The Challenge ofEmployment in IndiaAn Informal Economy PerspectiveN AT I O N AL C O M M I S S I O N F O R E N T E R P R I S E S N AT I O N AL C O M M I S S I O N F O R E N T E R P R I S E S N AT I O N AL C O M M I S S I O N F O R E N T E R P R I S E S N AT I O N AL C O M M I S S I O N F O R E N T E R P R I S E S N AT I O N AL C O M M I S S I O N F O R E N T E R P R I S E SI N T H E U N O R G AN I S E D S E C T O R I N T H E U N O R G AN I S E D S E C T O R I N T H E U N O R G AN I S E D S E C T O R I N T H E U N O R G AN I S E D S E C T O R I N T H E U N O R G AN I S E D S E C T O R19t hFl oor ,Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan, 19t hFl oor ,Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan, 19t hFl oor ,Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan, 19t hFl oor ,Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan, 19t hFl oor ,Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,1,Tol stoyMar g,NewDel hi- 110001 1,Tol stoyMar g,NewDel hi- 110001 1,Tol stoyMar g,NewDel hi- 110001 1,Tol stoyMar g,NewDel hi- 110001 1,Tol stoyMar g,NewDel hi- 110001www.nceus.gov.i n www.nceus.gov.i n www.nceus.gov.i n www.nceus.gov.i n www.nceus.gov.i nApr il ,2009 Apr il ,2009 Apr il ,2009 Apr il ,2009 Apr il ,2009Volume II - AnnexuresNat i onal Commi ssi onfor Ent er pr i sesi nt heUnor gani sedSect or Nat i onal Commi ssi onfor Ent er pr i sesi nt heUnor gani sedSect or Nat i onal Commi ssi onfor Ent er pr i sesi nt heUnor gani sedSect or Nat i onal Commi ssi onfor Ent er pr i sesi nt heUnor gani sedSect or Nat i onal Commi ssi onfor Ent er pr i sesi nt heUnor gani sedSect or19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan, 1 Tolstoy Marg,New Delhi - 110001Website: www.nceus.gov.inPr eviousr epor t sofNat ional Commissionfor Ent er pr isesint he Pr eviousr epor t sofNat ional Commissionfor Ent er pr isesint he Pr eviousr epor t sofNat ional Commissionfor Ent er pr isesint he Pr eviousr epor t sofNat ional Commissionfor Ent er pr isesint he Pr eviousr epor t sofNat ional Commissionfor Ent er pr isesint heUnor gani sedSect or Unor gani sedSect or Unor gani sedSect or Unor gani sedSect or Unor gani sedSect or1. Social Security for Unorganised Workers, May 20062. Comprehensive Legislation for Minimum Conditions of Work and SocialSecurity for Unorganised Workers, July 20073. Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihood in the Unorganised Sector,August 20074. Financing of Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector & Creation of a NationalFund for the Unorganised Sector (NAFUS), November 20075. Report on Definitional and Statistical Issues relating to Informal Economy,November 20086. A Special Programme for Marginal and Small Farmers, December 20087. Growth Pole programme for Unorganised Sector Enterprise Development,April 20098. Skill Formation and Employment Assurance in the Unorganised Sector,April 20099. A Report on Technology Upgradation for Enterprises in the UnorganisedSector, April 2009Pr eviousWor kingPaper soft heNat ional Commissionfor Pr eviousWor kingPaper soft heNat ional Commissionfor Pr eviousWor kingPaper soft heNat ional Commissionfor Pr eviousWor kingPaper soft heNat ional Commissionfor Pr eviousWor kingPaper soft heNat ional CommissionforEnt er pr isesint heUnor ganisedSect or Ent er pr isesint heUnor ganisedSect or Ent er pr isesint heUnor ganisedSect or Ent er pr isesint heUnor ganisedSect or Ent er pr isesint heUnor ganisedSect or1. Measure of Labour Force Participation and Utilization, January 20082. Contr ibutionoftheUnor ganisedSector toGDPRepor toftheSubCommittee of a NCEUS Task Force, March 20083. Definitional andStatistical IssuesRel atingtoWor ker sinInfor malEmployment, January 2009.C o n te n tsP a g e N o . P a g e N o . P a g e N o . P a g e N o . P a g e N o .(As in Volume - I)P r e f a c e P r e f a c e P r e f a c e P r e f a c e P r e f a c e i ii iiA c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s v i i v i i v i i v i i v i iVolume I - Main Report1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n I n t r o d u c t i o n I n t r o d u c t i o n I n t r o d u c t i o n I n t r o d u c t i o n 1 - 6 1 - 6 1 - 6 1 - 6 1 - 6Wi d era n g i n gco n su lta ti o n s 2P a st R e p o rts 2T h is R e p o rt 5O rg a n i sa ti o no f C h a p te rs 52 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . E x p a n d i n g e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I n d i a n e c o n o m y E x p a n d i n g e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I n d i a n e c o n o m y E x p a n d i n g e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I n d i a n e c o n o m y E x p a n d i n g e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I n d i a n e c o n o m y E x p a n d i n g e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I n d i a n e c o n o m y 7 -2 9 7 -2 9 7 -2 9 7 -2 9 7 -2 9I n tro d u cti o n 7F o rm a l S e cto r E m p lo ym e n t 1 0F o rm a l a n dI n fo rm a l E m p lo ym e n t i nth eF o rm a l S e cto r:C o m m i ssi o n s e sti m a te s 1 2Wh a t e xp la i n s la cko f g ro wthi nF o rm a l S e cto r e m p lo ym e n t? 1 4G ro wtha n dE m p lo ym e n t 1 6S o m eI m p li ca ti o n s o f th eG ro wthP a tte rnfo r I n co m e s 1 9T h eI n fo rm a l Wo rk e rs 2 0T h eAp p ro a cho f N C E U S 22C o m m i ssi o n s Ap p ro a chi nth i s R e p o rt 2 6C o n clu d i n gN o te 2 83 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . E m p l o y m e n t & U n e m p l o y m e n t i n I n d i a : E m p l o y m e n t & U n e m p l o y m e n t i n I n d i a : E m p l o y m e n t & U n e m p l o y m e n t i n I n d i a : E m p l o y m e n t & U n e m p l o y m e n t i n I n d i a : E m p l o y m e n t & U n e m p l o y m e n t i n I n d i a :A l t e rn a t i v e M e a s u re s & t h e i rM e a n i n g A l t e rn a t i v e M e a s u re s & t h e i rM e a n i n g A l t e rn a t i v e M e a s u re s & t h e i rM e a n i n g A l t e rn a t i v e M e a s u re s & t h e i rM e a n i n g A l t e rn a t i v e M e a s u re s & t h e i rM e a n i n g 3 0 -4 0 3 0 -4 0 3 0 -4 0 3 0 -4 0 3 0 -4 0I n tro d u cti o n 3 0M e a su re s o f E m p lo ym e n t/U n e m p lo ym e n t :S e n si ti vi ty toC o n ce p ts &D e fi n i ti o n s U se d 3 1L a b o u r F o rceM e a su re s U se di nR e ce n t P la n s 33R e q u i re m e n ts o f aG o o dM e a su re 34M o d i fi e dC u rre n t We e k ly S ta tu s (M C WS ) 34Ad va n ta g e s o f th eM C WSAp p ro a chi nL a b o u r F o rceM e a su re m e n t 3 5M e a su re s o f E m p lo ym e n t &U n e m p lo ym e n t 3 5M e a su re s o f N o n -u ti li za ti o no f L a b o u r T i m e 3 7T h eM e a su re m e n t U se di nth i s R e p o rt 4 0P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s 4 04 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . L a b o u rS u p p l y & D e m a n d : L a b o u rS u p p l y & D e m a n d : L a b o u rS u p p l y & D e m a n d : L a b o u rS u p p l y & D e m a n d : L a b o u rS u p p l y & D e m a n d : 4 1 - 1 0 1 4 1 - 1 0 1 4 1 - 1 0 1 4 1 - 1 0 1 4 1 - 1 0 1I n tro d u cti o n 4 1P o p u la ti o nG ro wth&C o m p o si ti o n 42T re n d s i nS i ze&C o m p o si ti o no f L a b o u r F o rce 42O ve ra ll S i ze ,G ro wth&C o m p o si ti o n 43i i i iR u ra l-U rb a nD i stri b u ti o n 44L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s (L F P R ) 4 5L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y S o ci a l G ro u p s 4 5Ag e -S p e ci fi c L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o n 4 7Ag eS p e ci fi c L F P Ri nR u ra l &U rb a nAre a s 4 8L o w E d u ca te d :A H u g eU n d e rb e lly 4 9S ta te -le ve l S ce n a ri oi nL F P R 5 2S a te -wi seC o m p o si ti o no f L a b o u r F o rce 5 3S ta te -wi seL a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y S o ci a l G ro u p s 5 4S ta te -wi seL a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o n 5 4S ta te -wi seR u ra l/U rb a nD i ffe re n cei nL a b o u r F o rce 5 6T re n d s i nS i ze&C o m p o si ti o no f Wo rkF o rce 5 7G e n d e r D i ffe re n ti a ls i nE d u ca ti o nb y I n d u stry G ro u p s 6 0I n d u stry-wi seD i stri b u ti o no f Wo rk e rs b y S o ci a l G ro u p s 6 0C la ssi fi ca ti o no f I n d u stri e s b y G ro wthi nE m p lo ym e n t 6 1P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s 635 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . D e m o g ra p h i c D i v i d e n d o rD e m o g ra p h i c B u rd e n ? D e m o g ra p h i c D i v i d e n d o rD e m o g ra p h i c B u rd e n ? D e m o g ra p h i c D i v i d e n d o rD e m o g ra p h i c B u rd e n ? D e m o g ra p h i c D i v i d e n d o rD e m o g ra p h i c B u rd e n ? D e m o g ra p h i c D i v i d e n d o rD e m o g ra p h i c B u rd e n ?N a t i o n a l a n d S t a t e L e v e l P ro j e c t i o n s o f L a b o u rF o rc e N a t i o n a l a n d S t a t e L e v e l P ro j e c t i o n s o f L a b o u rF o rc e N a t i o n a l a n d S t a t e L e v e l P ro j e c t i o n s o f L a b o u rF o rc e N a t i o n a l a n d S t a t e L e v e l P ro j e c t i o n s o f L a b o u rF o rc e N a t i o n a l a n d S t a t e L e v e l P ro j e c t i o n s o f L a b o u rF o rc e 1 0 2 -1 2 9 1 0 2 -1 2 9 1 0 2 -1 2 9 1 0 2 -1 2 9 1 0 2 -1 2 9D e m o g ra p h i c D i vi d e n d 1 0 2E a rli e r P o p u la ti o nP ro je cti o n s 1 0 3M e th o d o lo g y 1 0 3P ro je cte dP o p u la ti o n 1 0 4P ro je cte dL a b o u r F o rce 1 1 0C o m p a ri so no f G ro wthR a te s 1 1 1S ta te -wi sep ro je cti o n s o f U P S SL a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r &S i ze 1 1 1P ro je cte dM C WSL a b o u r F o rce 1 1 5S ta te -wi seP ro je cti o n s o f M C WSL a b o u r F o rce 1 1 7Ad d i ti o n s toL a b o u r F o rce 1 1 7E d u ca ti o n a l S ta tu s 1 1 8P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s 1 2 26 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . E m p l o y m e n t G e n e ra t i o n & i t s Q u a l i t y : E m p l o y m e n t G e n e ra t i o n & i t s Q u a l i t y : E m p l o y m e n t G e n e ra t i o n & i t s Q u a l i t y : E m p l o y m e n t G e n e ra t i o n & i t s Q u a l i t y : E m p l o y m e n t G e n e ra t i o n & i t s Q u a l i t y :L o o k i n g t h ro u g h t h e L e n s o fF o rm a l i t y & I n fo rm a l i t y L o o k i n g t h ro u g h t h e L e n s o fF o rm a l i t y & I n fo rm a l i t y L o o k i n g t h ro u g h t h e L e n s o fF o rm a l i t y & I n fo rm a l i t y L o o k i n g t h ro u g h t h e L e n s o fF o rm a l i t y & I n fo rm a l i t y L o o k i n g t h ro u g h t h e L e n s o fF o rm a l i t y & I n fo rm a l i t y 1 3 0 - 1 6 7 1 3 0 - 1 6 7 1 3 0 - 1 6 7 1 3 0 - 1 6 7 1 3 0 - 1 6 7I n tro d u cti o n 1 3 0C o m m i ssi o n s P e rsp e cti veo nE m p lo ym e n t Q u e sti o n 1 3 1P ro je cti o n s o f E m p lo ym e n t 1 3 2S tru ctu reo f E m p lo ym e n t i nth eF o rm a l &I n fo rm a l E co n o m i e s 1 3 4F o rm a l&I n fo rm a lS e cto r S h a re s 1 3 5S h a re s o f F o rm a l&I n fo rm a lWo rk e rs 1 3 8U n e m p lo ym e n t 1 3 8P a rt T i m eWo rk e rs &th eU n d e re m p lo ye d 1 3 8S o ci o -e co n o m i c P ro fi leo f U n o rg a n i ze dWo rk e rs 1 4 0i v ii i v iiWa g e s &E a rn i n g s 1 4 0C o n d i ti o n s o f Wo rko f Ag ri cu ltu ra l Wa g eWo rk e rs 1 4 2C o n d i ti o n s o f Wo rko f Wa g eWo rk e rs i nN o n -a g ri cu ltu ra l S e cto r 1 4 2S o ci a lly O b je cti o n a b leo r E xtre m eC o n d i ti o n s o f Wo rk 1 4 5S e lf-e m p lo ye dWo rk e rs i nN o n -a g ri cu ltu re 1 4 8C o n d i ti o n