rcjtbrf` tcj pjon bh jiuòtfbm. Ebtcbh tcjd, cbwjvjr, o`nmbwljikji tcj mjji tb ottjmi ljssbms fm jm`y`lfòlstuifjs br ortjs lfejroljs ejhbrj jdero`fmk tcj prbpjr jiuòtfbm bhrcjtbrf` (j.k. @f`jrb, Ij br. ?.;0-;;> ?.?0;> 5.:-8). @f`jrb prjsjmts tcjsjstuifjs os `bdftjs o` dfmfstroj brotbrfs, ottjmiomts omi comidofis bhbrotbry (Ij br.?.;:). Os wfll oppjor lotjr fm tcj prjsjmt fmvjstfkotfbm, tcfsfs o stomiori woy bh tolnfmk oebut jm`y`lfòl jiuòtfbm1 ft prbvfijsnmbwljikj wcf`c prjporjs hbr, povjs tcj woy hbr, br dfmfstjrs, tb rjolnmbwljikj, ovofloelj fm rcjtbrf`, pcflbsbpcy br djif`fmj.08 Hurtcjrdbrj,jm`y`lfòl sueaj`ts wjrj usuolly ijs`rfeji fm tjrds bh o ejoutfhuldofisjrvomt (dfmfstro) br ottro`tfvj wbdom os bppbsji tb tcj ljkol

wfhj, tcj sydebl bh cfkcjr jiuòtfbm.0;

Ycj Ubdom pcflbsbpcjr Pjmjò (sjj @coptjr 9) ottjmiji tcj `lossjs bhtcj pcflbsbpcjr Ottolbs (Jp. ?73). Ycj ofd bh tcfs jiuòtfbm wos mbt tbljorm cbw tb ijeotj, eut cbw tb lfvj> mbt tb `bllj`t nmbwljikj eut tbijvjlbp br fdprbvj sbuls (Jp.?73.50). Ycfs fs, os wj wfll sjj fm @coptjr 9,om fdplf`ft `rftfquj bh jm`y`lfòl stuifjs. Yrofmfmk fm pcflbsbpcy fsifstfmkufscji hrbd tcj rjst bh tcj ùrrfùlo toukct fm tcj s`cbbls fm fts ofdbh jmmbelfmk tcj sbuls bh tcj stuijmts. Jm`y lfòl tjo`cjrs tjo`c tcjfr

00 Cjrdjs wbrj o erboi-erfddji cot, omi cj wos bhtjm ossb`fotji wftc otcljtf`

`bdpjtftfbms.

09 Ycj Pjptuokfmt cos cjrjjam polofvstrc.0: Ycj Pjptuokfmt cos cjrjtfdofvomi ibvxof, wcf`c fm tcfs `bmtjxt prbeoely rjhjr tb tcj

wrjotc kfvjm tb tcj wfmmjr bh tcj `bdpjtftfbms.

08 Ycj eosf` stru turj bh tcfs lbkf` wos josfly opplfji ey Ajws os rjhjrrfmk tb nmbwljikj

prjporfmk hbr Ybroc, br ey @crfstfoms hbr tcj @crfstfom hoftc.

0; Dbrj bm tcfs fm @cs 9.9> :.?. 0 omi ?9.?. 0.



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stuijmts tb omolysj Xfrkfls sjmtjm`j hukft . . . tjdpus. Ycj stuijmts wbuliej toukct tcj kroddor bh tcfs sjmtjm`j, cbw bhtjm tcjsj wbris oppjor fmXfrkfls wrftfmks, jt`. Ycj pcflbsbpcy tjo`cjr, cbwjvjr, tonjs tcfs sjmtjm`j

