The CGPRT Centre The Regional Co-ordination Centre for Research and Development of Coarse Grains, Pulses, Roots and

Tuber Crops in the Humid Tropics of Asia and the Pacific (CGPRT Centre) was established in 1981 as a

subsidiary body of UN/ESCAP.

Objectives

In co-operation with ESCAP member countries, the Centre will initiate and promote research, training and

dissemination of information on socio-economic and related aspects of CGPRT crops in Asia and the

Pacific. In its activities, the Centre aims to serve the needs of institutions concerned with planning,

research, extension and development in relation to CGPRT crop production, marketing and use.

Programmes

In pursuit of its objectives, the Centre has two interlinked programmes to be carried out in the spirit of

technical cooperation among developing countries:

1. Research and development which entails the preparation and implementation of projects and studies

covering production, utilization and trade of CGPRT crops in the countries of Asia and the South

Pacific.

2. Human resource development and collection, processing and dissemination of relevant information

for use by researchers, policy makers and extension workers.

CGPRT Centre Monographs currently available:

CGPRT No. 23 Role of Secondary Crops in Employment Generation: A Study in a Rain-fed Lowland

Village in Java

by Toshihiko Kawagoe, Koichi Fujita, Shigeki Yokoyama, Wayan Sudana and Amar

Kadar Zakaria

CGPRT No. 24 Sweet Potato in Viet Nam, Production and Markets

by J.W. Taco Bottema, Pham Thanh Binh, Dang Thanh Ha, Mai Thach Hoanh and H.

Kim

CGPRT No. 25 Marketing Innovation for Vegetables: Conditions of Diversification in Upland Farming

by Yujiro Hayami, Toshihiko Kawagoe, Shigeki Yokoyama, Al Sri Bagyo and Amar

Kadar Zakaria

CGPRT No. 26 Rural employment and Small-scale Rural Food Processing in Asia

edited by Aida R. Librero and Charles van Santen

CGPRT No. 27 Local Soybean Economies and Government Policies in Thailand and Indonesia

by Pattana Jierwiriyapant, Hermanto, Frederic Roche and J.W. Taco Bottema

CGPRT No. 28 Changes in Food Consumption in Asia: Effects on Production and Use of Upland Crops

edited by J.W.T. Bottema, G.A.C. De Silva and D.R. Stoltz

CGPRT No. 29 Marketing and Processing of Food Legumes and Coarse Grains: Effects on

Rural Employment in Asia

Edited by T. Napitupulu, J.W.T. Bottema and D.R. Stoltz

(Continued on inside back cover)

Effects of Trade Liberalization

on Agriculture in Asia

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not

imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United

Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or

concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The opinions expressed in signed articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily

represent the opinion of the United Nations.

CGPRT NO. 38

Effects of Trade Liberalization

on Agriculture in Asia

Proceedings of a Workshop

Held in Bogor, Indonesia

October 5-8, 1999

Edited by

Michio Kanai

Boonjit Titapiwatanakun

D.R. Stoltz

CGPRT Centre

Regional Co-ordination Center for

Research and Development of Coarse Grains,

Pulses, Roots and Tuber Crops in the

Humid Tropics of Asia and the Pacific

CGPRT Centre

Jalan Merdeka 145, Bogor 16111

Indonesia

2000 by the CGPRT Centre

All rights reserved. Published 2000

Printed in Indonesia

National Library: Cataloguing in Publication

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Asia: Proceedings of a Workshop held in

Bogor, Indonesia, October 5-8, 1999 / edited by Michio Kanai, Boonjit Titapiwatanakun,

and D.R. Stoltz. -- Bogor, CGPRT Centre, 2000.

xi, 266 pp.; 24.5 cm - (CGPRT No. 38)

ISBN 979-9317-08-8

1. Asia Trade, free and protected

I. Kanai, Michio II. Titapiwatanakun,

Boonjit III. Stoltz, D.R.