s o f Wo rko f S e lf-e m p lo ye dWo rk e rs 1 4 9C o n stra i n ts o nS e lf-e m p lo ye dWo rk e rs &I n fo rm a l E n te rp ri se s 1 5 0T h eC o m m i ssi o n s S tra te g y o f L e ve lli n gU p 1 5 27 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . L a b o u rL a w R e f o rm s : B e y o n d a N a rro w A g e n d a L a b o u rL a w R e f o rm s : B e y o n d a N a rro w A g e n d a L a b o u rL a w R e f o rm s : B e y o n d a N a rro w A g e n d a L a b o u rL a w R e f o rm s : B e y o n d a N a rro w A g e n d a L a b o u rL a w R e f o rm s : B e y o n d a N a rro w A g e n d a 1 6 8 - 1 8 7 1 6 8 - 1 8 7 1 6 8 - 1 8 7 1 6 8 - 1 8 7 1 6 8 - 1 8 7I n tro d u cti o n 1 6 8E vo lu ti o no f L a b o u r L a ws i nI n d i a 1 6 8I m p o rta n t L a b o u r R e g u la ti o n s &T h e i r C o ve ra g e 1 6 9R e la ti o nb e twe e nL a b o u r L a ws &E m p lo ym e n t G e n e ra ti o n 1 7 0M a jo r I ssu e s i nL a b o u r L a w R e fo rm s 1 7 3L a b o u r L a ws &th eU n o rg a n i se dS e cto r 1 8 0R e co m m e n d a ti o n s fo r L a b o u r L a w R e fo rm s 1 8 2C o n clu sio n 1 8 58 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S k i l l F o rm a t i o n & D e v e l o p m e n t T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S k i l l F o rm a t i o n & D e v e l o p m e n t T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S k i l l F o rm a t i o n & D e v e l o p m e n t T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S k i l l F o rm a t i o n & D e v e l o p m e n t T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S k i l l F o rm a t i o n & D e v e l o p m e n t 1 8 8 - 2 1 3 1 8 8 - 2 1 3 1 8 8 - 2 1 3 1 8 8 - 2 1 3 1 8 8 - 2 1 3I n tro d u cti o n 1 8 8S k i ll F o rm a ti o n ,P ro d u cti vi ty &G ro wth 1 8 9T h eS k i lls-P ro d u cti vi ty-G ro wthL i n k 1 8 9T h eC a seo f th eI n fo rm a lS e cto r 1 8 9S k i ll P ro fi leo f th eI n d i a nWo rk fo rce 1 9 1S e le cte dI n te rn a ti o n a l E xp e ri e n ce 2 0 1S yste mo f S k i ll D e ve lo p m e n t i nI n d i a 2 0 2R e co m m e n d a tio n s 2 0 8C o n clu sio n 2 1 39 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . P u b l i c E m p l o y m e n t P ro g ra m m e f o rt h e P u b l i c E m p l o y m e n t P ro g ra m m e f o rt h e P u b l i c E m p l o y m e n t P ro g ra m m e f o rt h e P u b l i c E m p l o y m e n t P ro g ra m m e f o rt h e P u b l i c E m p l o y m e n t P ro g ra m m e f o rt h eU n o rg a n i s e d Wo rk e rs : T h e C a s e o f N R E G A U n o rg a n i s e d Wo rk e rs : T h e C a s e o f N R E G A U n o rg a n i s e d Wo rk e rs : T h e C a s e o f N R E G A U n o rg a n i s e d Wo rk e rs : T h e C a s e o f N R E G A U n o rg a n i s e d Wo rk e rs : T h e C a s e o f N R E G A 2 1 4 -2 3 0 2 1 4 -2 3 0 2 1 4 -2 3 0 2 1 4 -2 3 0 2 1 4 -2 3 0I n tro d u cti o n 2 1 4N a ti o n a l R u ra l E m p lo ym e n t G u a ra n te eAct 2 1 5T h eC o n te xt &C o n to u rs o f N R E G A A R e vi e w 2 1 5A S n a p sh o t o f N R E G A O ve r T h re eYe a rs 2 1 7S o m eP o si ti veB e n e fi ts 2 1 9L e sso n s fro mVa ri a ti o n s i nP e rfo rm a n ce 2 2 2S u cce ss S to ri e s 2 2 2R e m a in in gG a p s 2 2 3N e e dfo r S a fe g u a rd i n gE sse n ti a l E n ti tle m e n ts 2 2 4S o m eO p e ra ti o n a l D e fi ci e n ci e s 2 2 5R e co m m e n d a tio n s 2 2 6C o n clu sio n 2 3 0v iii v iii1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . A n E m p l o y m e n t S t ra t e g y f o rA g ri c u l t u re C e n t re d o n A n E m p l o y m e n t S t ra t e g y f o rA g ri c u l t u re C e n t re d o n A n E m p l o y m e n t S t ra t e g y f o rA g ri c u l t u re C e n t re d o n A n E m p l o y m e n t S t ra t e g y f o rA g ri c u l t u re C e n t re d o n A n E m p l o y m e n t S t ra t e g y f o rA g ri c u l t u re C e n t re d o nM a rg i n a l & S m a l l F a rm e rs M a rg i n a l & S m a l l F a rm e rs M a rg i n a l & S m a l l F a rm e rs M a rg i n a l & S m a l l F a rm e rs M a rg i n a l & S m a l l F a rm e rs 2 3 1 -2 5 3 2 3 1 -2 5 3 2 3 1 -2 5 3 2 3 1 -2 5 3 2 3 1 -2 5 3I n tro d u cti o n 2 3 1E m p lo ym e n t P o te n ti a l o f I n d i a nAg ri cu ltu re 2 3 2G ro wthP o te n ti a l o f I n d i a nAg ri cu ltu re 2 3 5R e ce n t I n i ti a ti ve s i nAg ri cu ltu re 2 3 7D i m e n si o n s o f M a rg i n a l/S m a ll F a rm i n gi nI n d i a 2 3 9K e y I ssu e s &P ro b le m s o f M a rg i n a l &S m a ll F a rm e rs 2 4 2I n te g ra ti o ni n toM a rk e ts a n dR i sk 2 4 6Ap p ro a cho f th eC o m m i ssi o n&R e co m m e n d a ti o n s 2 4 7C o n clu sio n 2 5 31 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 . T h e Wo rl d o fM i c ro E n t e rp ri s e s : C h a ra c t e ri s t i c s a n d C o n s t ra i n t s T h e Wo rl d o fM i c ro E n t e rp ri s e s : C h a ra c t e ri s t i c s a n d C o n s t ra i n t s T h e Wo rl d o fM i c ro E n t e rp ri s e s : C h a ra c t e ri s t i c s a n d C o n s t ra i n t s T h e Wo rl d o fM i c ro E n t e rp ri s e s : C h a ra c t e ri s t i c s a n d C o n s t ra i n t s T h e Wo rl d o fM i c ro E n t e rp ri s e s : C h a ra c t e ri s t i c s a n d C o n s t ra i n t s 2 5 4 -2 8 0 2 5 4 -2 8 0 2 5 4 -2 8 0 2 5 4 -2 8 0 2 5 4 -2 8 0I n tro d u cti o n 2 5 4M i croE n te rp ri se s i nR u ra l a n dU rb a nAre a s 2 5 6U n ra ve lli n gth eH e te ro g e n e i ty 2 5 7I n d u stri a l D i stri b u ti o no f th eM i croE n te rp ri seS e cto r 2 5 9C o n tri b u ti o ntoN a ti o n a l I n co m e 2 5 9I n fo rm a l M a n u fa ctu ri n ga n dP ro d u cti vi ty:A D i sa g g re g a te dP i ctu re 2 5 9T h eAll-I n d i aP i ctu re 2 6 1A R e g i o n a l P i ctu re 2 6 2M a jo r I n d u stri a l G ro u p s (E n te rp ri se s) b y S ta te s 2 6 6C o n stra i n ts fa ce db y M i croE n te rp ri se s 2 6 7C o n stra i n ts o nM i croE n te rp ri se s:A S u m m i n gU p 2 7 4S u b -C o n tra cti n g:AnAsp e ct o f L i n k a g e s b e twe e nM i croa n dL a rg eE n te rp ri se s 2 7 4P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s 2 7 41 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . A c c e s s t o C re d i t A c c e s s t o C re d i t A c c e s s t o C re d i t A c c e s s t o C re d i t A c c e s s t o C re d i t 2 8 1 -2 9 7 2 8 1 -2 9 7 2 8 1 -2 9 7 2 8 1 -2 9 7 2 8 1 -2 9 7I n tro d u cti o n 2 8 1S i zea n dC h a ra cte ri sti cs o f U n o rg a n i se dE n te rp ri se s 2 8 2Acce ss toC re d i t toM i croa n dS m a ll E n te rp ri se s:T h eP re se n t S ce n a ri o 2 8 2M i croC re d i t a s aP a lli a ti ve 2 8 4I n sti tu ti o n a l a n dP o li cy S u p p o rt fo r C re d i t 2 8 6I n fo rm a l C re d i t:R o leo f M o n e y L e n d e rs 2 8 8P o li cy M e a su re s toP ro m o teC re d i t toM i croa n dS m a ll E n te rp ri se s 2 8 8C re d i t P o li cy i nth eC u rre n t C o n te xt:A M i croE n te rp ri seP e rsp e cti ve 2 8 9S o m eL a rg e r I ssu e s 2 9 0C o n clu si o na n dP o li cy R e co m m e n d a ti o n s 2 9 11 3 . 1 3 . 1 3 . 1 3 . 1 3 . A c c e s s t o T e c h n o l o g y , M a rk e t i n g a n d R a w M a t e ri a l s A c c e s s t o T e c h n o l o g y , M a rk e t i n g a n d R a w M a t e ri a l s A c c e s s t o T e c h n o l o g y , M a rk e t i n g a n d R a w M a t e ri a l s A c c e s s t o T e c h n o l o g y , M a rk e t i n g a n d R a w M a t e ri a l s A c c e s s t o T e c h n o l o g y , M a rk e t i n g a n d R a w M a t e ri a l s 2 9 8 -3 3 3 2 9 8 -3 3 3 2 9 8 -3 3 3 2 9 8 -3 3 3 2 9 8 -3 3 3I n tro d u cti o n 2 9 8Acce ss toT e ch n o lo g y 2 9 8T e ch n o lo g y a n dI n n o va ti o ni nM S E s:T h eS a li e n t An a lyti ca l I ssu e s 2 9 9T e ch n o lo g i ca l I n te rve n ti o n s a n dI n n o va ti o n s th a t tra n sfo rma ni n d u stry:T h eR o leo f th eC e n tra l L e a th e r R e se a rchI n sti tu te(C L R I ) i nth eL e a th e r i n d u stry 3 0 1vi ivF o ste ri n gru ra l i n n o va ti o n s - th eR u ra l I n n o va ti o n s N e two rk 3 0 2I n te rve n i n gi naclu ste r:E D Ii nJ a m n a g a r b ra ss p a rts clu ste r 3 0 3T e ch n o lo g y Acq u i si ti o na n dU p g ra d a ti o n :T woC a seS tu d i e s 3 0 4Acce ss toM a rk e ti n g 3 1 4S e cto r T yp o lo g y a n dM a rk e ti n gI ssu e s 3 1 5M a rk e ti n gI n fra stru ctu refo r th eU n o rg a n i se dS e cto r 3 1 7T h eH a n d lo o mI n d u stry I ssu e s i nM a rk e ti n ga n dE xi sti n gI n sti tu ti o n s 3 1 7T h eH a n d i cra fts S e cto r:M a rk e ti n gI ssu e s a n dI n sti tu ti o n s 3 1 9Acce ss toR a w M a te ri a ls 3 2 2S u m m i n gU p 3 2 6P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s a n dR e co m m e n d a ti o n s 3 2 7R a ti o n a li zi n g ,si m p li fyi n ga n de xp a n d i n gsch e m e s 3 3 1P ro vi d i n gB e tte r L i n k a g e 3 3 2Ad e q u a teC re d i t 3 3 2P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s toe n h a n cem a rk e ti n g 3 3 3R e co m m e n d a ti o n s toI m p ro veAcce ss toR a w M a te ri a ls 3 3 31 4 . 1 4 . 1 4 . 1 4 . 1 4 . F ro m I n d u s t ri a l C l u s t e rs t o G ro w t h P o l e s F ro m I n d u s t ri a l C l u s t e rs t o G ro w t h P o l e s F ro m I n d u s t ri a l C l u s t e rs t o G ro w t h P o l e s F ro m I n d u s t ri a l C l u s t e rs t o G ro w t h P o l e s F ro m I n d u s t ri a l C l u s t e rs t o G ro w t h P o l e s 3 3 4 -3 5 6 3 3 4 -3 5 6 3 3 4 -3 5 6 3 3 4 -3 5 6 3 3 4 -3 5 6I n tro d u cti o n 3 3 4D e fi n i n gi n d u stri a l clu ste rs 3 3 5P o te n ti a l b e n e fi ts o f aC lu ste r 3 3 5I m p o rta n ceo f clu ste re dm i croa n dsm a ll e n te rp ri se s 3 3 5D e te rm i n a n ts o f clu ste r d e ve lo p m e n t 3 3 6M S EC lu ste rs i nI n d i a 3 3 6I m p o rta n ceo f clu ste r-o ri e n te dM S Ed e ve lo p m e n t p o li ci e s 3 4 0M S Eclu ste r d e ve lo p m e n t p o li ci e s i nI n d i a 3 4 0M i croe n te rp ri se s i nVa lu eC h a i n s 3 4 1I n d i a nsu cce ss sto ri e s a n dfa i lu re s o f clu ste r d e ve lo p m e n t p o li ci e s 3 4 3C a seS tu d i e s fo r Va lu eC h a i n s i nI n d i a nS m a ll I n d u stri e s 3 4 4I n te rfi rmL i n k a g e s i nM i cro -e n te rp ri se s:A S u m m i n gU p 3 5 0P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s 3 5 0T h eN C E U SP ro p o sa lfo r G ro wthP o l e s 3 5 0R e co m m e n d a tio n s 3 5 51 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s 3 5 7 -3 7 4 3 5 7 -3 7 4 3 5 7 -3 7 4 3 5 7 -3 7 4 3 5 7 -3 7 4D e fi n i ti o no f I n fo rm a l S e cto r a n dI n fo rm a l E m p lo ym e n t 3 5 7M e a su re m e n t o f E m p lo ym e n t a n dU n e m p lo ym e n t 3 5 8L a b o u r F o rceP ro je cti o n s 3 5 8A S tra te g y fo r P ro m o ti n gD e ce n t E m p lo ym e n t 3 5 8L a b o u r R e fo rm s 3 5 9S k i ll F o rm a ti o n 3 6 0P u b li c E m p lo ym e n t P ro g ra m m e s (N R E G A) fo r U n o rg a n i se dS e cto r Wo rk e rs 3 6 3AnE m p lo ym e n t S tra te g y fo r Ag ri cu ltu rece n tre do nm a rg i n a l a n dsm a ll fa rm e rs 3 6 6Acce ss toC re d i t 3 6 8Acce ss toT e ch n o lo g y,M a rk e ti n ga n dR a w M a te ri a ls 3 7 1C lu ste r-B a se dG ro wthP o le s fo r th eU n o rg a n i se dS e cto r 3 7 3vi i vR e f e r e n c e s R e f e r e n c e s R e f e r e n c e s R e f e r e n c e s R e f e r e n c e s 3 7 5 -3 8 0 3 7 5 -3 8 0 3 7 5 -3 8 0 3 7 5 -3 8 0 3 7 5 -3 8 0L i s t o fS t u d i e s C o m m i s s i o n e d b y t h e N C E U S L i s t o fS t u d i e s C o m m i s s i o n e d b y t h e N C E U S L i s t o fS t u d i e s C o m m i s s i o n e d b y t h e N C E U S L i s t o fS t u d i e s C o m m i s s i o n e d b y t h e N C E U S L i s t o fS t u d i e s C o m m i s s i o n e d b y t h e N C E U S 3 8 1 - 3 8 5 3 8 1 - 3 8 5 3 8 1 - 3 8 5 3 8 1 - 3 8 5 3 8 1 - 3 8 5A b b r e v a t i o n s A b b r e v a t i o n s A b b r e v a t i o n s A b b r e v a t i o n s A b b r e v a t i o n s 3 8 6 -3 9 3 3 8 6 -3 9 3 3 8 6 -3 9 3 3 8 6 -3 9 3 3 8 6 -3 9 3L i s t o fT a b l e s L i s t o fT a b l e s L i s t o fT a b l e s L i s t o fT a b l e s L i s t o fT a b l e s2 . 