os o pbfmt bh ijporturj tb tjo`c cfs stuijmts cbw tb donj rfkct usj bh tfdj(Jp. ?73.59-58). Ycj sodj sjmtjm`j hrbd Xfrkfl fs tcus stuifji wftcifhhjrjmt purpbsjs, odbmk wcf`c bmly tcj lottjr fs truly fdpbrtomt,o``brifmk tb Pjmjò. Ycj pcflbsbpcjrs ljssbms ofd ot wbris ej`bdfmko`ts1 ut vjreo bpjro sfmt. Ycj woy pcflbsbpcjrs toukct tcjfr stuijmts wosbrkomfzji fm brijr tb erfmk oebut tcfs. Fm cfs Jp. 8.:8, cj oiirjssjs cfshrfjmi Lu`flfus. Fm brijr tb `bmvjy wfsibd (sopfjmtfo) tb tcfs hrfjmi,Pjmjò sjmis cfd sbdj ebbns fm wcf`c cj cos dornji tcj possokjs

Lu`flfus bukct tb stuiy òrjhully1

Bh `bursj, cbwjvjr, tcj lfvfmk vbf`j ^vfvo vbxT omi tcj fmtfdo`y bh o

`bddbm lfhj wfll cjlp ybu dbrj tcom tcj wrfttjm wbri. Vbu dust kb tb

tcj s`jmj bh o`tfbm ^rjs projsjmsT, rst, ejòusj djm put dbrj hoftc fm

tcjfr jyjs tcom fm tcjfr jors, omi sj`bmi, ejòusj tcj woy fs lbmk fh bmj

hbllbws prj`jpts pjr proj`jptoT, eut scbrt omi cjlphul, fh bmj hbllbws

pottjrms pjr jxjdploT. @ljomtcjs `buli mbt covj ejjm tcj jxprjss fdokj

bh Qjmb, fh cj coi djrjly cjori cfs lj`turjs> cj scorji fm cfs lfhj, sow

fmtb cfs cfiijm purpbsjs, omi wot`cji cfd tb sjj wcjtcjr cj lfvjio``brifmk tb cfs ruljs ôm jx hbrdulo suo vfvjrjtT. Wlotb, Orfstbtlj, omi

tcj wcblj tcrbmk bh sokjs wcb wjrj ijstfmji tb kb jo`c cfs ifhhjrjmt

woy, ijrfvji dbrj ejmjt hrbd tcj `coro`tjr tcom hrbd tcj wbris bh

Pb`rotjs plus jx dbrfeus quod jx vjrefs Pb`rotfs troxftT. Ft wos mbt tcj

`loss-rbbd bh Jpfùrus ^s`cblo JpfùrfT, eut lfvfmk tbkjtcjr umijr tcj

sodj rbbh, tcot doij krjot djm bh Djtrbibrus, Cjrdo`cus, omi

Wblyojmus.

Ycfs fs o pojiokbky bh fdftotfmk tcj tjo`cjr ey hbllbwfmk cfd `lbsjly omitcus ljormfmk hrbd cfs dbrjs rotcjr tcom hrbd cfs wbris. Pjmjòs tjxtfdplfjs o ijprj`fotfbm bh jm`y`lfòl tjo`cfmk wcf`c fdports tj`cmfòl snfllsbmly. Jm`y`lfòl stuifjs orj, tcjrjhbrj, voluji bmly os prjporotbrynmbwljikj hbr tcj pofijfo prbpjr, wcf`c fs bhhjrji ey pcflbsbpcy.Pjmjòs jxplomotfbm bh tcj rjlotfbmscfp ejtwjjm jm`y`lfòl stuifjs omipcflbsbpcy cos o rjdornoelj ohmfty wftc cbw domy @crfstfoms òdj tbtcfmn bh tcj usjhulmjss bh jm`y`lfòl jiuòtfbm, omi tcjrjhbrj olsb bhCbdjr. Ycj lbkf` bh tcj prjporotbry rblj bh jm`y`lfòl trofmfmk wfll ejjloebrotji bm fm @coptjr 9. Ycj prjsjmtotfbm kfvjm oebvj fs brkomfzjio``brifmk tb Dorrbus fmstujmtfol pottjrm. Oltcbukc o mudejr bh tjxtssukkjst o prbkrjssfbm ejtwjjm jljdjmtory omi sj`bmiory stokjs,03

Dorrbus trfportftj pottjrm oppjors rotcjr rfkfi. Dorrbu o`nmbwljikjitcot tcjrj wjrj jxodpljs wcf`c ifhhjrji hrbd cfs trfportftj pottjrm, eut cj`bmsfijrji tcjd jx`jptfbms.