382.710.95

CGPRT No. 30 Upland Agriculture in Asia: Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Bogor,

Indonesia April 6-8, 1993

Edited by J.W.T. Bottema and D.R. Stoltz.

CGPRT No. 31 Farmers and Traders in a Changing Maize Market in East Java

Hitoshi Yonekura

CGPRT No. 32 Integrating Seed Systems for Annual Food Crops

Edited by H. van Amstel, J.W.T. Bottema, M. Sidik and C.E. van Santen

CGPRT No. 33 Women in Upland Agriculture in Asia

Edited by C.E. van Santen, J.W.T. Bottema and D.R. Stoltz

CGPRT No. 34 Market Prospects for Upland Crops in Asia

Edited by Sotaro Inoue, Boonjit Titapiwatanakun and D.R. Stoltz

CGPRT No. 35 Database Management and Analytical Techniques for Agricultural Planning: A Course

Manual

Edited by J.W.T. Bottema, Siemon Hollema and Mohammad A.T. Chowdhury

CGPRT No. 36 Economic Assessment of Selected Resource Management Techniques in Marginal

Upland Agriculture

Edited by Min-Jae Kim and D.R. Stoltz

CGPRT No. 37 Agricultural Planning in Asia: Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Bogor, Indonesia

April 13-24, 1998

Edited by Mohammad A.T. Chowdhury, Gary G. Timoshenko, Pantjar Simatupang and

D.R. Stoltz

This series is published by the CGPRT Centre, Bogor. For further information, please contact: Publication

Section CGPRT Centre, Jl. Merdeka 145, Bogor 16111, Indonesia

CGPRT CENTRE

Publication Section

Editor: Douglas R. Stoltz

Production: Agustina Mardyanti

S. Tayanih (Yayan)

Distribution: Fetty Prihastini

Printer: SMK. Grafika Desa Putera

v

Table of Contents

Page

Foreword ................................................................................................................................. ix

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. xi

Opening Session

Opening Address

Haruo Inagaki ................................................................................................................ 3

Opening Remarks

Yukio Kawauchi ............................................................................................................. 5

Message of Mr. Adrianus Mooy

Read by Nibhon Debavalya ........................................................................................... 7

Opening Address

Joko Budianto ............................................................................................................... 9

Introduction

Trade Liberalization and World Food Prospects in the 21st Century

Keiji Ohga ...................................................................................................................... 13

Project Report: Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Selected Asian Countries with

Special Focus on CGPRT Crops (TradeLib)

Michio Kanai ................................................................................................................. 27

Country Reports

Agricultural Trade Liberalization in China

Jikun Huang and Chunlai Chen ..................................................................................... 35

Comments on the Chinese Country Report: Trade Protection or Free Trade in the

Agricultural Economy of China?

Chen Dongsheng ............................................................................................................ 43

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Indian Agriculture

Ramesh Chand ............................................................................................................... 47

vi

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Selected Food Crops in Indonesia

Erwidodo and Prajogo Utomo Hadi .............................................................................. 55

Comments on the Indonesian Country Report

Kaman Nainggolan ........................................................................................................ 71

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Japan

Hiroaki Kobayashi ......................................................................................................... 77

Comments on the Japanese Country Report

Akira Oikawa ................................................................................................................. 95

The Effects of Agricutural Trade Liberalization on Malaysian Agriculture with Reference

to the Palm Oil, Paddy and Tobacco Sub-Sectors

Tengku Mohd Ariff Tengku Ahmad and Ariffin Tawang ................................................ 97

Comments on the Malaysian Country Report

Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman ............................................................................................. 105

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Selected Agricultural Commodities in Pakistan

Muhammad Ramzan Akhtar ........................................................................................... 109

Comments on the Pakistani Country Report

Ikram Saeed ................................................................................................................... 131

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Selected Agricultural Commodities in the Philippines

Minda C. Mangabat ....................................................................................................... 135