1 : E sti m a te s o f L a b o u r F o rce ,Wo rkF o rcea n dva ri o u s m e a su re s o f th eU n e m p lo ye da s p e r M C WSm e a su re m e n t (i nm i lli o n ) 82 . 2 : G ro wthra te s o f Ave ra g eD a i l y E a rn i n go f wo rk e rs i nth ea g eg ro u p1 5 -5 9ye a rs (a t 1 9 9 3 -9 4p ri ce s) (i nR s. ) 1 02 .3 : R e la ti o n sh i pb e twe e nS e cto r a n dT yp eo f E m p lo ym e n t (U P S S ),Al lWo rk e rs 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0a n d2 0 0 4 -0 5 1 32 . 4 : C o m p a ra ti vesta ti sti cs o f F o rm a l S e cto r Wo rk e rs a n dF o rm a l Wo rk e rs(D G E Ta n dN C E U Se sti m a te s) i nth eN o n -Ag ri cu ltu ra l S e cto r. 1 52 . 5 : U n e m p lo ym e n t R a te s o ve r th eYe a rs b a se do nD i ffe re n t M e a su re m e n ts 1 62 . 6 : G ro wthi nE m p lo ym e n t i nO rg a n i ze dM a n u fa ctu ri n ga n dS e rvi cese cto r F i rm s 2 0 0 5 -0 6to2 0 0 7 -0 8(p e rce n t) 1 72 . 7 : M C WSe m p lo ym e n t e sti m a te s (i nm i lli o n ) 1 82 . 8 : G ro wthR a tei nM C WSe m p lo ym e n t 1 93 . 1 : L a b o u r F o rce&Wo rkF o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s u n d e r D i ffe re n t C o n ce p ts (2 0 0 4 -0 5 ) 3 63 .2 : E sti m a te s o f L a b o u r F o rce&Wo rkF o rce(m i lli o n ) u n d e r D i ffe re n t C o n ce p ts (2 0 0 4 -0 5 ) 3 73 .3 : U n e m p lo ym e n t R a te s U si n gD i ffe re n t C o n ce p ts (2 0 0 4 -0 5 ) 3 73 . 4 : P e rso n s (m i lli o n ) i nd i ffe re n t se g m e n t o f se ve reu n e m p lo ym e n t a n du n d e re m p lo ym e n t,2 0 0 4 -0 5 3 94 . 1 : S i ze&G ro wtho f P o p u la ti o nS i n ce1 9 6 1 424 . 2 : S i ze&G ro wtho f L a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r &S e x 434 . 3 : P e rce n ta g eS h a re s o f L a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r &S e x 444 . 4 : G ro wthR a te s i nL a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r a n dS e x (P e r ce n t/ Ye a r) 444 . 5 : L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y S e cto r &S e x. 4 54 . 6 : L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y P o p u la ti o nS e g m e n ts &S o ci a l G ro u p s 4 64 . 7 : Ag e -S p e ci fi c L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y S e x (a ll I n d i a ) 4 84 . 8 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f T o ta l L a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o n ,S e cto r &S e x 5 14 . 9 : R a n k i n g s o f S ta te s b y P o p u la ti o n ,L a b o u r F o rce &P a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s i n2 0 0 4 -0 5 5 24 . 1 0 : S ta te -wi seP e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r &S e x,2 0 0 4 -0 5 5 34 . 1 1 : S ta te -wi seP e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o n 5 54 . 1 2 : S i zea n dG ro wthR a teo f Wo rkF o rceb y S e cto r a n dS e x 5 84 . 1 3 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f Wo rk e rs b y P ri n ci p a l (U P S ) &S u b si d i a ry (S S ) Acti vi ty 5 84 . 1 4 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f Wo rk e rs b y Acti vi ty S ta tu s 5 94 . 1 5 : P e rce n ta g e s o f M a le&F e m a leWo rk e rs wi thD i ffe re n t E d u ca ti o n a l L e ve ls b yI n d u stry G ro u p s i n1 9 8 3 6 14 . 1 6 : P e rce n ta g e s o f M a le&F e m a leWo rk e rs wi thD i ffe re n t E d u ca ti o n a l L e ve ls b yI n d u stry G ro u p s i n2 0 0 4 -0 5 624 . 1 7 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f Wo rk e rs b y I n d u stry &S o ci a l G ro u pi n2 0 0 4 -0 5 634 . 1 8 : C la ssi fi ca ti o no f I n d u stri e s b y R a te s o f G ro wtho f E m p lo ym e n t d u ri n g1 9 8 3to1 9 9 3 -9 4&1 9 9 3 -9 4to2 0 0 4 -0 5 64viii vi5 . 1 : P ro je cte dP o p u la ti o n&G ro wthR a te s i nD i ffe re n t Ye a rs b y S e x 1 0 45 . 2 P ro je cte dP o p u la ti o nG ro wthR a te s i nI n d i ab y S ta te(P e rce n t/An n u m ) 1 0 45 . 3 : P ro je cte dP o p u la ti o nb y S ta te&Ag eG ro u pi n2 0 0 7 1 0 75 . 4 : P ro je cte dP o p u la ti o nb y S ta te&Ag eG ro u pi n2 0 1 2 1 0 75 . 5 : P ro je cte dP o p u la ti o nb y S ta te&Ag eG ro u pi n2 0 1 7 1 0 85 . 6 : U P S SL a b o u r F o rceP ro je cti o n s b y S e cto r &S e x (m i lli o n ) 1 1 05 . 7 : C o m p a ra ti veG ro wthR a te s o f P o p u la ti o n&U P S SL a b o u r F o rceb e twe e n2 0 0 7&2 0 1 2(P e rce n t/An n u m ) 1 1 15 . 8 : C o m p a ra ti veG ro wthR a te s o f P o p u la ti o n&U P S SL a b o u r F o rceP ro je cti o n sb e twe e n2 0 1 2&2 0 1 7 (P e rce n t/An n u m ) 1 1 15 . 9 : U P S SL a b o u r F o rceP ro je cti o n s b y Ag eG ro u p&S e x 1 1 25 . 1 0 : P ro je cte dL F P R s i nI n d i ab y S ta te 1 1 45 . 1 1 : C la ssi fi ca ti o no f S ta te s b y S i zeo f L a b o u r F o rce&G ro wthR a te s i nT o ta lL a b o u r F o rceb e twe e n2 0 0 7&2 0 1 2 1 1 55 . 1 2 : C la ssi fi ca ti o no f S ta te s b y G ro wthR a te s o f M a lea n dF e m a leL a b o u r F o rced u ri n g2 0 0 7 -1 2 1 1 55 . 1 3 : C la ssi fi ca ti o no f S ta te s b y G ro wthR a te s o f M a le&F e m a leL a b o u r F o rced u ri n g2 0 1 2 -1 7 1 1 65 . 1 4 : C o m p a ri so no f P ro je cte dU P S S&M C WSL a b o u r F o rce 1 1 65 . 1 5 : Ad d i ti o n s toL a b o u r F o rcea cro ss S ta te s (m i lli o n ) 1 1 75 . 1 6 : D i stri b u ti o no f U P S SL a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o n a l L e ve l 1 1 95 . 1 7 : D i stri b u ti o no f M C WSL a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o n a l L e ve l 1 1 95 . 1 8 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o nL e ve l a cro ss S ta te s 1 2 16 . 1 : E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n s B a se do nM C WSM e a su re m e n t 1 3 36 . 2 : Ad d i ti o n s toE m p lo ym e n t d u ri n gE le ve n th&T we lfthP la nP e ri o d s 1 3 36 . 3 : E sti m a te dN u m b e r o f I n fo rm a l/F o rm a l S e cto r Wo rk e rs b y M a jo r E co n o m i c Acti vi ty i n1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0&2 0 0 4 -0 5(m i lli o n ) 1 3 56 . 4 : N e t Ad d i ti o n s o f I n fo rm a l/F o rm a l Wo rk e rs b y S e cto r &M a jo r E co n o m i c Acti vi ty b e twe e n1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0&2 0 0 4 -0 5 1 3 66 . 5 : P ro je cte dE m p lo ym e n t (M C WS ) b y F o rm a l &I n fo rm a l S e cto rs 1 3 66 . 6 : S u m m a ry o f L a b o u r S u p p ly,Ab so rp ti o n&U n e m p lo ym e n t (m i lli o n ),2 0 0 6 -1 7 1 3 76 . 7 : P ro je cte dE m p lo ym e n t (M C WS ) b y F o rm a l &I n fo rm a l Wo rkS ta tu s 1 3 86 . 8 : M C WSE sti m a te s/P ro je cti o n s o f L a b o u r F o rce ,E m p lo ym e n t &U n e m p lo ym e n t 1 3 96 . 9 : P ro je cti o n s o f S tri ctly P a rt T i m eWo rk e rs &th eU n d e r-E m p lo ye d 1 3 97 . 1 : An n u a l g ro wthra teo f T o ta l &O rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE m p lo ym e n t:1 9 8 3 /2 0 0 4 -0 5 1 7 17 . 2 : S h a reo f O rg a n i se dS e cto r i nT o ta l M a n u fa ctu ri n gE m p lo ym e n t 1 7 28 . 1: P e rce n ta g eo f P e rso n s (1 5ye a rs &a b o vea n d1 5 -2 9ye a rs) b y E d u ca ti o n a l L e ve ls,S e x a n dS e cto r,2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 1 9 28 . 2: S k i ll L e ve ls o f P o p u la ti o ni nth eAg eG ro u p1 5-2 9 ,2 0 0 4 -0 5(i nm i lli o n ) 1 9 38 . 3 : P e rce n ta g eo f P e rso n s i nAg e -g ro u p 1 5- 2 9Ye a rs wi thF o rm a l T ra i n i n ga m o n gth eS ta te s,(2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 ) 1 9 48 . 4 : P e rce n ta g eo f Wo rk e rs i nAg e -g ro u p1 5- 2 9Ye a rs b y S ta tu s o f Vo ca ti o n a l T ra i n i n g ,&S e cto r o f E m p lo ym e n t,(2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 ) 1 9 58 . 5 : P e rce n ta g eo f P e rso n s i n1 5- 2 9Ye a rs wi thVo ca ti o n a l T ra i n i n gb yE d u ca ti o n&G e n d e r,2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 1 9 5i x vii8 . 6 : P e rce n ta g eo f P e rso n s R e ce i vi n gF o rm a l Vo ca ti o n a l T ra i n i n gi nAg e -g ro u p1 5- 2 9Ye a rs b y I n sti tu teo f T ra i n i n ga n dS e x,2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 1 9 88 . 7 : P e rce n ta g eo f Wo rk e rs R e ce i vi n g / R e ce i ve dF o rm a l Vo ca ti o n a l T ra i n i n gi nAg e -g ro u p1 5- 2 9Ye a rs b y I n sti tu teo f T ra i n i n g&S e cto r,2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 1 9 98 . 8 : S ta te -wi seT o ta l L a b o u r F o rce&I n cre a sei nL a b o u r F o rce&T ra i n i n gC a p a ci ty (P e rce n t) 2 0 09 . 1 : S ta te -wi seN R E G A I m p le m e n ta ti o nS ta tu s u ptoJ a n u a ry 2 0 0 9 2 1 89 . 2 : D e m a n dfo r Wo rk 2 1 89 . 3 : P a rti ci p a ti o no f S C s &S T s i nN R E G A (P e rso nD a ys) 2 2 09 . 4 : P a rti ci p a ti o no f Wo m e ni nN R E G A (P e rso nD a ys) 2 2 19 . 5 : N R E G A Wo rk e rs' P e rce p ti o no f th eP ro g ra m m e(p e rce n t) 2 2 19 . 6 : N R E G A Wo rk e rs' P e rce p ti o no f M i n i m u mWa g e s fo r Wo rk 2 2 29 . 7 : I n d i ca to rs o f Wo m e n 's E m p o we rm e n t 2 2 29 . 8 : N R E G A Wo rk e rs' P e rce p ti o no f Wo rk -si teI rre g u la ri ti e s &E xp lo i ta ti o n 2 2 29 . 9 : F u n cti o n i n go f N R E G A i nP a tiB lo cko f M a d h yaP ra d e sh 2 2 39 . 1 0 : Awa re n e ss L e ve ls 2 2 41 0 . 1 : G ro wthR a teo f U P S SAg ri cu ltu ra l a n dT o ta l Wo rk e rs (P e rce n ta g e ) 2 3 21 0 . 2 : An n u a l G ro wth(p e rce n t) i nG D P ,E m p lo ym e n t &E m p lo ym e n t E la sti ci ti e s i nAg ri cu ltu re 2 3 31 0 . 3 : An n u a l G ro wthi nG D P&E m p lo ym e n t (C D S ) (p e rce n t) &E m p lo ym e n t E la sti ci ti e s i nC ro pC u lti va ti o na n dL i ve sto ck 2 3 41 0 . 4 : An n u a l G ro wthi nL a b o u r P ro d u cti vi ty (p e rce n t) 2 3 41 0 . 5 : P e rce n ta g eo f Wo m e na m o n gAll C u lti va to rs,b y L a n dS i zeC la ss 2 4 11 0 . 6 : D i stri b u ti o nfo r S o ci a l G ro u p s o f F a rm e r H o u se h o ld s b y L a n dS i zeC a te g o ry,2 0 0 3(p e rce n t) 2 4 21 0 . 7 : L i te ra cy &M e a nYe a rs o f E d u ca ti o no f U n o rg a n i se dAg ri cu ltu ra l S e lf-e m p lo ye dWo rk e rs,2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 2 4 41 0 . 8 : P o ve rty R a ti o s a m o n gF a rm e rs b y S o ci o -R e li g i o u s G ro u p s a n dL a n d(P o sse sse d ) S i zeC la sse s,R u ra l 2 0 0 4 -0 5 2 4 51 0 . 9 : P re va le n ceR a teo f I n d e b te d n e ss b y F a rmS i ze ,All I n d i a(p e rce n t) 2 0 0 3 2 4 51 1 . 1 : D i stri b u ti o no f E n te rp ri se s a n dE m p lo ym e n t b y E co n o m i c Acti vi ty a n dT yp ei n1 9 9 8a n d2 0 0 5(T o ta l fi g u re s i nm i lli o na n dS e ctro -wi seb re a k -u pi np e r ce n t) 2 5 51 1 . 2 : P e rce n ta g eo f U n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se s a n dE m p lo ym e n t b y L o ca ti o n 2 5 71 1 . 3 : S h a reo f U n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se s b y S i zeo f E m p lo ym e n t (p e rce n t) 2 5 81 1 . 4 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f I n fo rm a l S e rvi ceS e cto r E n te rp ri se s 2 0 0 1 -0 2(p e r ce n t) 2 5 91 1 . 