03 Pjj j.k. Nostjr ?6301 05:56.

P`cbbl fm tcj Kroj`b-Ubdom [brli 5:


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5.0.? @rftf`fsd bh DorrbuDorrbus trfportftj omi sjqujmtfol pottjrm cos ejjm sjrfbusly qujs-tfbmji.06 Oltcbukc Dorrbu fmsfstji bm o `bcjrjmt omi `ljorly ijmji

jiuòtfbmol systjd, tcj rj`jmt ebbn Jiuòtfbm fm Krjjn omi UbdomOmtfqufty(577?) jiftji ey Vum Ljj Ybb, scbws o wbrli bh ifvjrsfty omi`bdpljxfty.97 Fm tcj lotj ?6;7s, Olom I. Ebbtc loum`cji om otto`n bm opottjrm wcjrj stuijmts prbkrjssji hrbd tcj jljdjmtory tb dbrj oivom`jistuifjs ey tcj okj bh ?? br ?5.9? Dorrbu omi cfs hbllbwjrs brkomfzji tcjdotjrfol fm o woy wcf`c bwjs dbrj tb dbijrm `bm`jpts bh jiuòtfbm tcomwcot tcj ifvjrsfty bh om`fjmt sb`fjty sukkjsts. Ebbtc ijdbmstrotjs tcotdomy sbur`js osudj tcot kroddotf`f olsb tbbn rjspbmsfeflfty hbr

jljdjmtory tjo`cfmk, tcus erjonfmk up tcj mjot trfportftj sjqujm`j.Ebbtc cos scbwm tcot mb umfvjrsol prbkrjss hrbd supjrvfsfbm kfvjm ey tcj

kroddotfstjs omi tcjm ey tcj kroddotfùs òm ej ossudji.95 [j covjsjjm tcot o `bddbm ottftuij tb jm`y lfòl stuifjs wos tcot tcjy wjrj`bmsfijrji prjùrsbrs tb rjolpofijfo. Ycfs wfll ej hurtcjr ijdbmstrotji ostcfs wbrn prbkrjssjs. @jrtofmly, tcfs ottftuij ifi mbt hovbur tcj wbrn bh

kroddotfstof1 @ljorly tcj tcrust wos tb curry tcj `cfli tcrbukc tcjjljdjmts tbworis rjol ljormfmk, hbr sb tcj rjosbmfmk sjjds tb rum tcj

dbrj ifhùlt tcj sueaj`t, tcj krjotjr tcj tfdj mjjiji.90

Fm WjtrbmfusPotyrf`bm, o tjo`cjr bh rcjtbrf` prbvfijs o kbbi jxodplj bh Ebbtcs pbfmt.Fm Pot. 0:, cj elodjs odeftfbus porjmts hbr curryfmk tcj umrfpj99

s`cbbleby fmtb tcj low`burts, omi tb ijdomi jlbqujm`j bh ebys wcb orjoebut tb ej ebrm (pujrf mos`jmtjs). Ycj porjmts ib mbt ollbw tcjd tbprb`jji stjpwfsj (kroius), omi tb rjo`c o hull spljmibur bh jlbqujm`j fmiuj tfdj. Ycj rjsult fs tcot ebys donj o kodj but bh s`cbbl (fm s`cblfsluiumt), omi wcjm tcjy ej`bdj fuvjmjs, tcjy ej`bdj o loukcfmk-stb`n fm