Comments on the Filipino Country Report

A.C. Costales .................................................................................................................. 141

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in the Republic of Korea with Special Focus on

CGPRT Crops

Myung-Hwan Sung ........................................................................................................ 143

Comments on the Korean Country Report

Ho-Seop Yoon ................................................................................................................ 147

Effects of Trade Liberalization in Thailand

Kajonwan Itharattana .................................................................................................... 149

Comments on the Thai Country Report

Yodying Kongtong .......................................................................................................... 155

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Selected Agricultural Crops in Viet Nam

Nguyen Ngoc Que .......................................................................................................... 159

vii

Comments on the Vietnamese Country Report

Cu Chi Loi ...................................................................................................................... 169

Trade Liberalization: A Study on Impacts and Implications for Bangladesh Agriculture

Mostafa Abid Khan ........................................................................................................ 171

Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Cambodia

Srey Vuthy ...................................................................................................................... 177

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Lao PDR

Khamxay Sipaseuth ........................................................................................................ 191

Myanmar Country Report

U Aung Hlaing ............................................................................................................... 199

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Nepal

Shambu B. Pandey and Devendra Gauchan .................................................................. 207

Some Issues Related to the Implementation of GATT and SAPTA on Field Crops in Sri Lanka

H. Somapala ................................................................................................................... 217

Consolidated Report

Consolidated Report on Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Selected Asian

Countries with Special Focus on CGPRT Crops (TradeLib)

Boonjit Titapiwatanakun and Michio Kanai .................................................................. 221

Closing Address

Haruo Inagaki ................................................................................................................ 237

Appendices

Appendix 1: Fundamental Principles of Japanese Agricultural Policy Reform and

the Basic Law on Food, Agricultural and Rural Areas ...................................... 241

Appendix 2: Program .............................................................................................................. 255

Appendix 3: List of Participants .............................................................................................. 259

viii

ix

Foreword

A regional workshop on Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Asia was

held during 5-8 October 1999 in Bogor, Indonesia, to discuss those findings and policy

recommendations achieved in a three-year research project Effects of Trade Liberalization on

Agriculture in Selected Asian Countries with Special Focus on CGPRT Crops (TradeLib).

The technical session of the workshop was started by a keynote discussion on Trade

Liberalization and Food Prospects in the 21st Century by Dr. Keiji Ohga followed by the

country reports with comments from those ten countries which participated in the project.

Additional six other countries presented brief discussions on agricultural conditions related to

trade liberalization. The session was concluded by consolidated discussion on the project

achievements by Dr. Boonjit Titapiwatanakun. The workshop had Q/A and open discussion

sessions.

I am pleased to publish Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Asia:

Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 5-8, 1999. To my regret,

however, those discussions made in the Q/A and open discussion sessions were unable to be

compiled here due to a technical problems.

I thank those speakers who participated in valuable and active discussions in the

workshop and provided draft summaries. I also thank Dr. Michio Kanai, Dr. Boonjit

Titapiwatanakun and Dr. D.R. Stoltz for their efforts in compiling and editing this volume. I

thank all of the Centres staff for their assistance in holding the workshop and preparing the

manuscripts. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to the Government of Japan for funding the

project and supporting the workshop.

Hoping this volume will provide a wide range of information to the readers.

February 2000 Haruo Inagaki

Director

CGPRT Centre

x

xi

Acknowledgements

We wish to express our deep gratitude to authors of the keynote address, country reports,

additional country reports and commentators for presenting work.

In the course of preparation of this proceedings, we relied upon the help of the Centres

staff to whom we are indepted. First, we wish to express our thanks to Dr. Haruo Inagaki,

Director, CGPRT Centre, for continuously backing up our activities. Also we wish to express

our thanks to Ms. Rahajeng Pratiwi, Ms. Fransisca Wijaya and Ms. Agustina Mardyanti for

typing.

Michio Kanai

Boonjit Titapiwatanakun

D.R. Stoltz

xii

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