5 : D i stri b u ti o no f G VA C o n tri b u ti o no f N o n -a g ri cu ltu reI n fo rm a l S e cto r b y I n d u stry i n2 0 0 4 -0 5 2 6 01 1 . 6 : G VA P e r Wo rk e r (R s) i nU n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se s b y S i ze 2 6 01 1 . 7 : G VA P e r Wo rk e r i nU n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se s b y S i ze ,2 0 0 5 -0 6(R s. ) 2 6 11 1 . 8 : Ave ra g eG ro ss Va lu eAd d e dP e r Wo rk e r i nD i ffe re n t C a te g o ri e s o fU n o rg a n i ze dS e rvi ce s S e cto r E n te rp ri se s 2 0 0 1 -0 2 2 6 11 1 . 9 : E sti m a te dN u m b e r o f U n o rg a n i se dS e cto r M a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se sp e r sq u a rek i lo m e treb y T yp eo f E n te rp ri se ,to p1 0a n db o tto m5sta te s,2 0 0 5 -0 6 2 6 31 1 . 1 0 : E sti m a te dN u m b e r o f U n o rg a n i se dS e cto r M a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se sp e r 1 0 0 0p o p u la ti o n ,b y E n te rp ri seT yp e ,to p1 0a n db o tto m5sta te s,I n d i a ,2 0 0 5 -0 6 2 6 4x viii1 1 . 1 1 : Ave ra g eF i xe dAsse ts p e r Wo rk e r i nU n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n g ,b y E n te rp ri seT yp e ,to p1 0a n db o tto m5sta te s,I n d i a(ru ra l +u rb a n ),2 0 0 5 -0 6(i nR s) 2 6 51 1 . 1 2 : An n u a l G ro ss Va lu eAd d e dp e r Wo rk e r i nU n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n g ,b y E n te rp ri seT yp e ,to p1 0a n db o tto m5S ta te s, I n d i a(ru ra l +u rb a n ),2 0 0 5 -0 6(i nR s. ) 2 6 61 2 . 1 . F lo w o f C re d i t fro mC o m m e rci a l B a n k s toS S IS e cto r 2 8 31 2 . 2 : S ta tu s o f S ch e d u le dC o m m e rci a l B a n kC re d i t toM i croE n te rp ri se s (R s C ro re ) 2 8 31 2 . 3 : S ch e d u le dC o m m e rci a l B a n k s' C re d i t toM i croE n te rp ri se s (R s.C ro re ) 2 8 41 2 .4 . P ro g re ss u n d e r S H G -B a n kL i n k a g e 2 8 51 4 . 1 : S ta te -wi seD i stri b u ti o no f S M EC lu ste rs i nI n d i a 3 3 71 4 . 2 : D i stri b u ti o no f Arti sa n a l C lu ste rs b y P ro d u ct S p e ci a li sa ti o n 3 3 8L i s t o fF i g u re s L i s t o fF i g u re s L i s t o fF i g u re s L i s t o fF i g u re s L i s t o fF i g u re s2 . 1 : E m p lo ym e n t b y P u b li c a n dP ri va teS e cto r b e twe e n1 9 8 3a n d2 0 0 6 1 22 . 2 : T o ta l p e rso n s e n g a g e di nM a n u fa ctu ri n gI n d u stri e s 1 23 . 1 : L a b o u r F o rce&Wo rkF o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s u n d e r D i ffe re n t C o n ce p ts (2 0 0 4 -0 5 ) 3 64 . 1 : L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a teb y S o ci a l G ro u p s i n2 0 0 4 -0 5 4 74 . 2 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y S e x &E d u ca ti o ni n2 0 0 4 -0 5 5 04 . 3 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f R u ra l L a b o u r F o rceb y S e x &E d u ca ti o n ,2 0 0 4 -0 5 5 05 . 1 : P o p u la ti o nP yra m i do f I n d i afo r 2 0 0 7 1 0 55 . 2 : P o p u la ti o nP yra m i do f I n d i afo r 2 0 1 2 1 0 55 . 3 : P o p u la ti o np yra m i do f I n d i afo r 2 0 1 7 1 0 65 . 4 : P o p u l a ti o nP yra m i do f K e ra l afo r 2 0 0 7 1 0 85 . 5 : P o p u la ti o nP yra m i d s o f U tta r P ra d e shfo r 2 0 0 7 1 0 95 . 6 : P o p u l a ti o nP yra m i do f K e ra l afo r 2 0 1 7 1 0 95 . 7 : P o p u la ti o nP yra m i do f U tta r P ra d e shfo r 2 0 1 7 1 1 05 . 8 : L a b o u r F o rceP yra m i do f I n d i afo r 2 0 0 7 1 1 25 . 9 : L a b o u r F o rceP yra m i do f I n d i afo r 2 0 1 2 1 1 35 . 1 0 : L a b o u r F o rceP yra m i do f I n d i afo r 2 0 1 7 1 1 35 . 1 1 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rce(U P S S ) b y E d u ca ti o nL e ve ls S e x i n2 0 0 7 1 2 05 . 1 2 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rce(U P S S ) b y E d u ca ti o nL e ve l &S e x i n2 0 1 7 1 2 01 0 . 1 : M a n u a l E m p lo ym e n t D a ys p e r H e cta re (C D S ) 2 3 41 0 . 2 : R a ti oo f Ag ri cu ltu reG D Pp e r Wo rk e r 2 3 51 0 . 3 : S h a reo f M a rg i n a l,S m a ll a n dL a rg eF a rm e rs i nT o ta l O u tp u t i n2 0 0 2 -0 3 2 4 01 0 . 4 : Va lu eo f O u tp u t p e r H e cta re(R s. ) 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 3 2 4 1L i s t o fB o x e s L i s t o fB o x e s L i s t o fB o x e s L i s t o fB o x e s L i s t o fB o x e s2 . 1 : T h eS h a rpD i vi d eb e twe e nI n fo rm a li ty a n dF o rm a li ty a s R e ve a le db yS e cto ra l S ta ti sti cs,2 0 0 4 -0 5 231 3 . 1 : T AUi nT e xti le s:C a seS tu d y o f C o i m b a to re 3 0 51 3 . 2 : T AUi nL e a th e r I n d u stry:C a seS tu d y o f C L R I s i n te rve n ti o n s 3 0 91 3 .3 : D AS T K AR - A N o n -G o ve rn m e n t O rg a n i za ti o n 3 2 0xi ix1 3 . 4 : F AB I N D I A: A P ri va teR e ta i le r 3 2 11 3 . 5 : R e co m m e n d a ti o n s o f th eI n te r M i n i ste ri a l G ro u po f th eP la n n i n gC o m m i ssi o n 3 2 81 3 . 6 : R e co m m e n d a ti o n s o f th eR e p o rt o f th eWo rk i n gG ro u po nS ci e n cea n dT e ch n o lo g y fo rS m a ll S ca lea n dM e d i u mE n te rp ri se s fo r th e1 1 thF i veYe a r P la n(2 0 0 7 -1 2 ) 3 2 91 4 . 1 : T e xti le s a n dG a rm e n ts 3 4 41 4 . 2 : G e m s a n dJ e we lry 3 4 8L i s t o fA p p e n d i x L i s t o fA p p e n d i x L i s t o fA p p e n d i x L i s t o fA p p e n d i x L i s t o fA p p e n d i x2 . 1 : E m p lo ym e n t i nth eP u b li c &P ri va teS e cto r b y I n d u stry (m i lli o np e rso n s a s o n3 1M a rch ) 2 94 . 1 : L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s fo r O B C s & 'th eR e m a i n i n g ' a m o n g'T o ta l O th e rs'i n2 0 0 4 -0 5L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s 6 64 . 2 : Ag e -S p e ci fi c L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y S e x 6 64 . 3 : S ta te -wi seD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rce(m i lli o n ) b y S e cto r &S e x 2 0 0 4 -0 5 6 74 . 4 : L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y S e cto r,S e x a n dS o ci a l G ro u p s 6 84 . 5 : C la ssi fi ca ti o no f S ta te s b y L e ve l a n dC h a n g ei nL F P Ro f D i ffe re n t S o ci a l G ro u p s 8 04 . 6 : S ta te -wi seD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o n(m i lli o n ) 8 34 . 7 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y L e ve l o f E d u ca ti o n 8 45 . 1 : M e th o d o lo g y fo r P ro je cti o no f P o p u la ti o n&L a b o u r F o rce 1 2 56 . 1 : M e th o d o lo g y o f E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n s 1 5 56 . 2 : E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n s b y I n d u stry &S e cto r U si n gU P S SM e a su re m e n t 1 5 66 . 3 : E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n s b y I n d u stry &S e cto r B a se do n M C WSM e a su re 1 5 76 . 4 : E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n s b y I n d u stry a n dS e cto r B a se do nU P S SM e a su re 1 5 96 . 5 : E m p lo ym e n t Ad d i ti o n s (U P S S ) &P ro je cti o n s b y F o rm a l/I n fo rm a l Wo rkS ta tu s 1 6 16 . 6 : E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n s b y I n d u stry a n d Wo rkS ta tu s B a se do nM C WSM e a su re 1 6 26 . 7 : E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n s b y I n d u stry a n dWo rkS ta tu s b y U si n gU P S SM e a su re 1 6 46 . 8 : U P S SE sti m a te s/P ro je cti o n s o f L a b o u r F o rce ,E m p lo ym e n t,U n e m p lo ym e n t a n dU n e m p lo ym e n t R a t 1 6 66 . 9 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f Wo rk e rs b y S e cto r,Wo rkS ta tu s a n dE co n o m i c Acti vi ty 1 6 77 . 1 : A N o teo nE sti m a te s o f E ffe cti ve n e ss o f C o ve ra g eo f I m p o rta n t L a b o u r L a ws 1 8 61 1 . 1 : D i stri b u ti o no f U n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se s b y I n d u stry 2 7 61 1 . 2 : D i stri b u ti o no f Wo rk e rs i nU n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se s b y I n d u stry 2 7 71 1 . 3 : P e rce n ta g esh a reo f e n te rp ri se s i nse le cte dm a n u fa ctu ri n gI n d u stri e sb y sta tea n dlo ca ti o n ,2 0 0 5 -0 6 2 7 81 1 . 4 : P ro p o rti o no f E n te rp ri se s Wo rk i n gu n d e r S u b co n tra cti n gArra n g e m e n t i nI n d i a nS ta te s:2 0 0 0 -0 1a n d2 0 0 5 -0 6 2 7 91 1 . 5 : P ro p o rti o no f E n te rp ri se s O p e ra ti n gU n d e r S u b co n tra cti n gArra n g e m e n t b yS o u rceo f E q u i p m e n t,R a w M a te ri a l a n dD e si g nb y T yp eo f E n te rp ri se s a n dL o ca ti o n :2 0 0 0 -0 1 /2 0 0 5 -0 6(p e rce n t) 2 8 01 2 . 1 : S ta tu s o f I m p le m e n ta ti o no f th eC o m m i ssi o n 's R e co m m e n d a ti o n s 2 9 5xi i xVolume II - Annexures1 . 1 : P a st a n dP re se n t C o m p o si ti o no f th eC o m m i ssi o n 11 . 2 : C o m p o si ti o no f th eAd vi so ry B o a rd 21 . 3 : T a skF o rce s a n dT e ch n i ca l E xp e rt G ro u p s C o n sti tu te d 33 . 1 : M e a su re s o f L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o na n dU ti li sa ti o n 1 85 . 1 : S ta te -wi seU P S SL a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r a n dS e x a s o n1 st Ap ri lo f 2 0 0 7 ,2 0 1 2a n d2 0 1 7 . 3 95 . 2 : S ta tea n dAg eG ro u p -wi seU P S SL a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r a n dS e x a s o n1 st Ap ri lo f 2 0 0 7 ,2 0 1 2a n d2 0 1 7 . 445 . 3 : S ta te -wi seM C WSL a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r a n dS e x a s o n1 st Ap ri lo f 2 0 0 7 ,2 0 1 2a n d2 0 1 7 . 7 95 . 4 : S ta tea n dAg eG ro u p -wi seM C WSL a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r a n dS e x a s o n1 st Ap ri lo f 2 0 0 7 ,2 0 1 2a n d2 0 1 7 . 8 45 . 5 : S ta te -wi seU P S SL a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o n a l S ta tu s,S e cto r a n dS e x a s o n1 st Ap ri lo f 2 0 0 7 ,2 0 1 2a n d2 0 1 7 . 1 1 9xiii xiAn n e xu re s1Annex 1.1: Past and Present Composition of the CommissionThe composition of the Commission is as follows:Professor Arjun Sengupta Professor Arjun Sengupta Professor Arjun Sengupta Professor Arjun Sengupta Professor Arjun Sengupta Chai rman, Chai rman, Chai rman, Chai rman, Chai rman,Chairman, [ From 20.09.2004 to 01.07.2005 and fromCentre for Development and Human Rights, 17.11.2005 till date]NewDelhiP PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor K. essor K. essor K. essor K. essor K. P PP PP. .. .. K KK KKannan annan annan annan annan Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time MemberFellow, [ From 01.11.2004 till date]Centre for Development Studies,Ulloor, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, KeralaProfessor Ravi S. Srivastava Professor Ravi S. Srivastava Professor Ravi S. Srivastava Professor Ravi S. Srivastava Professor Ravi S. Srivastava Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time MemberProfessor, [ From 01.05.2006 till date]Centre for Studies in Regional Development,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067S SS SShr hr hr hr hri i i i iV VV VV.K. .K. .K. .K. .K. Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotra, a, a, a, a, I AS (Retd.) I AS (Retd.) I AS (Retd.) I AS (Retd.) I AS (Retd.) Member S Member S Member S Member S Member Secr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy[ From 01. 03.2006 till date]S SS SShr hr hr hr hriB iB iB iB iB.N. .N. .N. .N. .N. Y YY YYugandhar ugandhar ugandhar ugandhar ugandhar Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time MemberMember, [ From 05.11.2004 till date]Planning Commission,New Delhi 110001P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessoressoressoressoressor T TT TT.