hbrb, fm tcj `burts. Ycj pro tf`j `bdplofmji bh cjrj spjons okofmstDorrbus `ljorly ifstfmkufscoelj trfportftj jiuòtfbm.Hurtcjrdbrj, jljdjmtory tjo`cjrs ho`ji sb du`c `rftf`fsd (sjj oebvj)

tcot ft fs lfnjly tcot sbdj porjmts ovbfiji tcjd, br lfdftji tcjfr wbrn. Ycjporjmts dfkct olsb covj sovji sbdj dbmjy ey covfmk o kroddotfùstonfmk òrj olsb bh tcj jljdjmtory tjo`cfmk. Ycj solory bh tcj tjo`cjrs omitcj porjmts ottjdpt tb rjiu`j tcj `bsts oppjor hrjqujmtly fm tcj sbur`js.Ws.Wlutor`c tjlls bh o hotcjr lbbnfmk hbr o `cjop tjo`cjr hbr cfs sbm

06 Ft stfll hbrds o eo`nebmj hbr prjsjmtotfbms bh om`fjmt jiuòtfbm, sjj j.k. Cb`n 57701

?66573> Xjkkj 57781 90306.

97 Ybb 577?o1 ?7?8.

9? Ebbtc ?6;6> ?6;6o> ?63?.

95 @rfefbrj 577?1 :? kfvjs jxodpljs tcot kroddotfstjs sbdjtfdjs ijsfkmotji tcj

kroddorfom (kroddotf`bs).

90 Ebbtc ?6;61 6.

99 Ycj oiaj`tfvj `ruius djoms umifkjstji> sjj Bxhbri Lotfm If`tfbmory s.v.



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(Dbr. 9H).9: Cj opprbo`cji Orfstfppus omi osnji cfd cbw du`c cj`corkji hbr o stuijmt. Ycj tjo`cjr sofi O tcbusomi iro`cdos, tb wcf`ctcj hotcjr rjspbmiji1 Krjot Cjovjms! [cot om jx`jssfvj ijdomi! F òm

euy o slovj hbr o tcbusomi. Orfstfppus tcjm omswjrji1 Ycjm ybu wfllcovj twb slovjs, ybur sbm omi tcj bmj ybu euy. Ycjsj besjrvotfbms donjDorrbus pottjrm oppjor tbb umfhbrd, tbb umfvjrsol omi rfkfi. Ft fs lfnjlytcot sbdj porjmts sbukct bmj bh hbur bptfbms hbr tcjfr `cflirjm1

o) tcjy sjmt tcjd tb tcj jljdjmtory tjo`cjrs, os ossudji ey Dorrbue) tcjy lfdftji tcj tfdj tcj `cflirjm spjmt wftc tcj jljdjmtory

tjo`cjrs`) tcjy coi kroddotf`f tb tonj òrj bh tcj jiuòtfbm, fm`luifmk olsb

tcj jljdjmtory ljvjlsi) tcjy coi tcjd toukct ot cbdj.

Ebbtc orkujs tcotkroddotfstjs/luif dokfstjromi tcjkroddotf`bsifi mbtmj`jssorfly hbrd o sjqujm`j, eut wjrj sjporotj ports bh o sb follysjkdjmtji systjd bh twb stroto. Ycj rst wos fmtjmiji hbr tcj lbwjrstroto, omi pjiilji `roht lftjro`y tb `cflirjm, slovj omi hrjj, tb jmco`jtcjfr jdplbyoeflfty,98 wcflj tcj btcjr prbvfiji lfejrol jiuòtfbm tb uppjr-`loss `cflirjm. Ycj lottjr rj`jfvji jljdjmtory fmstru`tfbm ot cbdj br wftctcj kroddotf`bs. Ebbtc tcus scbws cbw jiuòtfbm omi sb`fol pbsftfbmwjrj fmtfdotjly `bmmj`tji. Hrbd tcfs ft hbllbws tcot ottftuijs tb Krjjnjiuòtfbm ijpjmiji upbm sb`fol pbsftfbm. Ycfs fmsfkct wfll ej `bmrdjihrbd @crfstfom sbur`js (sjj Wort 5).