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. P PP PPapola apola apola apola apola Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time MemberDirector, [ From 06.04.2005 till date]I nstitute for Studies in I ndustrial Development,Vasant Kunj I nstitutional Area, New Delhi.110070Professor K. Jayashankar Professor K. Jayashankar Professor K. Jayashankar Professor K. Jayashankar Professor K. Jayashankar Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time MemberFormer Vice Chancellor, Kakatiya University, [ From 01.12.2004 to 9.03.2006]Warangal, Andhra PradeshS SS SShr hr hr hr hri Bibek Debr i Bibek Debr i Bibek Debr i Bibek Debr i Bibek Debro oo ooy yy yy, ,, ,, Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time MemberDirector, [ From 27.10.2004 to 20.12.2005]Rajiv Gandhi I nstitute for Contemporary Studies,New Delhi 110001.Shri K.K. Jaswal, I AS (Retd.) Shri K.K. Jaswal, I AS (Retd.) Shri K.K. Jaswal, I AS (Retd.) Shri K.K. Jaswal, I AS (Retd.) Shri K.K. Jaswal, I AS (Retd.) Member S Member S Member S Member S Member Secr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy[ From 01.11.2004 to 18.02.2006]2T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i aAnnex 1.2: Composition of the Advisory Board1. 1. 1. 1. 1. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor Bhalc essor Bhalc essor Bhalc essor Bhalc essor Bhalchandr handr handr handr handra Mungekar a Mungekar a Mungekar a Mungekar a Mungekar, ,, ,,Member, Planning Commission,Yojana Bhavan, New Delhi.2. 2. 2. 2. 2. Swami Agnivesh, Swami Agnivesh, Swami Agnivesh, Swami Agnivesh, Swami Agnivesh,President, Bonded Labour Liberation Front,13, South Avenue, New Delhi.3. 3. 3. 3. 3. Professor Sheila Bhalla, Professor Sheila Bhalla, Professor Sheila Bhalla, Professor Sheila Bhalla, Professor Sheila Bhalla,(Formerly Professsor of Economics,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi)I nstitute of Human Development,Old I AMIBuilding (3rd Floor).I .P.Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg,NewDelhi-110002.4. 4. 4. 4. 4. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor Mahendr essor Mahendr essor Mahendr essor Mahendr essor Mahendra De a De a De a De a Dev vv vv, ,, ,,Director, Centre for Economic and Social Studies,Begumpet, Hyderabad.5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Ms. Ms. Ms. Ms. Ms. Madhu Kishwar Madhu Kishwar Madhu Kishwar Madhu Kishwar Madhu Kishwar, ,, ,,Editor, ManushiC-1/3 Sangam Estate, 1, Underhill Road, Civil Lines,Delhi-110054.6. 6. 6. 6. 6. Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee,Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA)Opposite Victoria Garden, Bhadra, Ahmedabad-380001.7. 7. 7. 7. 7. Shri Joginder Kumar Shri Joginder Kumar Shri Joginder Kumar Shri Joginder Kumar Shri Joginder KumarPresident,Federation of Tiny & Small Scale I ndustries of I ndia (FTSSI ),General Metal I ndustries, B-189, I ndustrial Estate,Ludhiana, Punjab.8. 8. 8. 8. 8. Professor Jean Dreze, Professor Jean Dreze, Professor Jean Dreze, Professor Jean Dreze, Professor Jean Dreze,Delhi School of Economics, Department of Economics,Delhi University, Delhi-110007.9. 9. 9. 9. 9. Professor Amit Bhaduri, Professor Amit Bhaduri, Professor Amit Bhaduri, Professor Amit Bhaduri, Professor Amit Bhaduri,Council for Social Development,53, Lodhi Estate, New Delhi - 110003.10. 10. 10. 10. 10. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, Special I nviteeMinistry of Micro, Small and Medium EnterprisesUdyog Bhawan, New Delhi11. 11. 11. 11. 11. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, Special I nviteeMinistry of Labour & EmploymentShram Shakti Bhwan, New DelhiAn n e xu re s3Annex 1.3: Task Forces and Technical Expert Groups ConstitutedFile No.A-25022/11/2005-NCEUSNCEUS19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan1 Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi-110 001Dated the 16th May, 2005ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERS SS SSubject:- Co ubject:- Co ubject:- Co ubject:- Co ubject:- Consti tuti o nsti tuti o nsti tuti o nsti tuti o nsti tuti on ofn ofn ofn ofn of T TT TTask F ask F ask F ask F ask For or or or orce o ce o ce o ce o ce on S n S n S n S n Soci al S oci al S oci al S oci al S oci al Secur ecur ecur ecur ecuri t i t i t i t i ty fory fory fory fory for W WW WWor or or or orkers i n the Unorgani sed S kers i n the Unorgani sed S kers i n the Unorgani sed S kers i n the Unorgani sed S kers i n the Unorgani sed Sector ector ector ector ector1. 1. 1. 1. 1. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P. .. .. K KK KKannan, annan, annan, annan, annan, Chai rman Chai rman Chai rman Chai rman Chai rmanMember, National Commissionfor Enterprises I n the Unorganised Sector, 19th Floor,Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan, New Delhi-1100012. 2. 2. 2. 2. Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Member Member Member Member MemberSelf Employed WomensAssociation(SEWA),Opposite Victoria Garden,Bhadra, Ahmedabad-3800013. 3. 3. 3. 3. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor S essor S essor S essor S essor S. .. .. Mahendr Mahendr Mahendr Mahendr Mahendra De a De a De a De a Dev vv vv, ,, ,, Member Member Member Member MemberDirector, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Begumpet, Hyderabad4. 4. 4. 4. 4. Professor Ravi Srivastava Professor Ravi Srivastava Professor Ravi Srivastava Professor Ravi Srivastava Professor Ravi Srivastava Member Member Member Member MemberProfessor of Economics,Centre for Studies in Regional Development,School of Social Sciences,Jawaharlal Nehru University,NewDelhi-1100675. 5. 5. 5. 5. Professor Alakh N, Sharma, Professor Alakh N, Sharma, Professor Alakh N, Sharma, Professor Alakh N, Sharma, Professor Alakh N, Sharma, Member Member Member Member MemberDirector, I nstitute for Human Development,NI DM Building, 3rd Floor, I I PACampus, I P Estate, New Delhi-26. 6. 6. 6. 6. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. N. N. N. N. N. V VV VVi ja i ja i ja i ja i jayamo yamo yamo yamo yamohanan P hanan P hanan P hanan P hanan Pi l i l i l i l i llai , lai , lai , lai , lai , Member Member Member Member MemberAssociate Fellow, Centre for Development Studies,Prasanth Nagar, Ulloor,Thiruvananthapuram-695011, Kerala7. 7. 7. 7. 7. Professor Jeemol Unni, Professor Jeemol Unni, Professor Jeemol Unni, Professor Jeemol Unni, Professor Jeemol Unni, Member Member Member Member MemberProfessor, Gujarat I nstitute of Development Research, Gota,Ahmedabad-380 060 (I ndia)4T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a8. 8. 8. 8. 8. SwamiAgni vesh, SwamiAgni vesh, SwamiAgni vesh, SwamiAgni vesh, SwamiAgni vesh, Member Member Member Member MemberMember, Advisory Board, NCEUS,13, South Avenue, New Delhi-1100019. 9. 9. 9. 9. Di r Di r Di r Di r Di rector Gener ector Gener ector Gener ector Gener ector General (L al (L al (L al (L al (Labourabourabourabourabour W WW WWelfar elfar elfar elfar elfare), e), e), e), e), Member Member Member Member MemberMinistry of Labour and Employment,Government of I ndia,Shramshakti Bhavan,NewDelhi-11000110. 10. 10. 10. 10. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor A essor A essor A essor A essor Ac cc cchi n Chakr hi n Chakr hi n Chakr hi n Chakr hi n Chakrabor abor abor abor abort tt tty yy yy, ,, ,, Member Member Member Member MemberProfessor of Economics,I nstitute of Development Studies,1, Reformatory Street, Kolkata UniversityAlipur Campus,5th Floor, Kolkata11. 11. 11. 11. 11. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriMahesh K iMahesh K iMahesh K iMahesh K iMahesh Kumar umar umar umar umar, ,, ,, Convenor Convenor Convenor Convenor ConvenorDirector, NCEUSAn n e xu re s5Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 ContdFile No.A-25022/11/2005-NCEUSNCEUS19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan1 Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi-110 001Dated the 16th May, 2005ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERS SS SSubject:-Co ubject:-Co ubject:-Co ubject:-Co ubject:-Consti tuti o nsti tuti o nsti tuti o nsti tuti o nsti tuti on ofn ofn ofn ofn of T TT TTask F ask F ask F ask F ask For or or or orce o ce o ce o ce o ce on Defi ni ti o n Defi ni ti o n Defi ni ti o n Defi ni ti o n Defi ni ti onal and S nal and S nal and S nal and S nal and Stati sti c tati sti c tati sti c tati sti c tati sti cal I ssues r al I ssues r al I ssues r al I ssues r al I ssues relati ng to the Unorgani sed S elati ng to the Unorgani sed S elati ng to the Unorgani sed S elati ng to the Unorgani sed S elati ng to the Unorgani sed Sector ector ector ector ector. .. ..I t has been decided that a Task Force on Definitional and Statistical I ssues relating to the Unorganised Sectorbe set up.2. The composition of the Task Force shall be as follows:1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Professor Arjun K. Sengupta, Chai rman Professor Arjun K. Sengupta, Chai rman Professor Arjun K. Sengupta, Chai rman Professor Arjun K. Sengupta, Chai rman Professor Arjun K. Sengupta, Chai rman Chai rman Chai rman Chai rman Chai rman Chai rmanNational Commission for Enterprises in the UnorganisedSector,(NCEUS)19th Floor, 1, Tolstoy Marg, Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan,NewDelhi-1100012. 2. 2. 2. 2. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P. .. .. K KK KKannan, annan, annan, annan, annan, Member Member Member Member MemberMember, NCEUS,19th Floor, 1, Tolstoy Marg,Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan, New Delhi-110001.3. 3. 3. 3. 3. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessoressoressoressoressor T TT TT.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. P PP PPapola, apola, apola, apola, apola, Member Member Member Member MemberPart Time Member, NCEUS,Director, Labour Expert,I nstitute for Studies for I ndustrial Development,Narendra Niketan, I .P. Estate, New Delhi-1100024. 4. 4. 4. 4. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S. .. .. S SS SSastr astr astr astr astry yy yy, ,, ,, Member Member Member Member MemberParsila Bhavan, N.C.A.E.R. 11,I .P. Estate, M.G. Road, New Delhi-1100025. 5. 5. 5. 5. Professor Shei la Bhalla, Professor Shei la Bhalla, Professor Shei la Bhalla, Professor Shei la Bhalla, Professor Shei la Bhalla, Member Member Member Member MemberMember, Advisory Board, NCEUS,I nstitute for Human Development,NI DM, Building, (3rd Floor), I .P. Estate,Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-26. 6. 6. 6. 6. Ms. Renana Jhabwala, Ms. Renana Jhabwala, Ms. Renana Jhabwala, Ms. Renana Jhabwala, Ms. Renana Jhabwala, Member Member Member Member MemberPresident, SEWA BHARAT,7/5, First Floor, South Patel Nagar, New Delhi 08.6T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a7. 7. 7. 7. 7. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. G. G. G. G. G. R RR RRav av av av aveendr eendr eendr eendr eendran, an, an, an, an, Member Member Member Member MemberAdditional Director General, Central StatatisticalOrganisationSardar Patel Bhavan,Parliament Street, New Delhi-1100018. 8. 8. 8. 8. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriS iS iS iS iS.V .V .V .V .V. .. .. R RR RRamana Mur amana Mur amana Mur amana Mur amana Murt h t h t h t h t hy yy yy Convenor Convenor Convenor Convenor ConvenorDeputy Secretary, NCEUS19th Floor, 1 Tolstoy Marg,Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan, New Delhi-110001.An n e xu re s7Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 ContdA-25024/9/2005-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector16th /19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,1, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi 110001Dated the 9th June, 2005ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERSubject: Constitution of Task Force on Skill Formation in the Unorganised Sector.I t has been decided to set up a Task force on Skill Formation in the Unorganised Sector.The composition of the Task Force shall be as follows:1. ShriK.K.Jaswal, ShriK.K.Jaswal, ShriK.K.Jaswal, ShriK.K.Jaswal, ShriK.K.Jaswal, ChairmanMember Secretary, NCEUS2. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriB iB iB iB iB.N.Y .N.Y .N.Y .N.Y .N.Yugandhar ugandhar ugandhar ugandhar ugandhar, ,, ,, Part Time Member, NCEUS MemberMember, Planning Commission,Yojana Bhawan, Sansad Marg,NewDelhi3. D DD DDr rr rr.Madhav Chavan, .Madhav Chavan, .Madhav Chavan, .Madhav Chavan, .Madhav Chavan, Director, PRATHAM MemberB3/3, Safdarjung Enclave, 1st Floor,NewDelhi4. Lt.General (Retd.) S.S.Mehta, Lt.General (Retd.) S.S.Mehta, Lt.General (Retd.) S.S.Mehta, Lt.General (Retd.) S.S.Mehta, Lt.General (Retd.) S.S.Mehta, MemberPrincipal Adviser,CI II ndia Development Foundation249F, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar,Phase I V, Gurgaon5. Ms.Nali niGangadharan, Ms.Nali niGangadharan, Ms.Nali niGangadharan, Ms.Nali niGangadharan, Ms.Nali niGangadharan, Executive Director MemberDr. Reddy's Foundation6-3-668/10/77&78, Durganagar ColonyPunjagutta, Hyderabad-6. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriK. iK. iK. iK. iK. K.Mi ttal, K.Mi ttal, K.Mi ttal, K.Mi ttal, K.Mi ttal, DGE&T, MemberM/o Labour & EmploymentShram Shakti Bhawan,Rafi Marg, New Delhi7. D DD DDr rr rr.S .S .S .S .S.D .D .D .D .D.A .A .A .A .Awal e wal e wal e wal e wal e, ,, ,, Joint Education Advisor (Technical), MemberD/o Secondary & Higher Education,Ministry of Human Resource Development,Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi8T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a8. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriS iS iS iS iShar har har har harda P da P da P da P da Pr rr rrasad, asad, asad, asad, asad, Labour Commissioner, MemberGovernment of Uttar Pradesh,G.T.Road, Kanpur9. Smt.Neelam Nath, Smt.Neelam Nath, Smt.Neelam Nath, Smt.Neelam Nath, Smt.Neelam Nath, Member SecretaryJoint Secretary, NCEUS10 ShriJ .D. Hajela, ShriJ .D. Hajela, ShriJ .D. Hajela, ShriJ .D. Hajela, ShriJ .D. Hajela, ConvenorDirector NCEUSAn n e xu re s9Annex 1.3 ContdA-25022/ 26/2005-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector16th /19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,1, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi 110001Dated the 20th April, 2006ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERSubject:- Constitution of Task Force on Access to Finance, Raw Materials and Marketingrelating to the Unorganised Sector.I t has been decided that a Task Force on Access to Finance, Raw Materials, and Marketing relating to theUnorganised Sector be set up.1. 1. 1. 1. 1. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessoressoressoressoressor V VV VV.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. V VV VVyas, yas, yas, yas, yas, ChairmanI nstitute of Development Studies,8-B, Jhalna I nstitutional Area, Jaipur.2. 2. 2. 2. 2. Professor K P Kannan, Professor K P Kannan, Professor K P Kannan, Professor K P Kannan, Professor K P Kannan, MemberMember, NCEUS.3. 3. 3. 3. 3. S SS SShr hr hr hr hri i i i iV VV VV.K. .K. .K. .K. .K. Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotra aa aa MemberMember,NCEUS.4. 4. 4. 4. 4. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. Y YY YY.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. P PP PP. .. .. Thor Thor Thor Thor Thorat, at, at, at, at, MemberManaging Director,National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, (NABARD),Plot C-24, Bandra-Kurla Complex P.B. No. 8121,Bandra (E) Mumbai5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Shri. N. Balasubramanian, Shri. N. Balasubramanian, Shri. N. Balasubramanian, Shri. N. Balasubramanian, Shri. N. Balasubramanian, MemberChairman & Managing Director,Small I ndustries Development Bank of I ndia (SI DBI ),SI DBITower, 15, Ashok Marg, Lucknow-6. 6. 6. 6. 6. S SS SShr hr hr hr hri . i . i . i . i . A.V A.V A.V A.V A.V. .. .. S SS SSar ar ar ar ardesai , desai , desai , desai , desai , MemberC-16, Kumar Elixir, Banner Road,PUNE.7. 7. 7. 7. 7. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. S SS SS.L. .L. .L. .L. .L. S SS SShett hett hett hett hetty yy yy, ,, ,, MemberDirector,Economic and Political Weekly Research Foundation, (EPW),C-212, Akurli I ndustrial Estate,Kandivali (East), Mumbai.10T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a8. 8. 8. 8. 8. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriN iN iN iN iNac ac ac ac achi ket Mor hi ket Mor hi ket Mor hi ket Mor hi ket Mor, ,, ,, MemberAdvisory Board Member,(NCEUS).Exe. Director, I CI CIBank Ltd.,I CI CITower, Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumba9. 9. 9. 9. 9. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriK iK iK iK iKamalamalamalamalamal T TT TTaor aor aor aor aori , i , i , i , i , MemberDirector General,National Productivity Council,5&6, I nstitutional area, Lodhi Road,NewDelhi10. 10. 10. 10. 10. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriJogi nder K iJogi nder K iJogi nder K iJogi nder K iJogi nder Kumar umar umar umar umar, ,, ,, MemberPresident,Federation of Tiny & Small I ndustries of I ndia, Mg. Partner,General Metal I ndustries, B-189,I ndustrial estate,LUDHI ANA11. 11. 11. 11. 11. Shri . C. Chandran, I AS, Shri . C. Chandran, I AS, Shri . C. Chandran, I AS, Shri . C. Chandran, I AS, Shri . C. Chandran, I AS, MemberChief Executive Officer and Commissioner,Khadi & Village I ndustries Commission,I rla Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai12. 12. 12. 12. 12. Ms. Achala, Ms. Achala, Ms. Achala, Ms. Achala, Ms. Achala, MemberSADAN,12&13,2nd Floor, MPTCD Building,Special I nstitutional Area,Shaheed Jeet Sing Marg,New Delh13. 13. 13. 13. 13. Ms. Ms. Ms. Ms. Ms. Ja Ja Ja Ja Jayashr yashr yashr yashr yashreeeeeeeeee V VV VVyas, yas, yas, yas, yas,MemberMD,Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA)Bank,Ellis Bridge, Ahmedabad14. 14. 14. 14. 14.S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, MemberMinistry of Textiles, Udyog Bhawan , New Delhi15. 15. 15. 15. 15. ShriVi pi n Sharma, ShriVi pi n Sharma, ShriVi pi n Sharma, ShriVi pi n Sharma, ShriVi pi n Sharma, MemberDirector,CARE I ndia, 27, Hauz Khas Village, New Delhi16. 16. 16. 16. 16. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriMahesh K iMahesh K iMahesh K iMahesh K iMahesh Kumar umar umar umar umar, ,, ,, ConvenorDirector, (NCEUS).An n e xu re s11Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 ContdNo. A-25022/29/2005-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector16th /19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,1, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi 110001Dated the 20th April, 2006ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERSubject :Constitution of Task Force on Review of Indian Labour Laws.I t has been decided to set up a Task Force on Review of I ndian Labour Laws.The composition of the Task Force shall be as follows:1. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor essor essor essor essorT TT TT.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. P PP PPapola, apola, apola, apola, apola, ChairmanDelhi Government Chair in Human DevelopmentI nstitute for Human DevelopmentNI DM Building, I I PA Campus,I P Estatem M G Marg,New Delhi2. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P. .. .. K KK KKannan, annan, annan, annan, annan, MemberMember, NCEUS3. Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, MemberMember, NCEUS4. Professor Navi n Chandra, Professor Navi n Chandra, Professor Navi n Chandra, Professor Navi n Chandra, Professor Navi n Chandra, MemberSeniorFellow,Flat No. 119, A, Sipra Sun CityI ndrapuram, Ghaziabad5. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. K KK KKamala S amala S amala S amala S amala Sankar ankar ankar ankar ankaran an an an an, MemberResearch ProfessorI ndian Law I nstitute,Bhagwandas Road, New Delhi6. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. P PP PPr rr rrav av av av aveen Jha, een Jha, een Jha, een Jha, een Jha, MemberAssociate Professor,SchoolofSocialSciences,Jawaharlal Nehru University,New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi12T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a7. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. C.S C.S C.S C.S C.S. .. .. V VV VVenkata R enkata R enkata R enkata R enkata Ratnam, atnam, atnam, atnam, atnam, MemberDirector,I nternational Management I nstitute,B-10, Qutab I nstitutional Area,Tara Crescent, New Delhi8. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriJogi nder K iJogi nder K iJogi nder K iJogi nder K iJogi nder Kumar umar umar umar umar, ,, ,, MemberPresident,Federation of Tiny & Small Scale I ndustries of I ndia (FTSSI ),General Metal I ndustries,B-189, I ndustrial Estate, Ludhiana9. ShriSwamiAgni vesh, ShriSwamiAgni vesh, ShriSwamiAgni vesh, ShriSwamiAgni vesh, ShriSwamiAgni vesh, MemberPresident,Bonded Labour Liberation Front,7, Jantar Mantar Road,New Delhi10. ShriB. P Pant, ShriB. P Pant, ShriB. P Pant, ShriB. P Pant, ShriB. P Pant, MemberJoint Director,All I ndia Organization of Employers (AI OE),Federation House,Tansen Marg, New Delhi11. ShriAni l Bhardwaj, ShriAni l Bhardwaj, ShriAni l Bhardwaj, ShriAni l Bhardwaj, ShriAni l Bhardwaj, MemberSecretary General,Federation of I ndian Micro and Small & Medium Enterprises (FI SME),B-4/161, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi-12 ShriJ .D. Hajela , ShriJ .D. Hajela , ShriJ .D. Hajela , ShriJ .D. Hajela , ShriJ .D. Hajela , ConvenorDirector NCEUSAn n e xu re s13Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 ContdF. No. A-25024/4/2005-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector**********16th /19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,1 Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi 110001Dated : 10th November ,2006ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERSubject: Constitution of Technical Experts Group on Growth Pole.I t has been decided to set up a Technical Experts Group to take their inputs on Growth Pole proposals andother relevant issues.2. The composition of the Group shall be as follows:1. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor Di nesh N. essor Di nesh N. essor Di nesh N. essor Di nesh N. essor Di nesh N. A AA AAwasthi , wasthi , wasthi , wasthi , wasthi , Di r Di r Di r Di r Di rector ector ector ector ector, ,, ,, - MemberEntrepreneurship Development I nstitute of I ndia,Near Village Bhat, via Ahmedabad Airport & I ndira Bridge,P.O. Bhat-382428,District- Gandhinagar, Gujarat.2. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. S SS SSar ar ar ar ari ta N i ta N i ta N i ta N i ta Nag ag ag ag agpal , pal , pal , pal , pal , - MemberConfederation of I ndian I ndustry (CI I ),The Mantosh Sondhi Centre,23, I nstitutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi3. ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , - MemberFocal Point Manager, CDP,U.N. I ndustrial Development Organization House,6 Special I nstitutional Areas, New Delhi4. Development Commi ssi oner (SSI ), Development Commi ssi oner (SSI ), Development Commi ssi oner (SSI ), Development Commi ssi oner (SSI ), Development Commi ssi oner (SSI ), - MemberOffice of the Development Commissioner,Small Scale I ndustries,7th Floor, A-Wing,Nirman Bhavan,New Delhi5. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, Ministry of Commerce & I ndustry,- MemberDepartment Of I ndustrial Policy & Promotion,UdyogBhawan, New Delhi6. CMD, CMD, CMD, CMD, CMD, - MemberHousing & Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (HUDCO]HUDCO Bhawan, I ndia Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi14T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i aAnnex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 ContdF. No. A-25024/4/2005-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector**********16th /19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,1, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi 110001Dated the 4th February, 2008REVISED ORDER REVISED ORDER REVISED ORDER REVISED ORDER REVISED ORDERSubject: Constitution of Task Force on Enterprise Development in the Unorganized Sector.I n supersession of Order of even no. dated 1st October, 2007, the following changes have been made.I thasbeendecidedtochangethenameas"TaskForceonEnterpriseDevelopmentintheUnorganizedSector" to examine the issues related to the Development of Enterprise in the Unorganized Sector and other relevantissues.The composition of the Task Force shall be as follows:1. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor K. essor K. essor K. essor K. essor K. P PP PP. .. .. K KK KKannan annan annan annan annan - ChairmanMember, NCEUS2. Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, - MemberMember, NCEUS3. S SS SShr hr hr hr hri i i i iV VV VV. .. .. K. K. K. K. K. Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotra aa aa - MemberMember Secretary, NCEUS4. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessoressoressoressoressor T TT TT.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. P PP PPapola, apola, apola, apola, apola, - MemberPart Time Member, NCEUS,Director, Labour Expert,I nstitute for Studies for I ndustrial Development,Narendra Niketan, I .P. Estate, New Delhi-1100025. Professor Di nesh N. Awasthi , Professor Di nesh N. Awasthi , Professor Di nesh N. Awasthi , Professor Di nesh N. Awasthi , Professor Di nesh N. Awasthi , - MemberDirector, Entrepreneurship Development I nstitute of I ndia,Gandhi Nagar, Ahemdabad.6. Professor Rakesh Basant Professor Rakesh Basant Professor Rakesh Basant Professor Rakesh Basant Professor Rakesh Basant - MemberI ndian I nstitute of Management, Ahemadabad.7. ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , - MemberFocal Point Manager, UNI DO,NewDelhi.An n e xu re s158. Professor Padmi niSwami nathan, Professor Padmi niSwami nathan, Professor Padmi niSwami nathan, Professor Padmi niSwami nathan, Professor Padmi niSwami nathan, - MemberDirector, MI DS9. Professor Pankaj Chandra, Professor Pankaj Chandra, Professor Pankaj Chandra, Professor Pankaj Chandra, Professor Pankaj Chandra, - MemberI I M, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad10. ShriDE. Ramakri shnan, ShriDE. Ramakri shnan, ShriDE. Ramakri shnan, ShriDE. Ramakri shnan, ShriDE. Ramakri shnan, - MemberPresident, I FRASTE,Paramount Gardens, no. 11,Arunachalam Road, Saligramam, Chennai11. DC, MSME and /or hi s representati ve DC, MSME and /or hi s representati ve DC, MSME and /or hi s representati ve DC, MSME and /or hi s representati ve DC, MSME and /or hi s representati ve - MemberNirman Bhawan, New Delhi12. Secretary Secretary Secretary Secretary Secretary - MemberMinistry of Commerce & I ndustry,Department Of I ndustrial Policy & Promotion,UdyogBhawan, New Delhi13. ShriAshutosh Mi shra ShriAshutosh Mi shra ShriAshutosh Mi shra ShriAshutosh Mi shra ShriAshutosh Mi shra - ConvenerDirector, NCEUS16T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i aAnnex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 ContdF. No. A-25024/3/2008-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector**********16th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,1 Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi - 110 001.Dated: 30th July, 2008ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERSubject : Constitution of Technical Experts Group on Marginal and Small FarmersI t has been decided to set up a Technical Experts Group on Marginal and Small Farmers to take their inputson Special Programme for Marginal and Small farmers and other related issues.The composition of the Group shall be as follows:1. Professor Arjun Sengupta, Professor Arjun Sengupta, Professor Arjun Sengupta, Professor Arjun Sengupta, Professor Arjun Sengupta, Chairman, NCEUS - Chairperson2. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor R essor R essor R essor R essor RaviS aviS aviS aviS aviSr rr rri vastava, i vastava, i vastava, i vastava, i vastava, Member, NCEUS - Member Convener3. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P. .. .. K KK KKannan, annan, annan, annan, annan, Member, NCEUS - Member4. S SS SShr hr hr hr hri i i i iV VV VV.K. .K. .K. .K. .K. Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotra, a, a, a, a, Member Secretary, NCEUS - Member5. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessoressoressoressoressor V VV VV.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. V VV VVyas, yas, yas, yas, yas, - MemberChairmanI nstitute of Development Studies,8-B, Jhalna I nstitutional Area, Jaipur6. Professor Surji t Si ngh, Professor Surji t Si ngh, Professor Surji t Si ngh, Professor Surji t Si ngh, Professor Surji t Si ngh, - MemberDirector, I DS, JaipurI nstitute of Development Studies,8B, Jhalana I nstitutional Area,Jaipur7. Professor Alakh Narai n Sharma, Professor Alakh Narai n Sharma, Professor Alakh Narai n Sharma, Professor Alakh Narai n Sharma, Professor Alakh Narai n Sharma, - MemberDirector, I nstitute of Human Development,NI DM Building, I I PA Campus,I P Estate, M.G. Marg, New Delhi8. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor D essor D essor D essor D essor D.N. .N. .N. .N. .N. Reddy Reddy Reddy Reddy Reddy, ,, ,, Former Dean and Professor, - MemberCentral University,3-33-33, Venkat Reddy Colony,Lingam Palli, Hyderabad.An n e xu re s179. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor G. essor G. essor G. essor G. essor G. V VV VVal al al al all ab l ab l ab l ab l abh, h, h, h, h, - MemberCircuit House Area (East),Jamshedpur10. Professor Kanchan Chopra,Professor Kanchan Chopra,Professor Kanchan Chopra,Professor Kanchan Chopra,Professor Kanchan Chopra, Director - MemberI nstitute of Economic Growth,University of Delhi Enclave,North Campus, Delhi11. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. Mahendr Mahendr Mahendr Mahendr Mahendra De a De a De a De a Dev vv vv, ,, ,, Chairman, CACP, - MemberKrishi Bhawan, Delhi12. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. P PP PP.K. .K. .K. .K. .K. Joshi , Joshi , Joshi , Joshi , Joshi , NCAP, - MemberP. B. No. 11305, Library Avenue,Pusa, New Delhi13. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, Ministry of Agriculture - Memberor his Representative. (Dr. S.M. Jharwal, Principal Advisor)Krishi Bhawan, Delhi14. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, - MemberDepartment of Agriculture,Govt.of Madhya Pradesh, or his Representative15. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, Department of Agriculture, - MemberGovt. of West Bengal, or his Representative16. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, Department of Agriculture - MemberGovt. of Andhra Pradesh, or his Representative17. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriS iS iS iS iS.V .V .V .V .V. .. .. R RR RRamana Mur amana Mur amana Mur amana Mur amana Murt h t h t h t h t hy yy yy, ,, ,, - Co-ordinatorDirector, NCEUS18T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a1. IntroductionThere is a continuing debate in I ndia among economists,planners and policy-makers on the best measure of labourforceparticipationandutilization. Thisisdespitethefact that the Committee of Experts on UnemploymentEstimates, constituted by the Planning Commission in1968 under the chairmanship of Prof. M.L. Dantwala,hasclearlyindicated1 that it would not be justified toaggregate labour force, employment and unemploymentinto single dimensional magnitudes in view of inherentsocio-economic conditions prevailing in the country.I nthispaperanewsetofmeasuresoflabourforce,employmentandunemploymenthasbeensuggestedwhi chwebeli evewouldbebettersui tedformanypurposesthanthosecurrentlyinuse. Wealsoproposenewmeasuresof l abourt i meut i l i zat i onandunderemployment.2.The Existing Measures of Labour ForceThe Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), obtainedby dividing the number of persons in the labour force bytotal population, is an important parameter in employmentprojections and formulation of employment strategies. Thecrucial issue, however, is the basis, or the decision rule,on which a person is classified as belonging to the labourforce. There are four different concepts used in I ndia inthis regard. These are:Usual Principal Status (UPS)Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS)Current Weekly Status (CWS), andCurrent Daily Status (CDS).2.1 Usual Principal StatusFor several purposes, we need to relate social andeconomic variables to the enduring characteristics of thepopulationandlabourforce. Thelabourforce,inthiscontext, is typically measured through the usual principalAnnex 3.1: Measures of Labour Force Participation and Utilisationactivitystatus(UPS)whichreflectsthestatusofanindividualoverareferenceperiodofoneyear. Thusaperson is classified as belonging to labour force, if s/hehad been either working or looking for work during longerpartofthe365daysprecedingthesurvey.I ncasethetotal period of being within the labour force is equal tothe total period out of it, priority is given to labour forceparticipation. Again, for a person already identified asbelonging to the labour force, s/he would be labeled asemployed or unemployed depending on which categoryaccounted for more days. I n the event of a tie, employedwould get priority over unemployed. However, if a personhasaverycomplexpatternoflabourforceandworkparticipation, the UPS measure cannot fully reflect it.TheUPSmeasureexcludesfromthelabourforceallthose who are employed and/or unemployed for a totalofl esst hansi xmont hs.Thuspersonswhoworkintermittently, either because of the pattern of work inthehouseholdfarmorenterpriseorduetoeconomiccompulsions and other reasons, would not be includedi nthel abourforceunl essthei rdaysatworkandunemployment totalled over half the reference year.2.2 Usual Principal and Subsidiary StatusTheUsualPri nci palandSubsi di aryStatus(UPSS)conceptwasintroducedtowidentheUPSconcepttoinclude even those who were outside the labour force onthebasisofthemajoritytimecriterionbuthadbeenemployed during some part of the year on a usual basis.I n the NSS 61st Round Survey, all those who were eitherun-employed or out of labour force but had worked forat least 30 days over the reference year were treated assubsidiary status workers. UPSS is thus a hybrid conceptincorporating both the major time criterion and priorityto work status.The UPSS measure was used on the ground that it wasstable and inclusive: it related to a picture emerging from 1The Report of the Committee of Experts on Unemployment Estimates submitted to the Planning Commission in 1970 states that"I nourcomplexeconomy,thecharacterofthelabourforce,employmentandunemployment,istooheterogeneoustojustifyaggregation