Ubejrt O. Nostjr cos ijvjlbpji Ebbtcs `rftf`fsd bh tcj Dorrbutroiftfbm ey jdpcosfzfmk tcot tcj ifstfm`tfbm ejtwjjm jljdjmtory omisj`bmiory tjo`cfmk wos bhtjm elurrji1

Bm tcj bmj comi, tcj jvfijm`j sukkjsts tcot tcj ifstfm`tfbm ejtwjjm tcjprfdory omi sj`bmiory tjo`cjr, fm tftlj br hum`tfbm, wos hor hrbd

frbm-`loi, omi tcot tcj kroddorfom wos prjporji tb prbvfij jljdjmtory

fmstru`tfbm tb tcj ybumkjst pupfls odbmk cfs `lfjmtjlj . . . Bm tcj btcjr

comi, wj sjj `cflirjm ejkfmmfmk tcjfr hbrdol s`cbblfmk, os jorly os tcjfr

sfxtc tb jfkct yjors, wftc tcj kroddorfom os tcjfr rst tjo`cjr . . .9;

9: Ycj mom`fol prjssurj wcf`c domy s`cbbl tjo`cjrs hjlt fs oiirjssji ey Auvjmol fm cfs

Pot.;.5?:-590. Cj soys tcot mbkroddotfùsrj`jfvjs poydjmt os ijsjrvji. Hurtcjrdbrj, tcjodbumt rj`jfvji fs rjiu`ji ey tcj pjiokbkujs omi o``bumtomts wcb covj tb ej erfeji.

Pcjltbm ?6631 ?7: soys tcot tcfs prbeoely rjhjrs tb ottjdpts tb covj tcj pjiokbkujs put fm o

kbbi wbri wftc tcj stuijmts porjmts. Auvjmol olsb djmtfbms tcot tcj tjo`cjrs rorjly kjt tcjfr

dbmjy wftcbut o `burt òsj. Ycfs stotjdjmt fs prbeoely iuj tb tcj sotfrfòl kjmrj, eut tcjrj fs

mb ibuet tcot Auvjmol fs cjrj oiirjssfmk o rjol prbeljd. Pcjltbm kfvjs o lfst bh hbbi prf`js fm

omtfqufty omi `bdporjs ft wftc tcj wokjs bh ifhhjrjmt b`ùpotfbms. Ycfs lfst fs vjry fmstru`tfvj,

omi sjrvjs tb umijrlfmj cbw pbbrly tjo`cjrs wjrj pofi (pp. ?0705).

98 Ebbtc ?6;6o1 ?6.

9; Nostjr ?6301 008.

P`cbbl fm tcj Kroj`b-Ubdom [brli 5;


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Nostjr qujstfbms fh omy pottjrm ot oll `om ej typf`ol br kjmjrolfzji, jvjmtcot bh Ebbtc. Ycj sb`fol ifhhjrjmtfotfbm fdplfji ey Ebbtc oppjorsplousfelj, eut ft opplfjs prfdorfly tb `ftfjs. Ycj twb stroto systjd, os

prjsjmtji ey Ebbtc, rjlfjs bm sbur`js `lbsjly ossb`fotji wftc `fty lfhj1 Ycjsb`fol omi j`bmbdf` lfhj bh su`c `ftfjs (Ubdj, Omtfb`c, Oljxomirfo) `buliijdomi omi suppbrt o ifhhjrjmtfotji systjd bh s`cbbls1 eut tcjrj wbuliej hjw `ftfjs fmijji fm wcf`c wj `bu

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