into single-dimensional magnitudes".J .Krishnamurthy and G. RaveendranSenior Consultants, NCEUSAn n e xu re s19a long reference period, and even persons working for 30days or more, but not working for the major part of theyear,wereincluded.However,thoseoutsidetheUPSlabour force, seeking or available for work for more than30 days during the preceding 365 days, were not includedin the UPSS labour force.2By including as workers those outside the UPS labourforcebuthadworkedfor30daysormore,theUPSSestimates of work participation (which included some oftheUPSunemployedandoutsi dethelabourforce)exceeded the corresponding UPS estimates. However, thenumber of unemployed got reduced and their share inthe expanded UPSS labour force became much lower.I t is important to stress the difference between the UPSandUPSSmeasuresasthelatterhasbeenusedforemployment projections in all the recent Plan exercisesexcept the Tenth Plan document. The basic differencesbetween UPS and UPSS measurements are the following: Theenduri ngcharacteri sti csoughttobecaptured in UPS is how the person spends themajor part of the year. The UPSS, on the otherhand, seeks to place as many persons as possibleunder the category of employed by assigningpriority to work While the notion of long term attachment topart i cul aract i vi t yst at usmaybeaval i dgeneralization,theremaybeaconsiderablenumber of persons for whom no single long-term activity status is applicable as they movebetween statuses over a long period of one yeardependingonavarietyoffactors,includingcyclical patterns and random events. This pos-sibility is eliminated from our purview whena statistical straight-jacket like UPS or UPSSis applied and a person has to select one andonly one status (employed, unemployed, out ofthe labour force) as her/his enduring status. Usual status requires a recall over a whole yearofwhatthepersondid.Forthoseinregularemployment this is easy to do, but for those2The 30 day rule was introduced in the 61st Round. I n earlier Rounds, no such minimum cut off point was prescribed. For strictconsistency, all those who were outside the labour force on the basis of principal status, but who were in the labour force on the basisof their subsidiary status, should have been included in the UPSS labour force. I f the 30 day cut-off rule was applied it should haverelated to labour force participation, not only to work participation.whotakewhateverworkopportunitiestheycan find over the year or have prolonged spellsout of the labour force, a very complex patternhas to be recalled in order to decide what theirusual status is. I n this respect, a short referenceperiod of a week has advantages.2.3 Current Weekly StatusThe concept of Current Weekly Status (CWS) has beenin use in the labour force surveys in I ndia even before1970,whentherecommendati onsoftheDantwalaCommittee became available. I t was primarily becausetheagencieslikeI nternationalLabourOrganization(I LO) use estimates of employment and unemploymentrates based on weekly reference period for internationalcomparisons. Under CWS, a person is classified to be inlabour force, if s/he has either worked or is seeking and/oravai l abl eforworkatl eastonehourduri ngthereference period of one week preceding the date of survey.The CWS participation rates also relate to persons andhence may be roughly compared with those obtained byusi ngUPSandUPSSmeasurements.However,thereferenceperiodsaredifferentandUPS,unlikeUPSSand CWS, is based on majority time and does not accordpriority to work and unemployment. The classificationunder CWS is based on the status of each person duringthe last seven days and priority is assigned to workingover not working but seeking or available for work andtoboth worki ngand notworki ngbutseeki ngoravailable for work over neither working nor availablefor work. The advantage of CWS is that it uses a shorterreference period of seven days and as such recall lapsesareexpectedtobecomparati vel ylower.Further,i tfacilitates easy classification and analysis by sub-roundsto identify seasonal patterns. The major disadvantage ofCWS is that it classifies persons with very nominal workof even one hour during the reference week into workforce and labour force. Similarly, a person is treated asunemployed only if s/he has been unemployed on all thedays on which s/he has been in the labour force.20T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a2.4 Current Daily StatusThe Dantwala Committee proposed the use of CurrentDaily Status (CDS) rates for studying intensity of work.These are computed on the basis of the information onemployment and unemployment recorded for the 14 halfdaysofthereferenceweek. Theemploymentstatusesduring the seven days are recorded in terms of half orfull intensities. An hour or more but less than four hoursis taken as half intensity and four hours or more is takenas full intensity.Anadvantageofthisapproachwasthatitwasbased on more complete information; it embodiedthe time utilisation, and did not accord priority tolabour force over outside the labour force or workover unemployment, except in marginal cases. Adisadvantagewasthatitrelatedtoperson-days,not persons. Hence it had to be used with somecaution.3. Labour Force Measures Used in RecentPlan ExercisesThe Task Force on Employment Opportunities set up bythe Planning Commission and chaired by Dr MontekSingh Ahluwalia, which reported in July 2001, examinedestimates of employment and unemployment generatedbytheNati onalSampleSurvey,basedondi fferentconcepts developed by the Dantwala Committee. All fourmeasures, UPS, UPSS, CWS and CDS were reviewedand estimates based on all four measures featured in theanalysis. I t was stated that:theCDSmeasureofunemploymentiswidelyagreed to be the one that most fully captures openunemployment in the country.3The projections of the labour force were, however, basedontheUPSSconcept,perhapsbecauseitrelatedtopersons rather than person-day units.The Planning Commissions Special Group on TargetingTen Million Employment Opportunities Per Year overthe Tenth Plan Period, chaired by Dr S P Gupta, whichreported in May 2002, took a different view. I t arguedthat:themethodofestimationofemploymentandunemploymentonthebasi softheusualandsubsidiary status (UPSS) used during the NinthPlan formulation would not be of help to get anyrealisticestimateofthequantumofgeneratinggainful employment in order to fulfill the TenthPlantargets,especi allygi venthepromi seforgainful nature of employment, as per the Groupsterms of reference. This is because on the basis ofUPSS calculation, the volume of unemploymentshown is always under-estimated since it excludesalargenumberwhoaresi gni fi cantlyunder-employed or unemployed over a major part of thereferred period.4I t was therefore decided to switch over to the CDS. Therationale was as follows:Hence,weswitchedovertowhatiscalledtheCurrent Daily Status (CDS), which is convenientlyone of the other options provided by the NationalSample Survey Organisation for measurement ofemployment and unemployment. I f the gainfullyemployedaredefi nedasthosewhoarenearfulltime employed, then the CDS definition onemployment given by the NSSO will give morereal i sti cesti mateatl eastdi recti onal l y.Mostcountries across the globe use the concept closeto weekly status, which again is closer to that ofCDS used in this report. Within I ndia almost allother reports from alternate sources agree that theCDSconceptofunempl oymenti sthemostrealistic.5This approach was later adopted in the Tenth Plan (2002-2007)document f orproj ect i ngl abourf orceandemployment generation. I t was justified on the groundthat(a)CDSwasabettermeasurethantheUPSStocapture unemployment and under-employment and (b)it took into account seasonal variations as the samples3See Government of I ndia, Planning Commission: Report of the Task Force on Employment Opportunities, New Delhi, July 2001, pp.14-15.4See Government of I ndia, Planning Commission: Report of the Special Group on Targeting Ten Million Employment OpportunitiesPer Year over the Tenth Plan Period, New Delhi, July 2002, p. 12.5I bid, p.21.An n e xu re s21were surveyed uniforml y over the year. A review of thesedevelopments brings out the following points.First,theSpecialGroupisrightinstressingthatthegainfully employed should be those who have a stronginvolvement in employment, i.e. that they should be nearfulltime employed. I t does not follow, however, as theSpeci alGroupclai ms,thattheCDSdefi ni ti ononemployment will give a more realistic estimate at leastdirectionally,foritcannotyieldanestimateofpersonsgainfully employed. Under CDS, the basic classificatoryunit is a person-day and the status of the same person onall the seven days is recorded. I t thus relates to a compositeunitofperson-dayandnottopersonsorindividuals.Aggregates of person-days cannot be readily related tocharacteristics of individuals who contribute to it.Secondly, the UPSS-based projections may be questionedforusingaconceptthatoverstatesemploymentandunderstatesunemployment.Manypersonsincludedasworkers under UPSS are not really gainfully employedfor much of the time.Thi rdl y,theargumentofthe TaskForcethatthedi fferencebetweentheunemploymentratesontheCurrent Weekl yandthatontheUsualStatuswouldprovi deonemeasureofseasonalunemployment i sdifficult to sustain. The two unemployment rates are basedon different labour force denominators, and many reportedas working on UPSS may be outside the labour force onCWS.Seasonality in labour force characteristics is bettercaptured by variations in CDS rates over the four sub-rounds.4. Requirements of a Good MeasureFromtheprecedi ngdi scussi onwemayattempttohighlight some of the requirements of a good measure. Agoodemployment/ unemploymentmeasureshould be able to depict the baseline situation in arealistic and consistent manner, identifying thoseindividuals who have a substantial attachment tothelabourforceandwhospendagoodpartoftheir time at work or in unemployment. I n our predominantly rural, agrarian economy, itshould enable us to identify patterns of seasonalchange over the different parts of the year. I t should provide a basis for projecting the growthof labour force, employment and unemploymentover time and facilitate comparisons with expectedemployment generation in the economy.5. Modified Current Weekly Status (MCWS)I n both UPSS and CWS, the priority criterion results inoverestimation of the labour force and work force. I t isessentially because persons who normally remain outsidethe labour force (work force) most of the time would getincluded in the labour force (work force) if they spentjustabove30daysinayear(UPSS)oronehourinaweek (CWS) in an economic activity like gathering ofuncultivatedcrops,collectionoffirewood,cleaningofhousehold enterprise premises, etc. The UPSS and CWSas currently used, therefore, have only limited value inestimating trends in employment and unemployment andprojecting labour force. This paper proposes a modifiedCWS (hereafter MCWS) based on major time criterion.This approach had been used many years ago by Prof.Pravin Visaria in an exercise involving re-tabulation ofNSS data for some States.Unlike CWS, the MCWS takes better account of thetime disposition of each individual over the 14 half days.I t fol l owsat wost epprocedure.First,i t assi gnsindividualstothelabourforceifthemajorityoftheirhalf-dayswereinthelabourforce. Second,withinthelabour force, it uses the majority time principle to classifyindividualsamongthetwoactivitystatuses,employedand unemployed. Only in a few cases, where the majoritytime rule doe