The Century of the Revolutions. Teaching Unit

8/7/2019 The Century of the Revolutions. Teaching Unit.

1/36

THECENTURY

oftheREVOLUTIONSREVOLUTIONSFrench

Revolution

1789-1799

Thissupposedm

orethancutting

theheadofakin

g.Theliberalism

broughtaneww

aytounderstand

politic,economy,

societyandlifesty

le.

Thewarsthatlat

eron,expanded

thoroughEurope

consistedintwow

ays

ofunderstanding

world.Oneofthe

m,

theoldone,knowna

sAncient

Regime,andthenewonewhich

was

knownasLiberal

System.


2/36

Divisionofthemuseum

collections

storageplace

entrance

reception

shop

Firstfloor:

researchers

room offices

9

11

Zumalakarregi andhis time

TheZumalakarregibrothers

TheZumalakarregiFamily

Game Room: Explorethe19thcentury

Groundfloor:

Contemporaries

Audiovisual Two worldsagainsteach other

Antecedentsof theFirstCarlistWar

TheFueros

Dynasticaffair

Enemies

Carlists

Liberals

Humanizationofthewar

Mainkeys ofthe war

HelptotheCarlists

HelptotheLiberals

Warisnotlimitedtoarmedfights

Cities

PanoramaofSanSebastian

Tirednessofthewar

Peace

Weaponry10

11 Multimedia Military historyintheBasqueCountryof the19thcen

tury

Tomas Zumalakarregi.The Myth

Periodbetweenwars

2ndCarlist War

Burstofthewar

CarlistState

Publicity

Lastactions

Carlistfailure

1

1

2

3

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

5

6

6

7 8

4

9

10


3/36

Index

Page

.17

Periodbetween

twowars(1839-1872)

FromtheIronFactoriestotheFoundries

1841:customs:fromEbrotoBidasoa

Theindustrialization

TheRailway

EnlargementofCities

Fuerism

Page

.192ndCarlistWar

(1872-1876)

1stCarlistwar

(1833-1839)

Thedynasticconflict,ap

oliticfight

TheFueros

Armies

Foreignerparticipation

TheAgreementofBerga

ra

Page

.8

CuriositiesThepress(newspapers)

Maincharactersinthe19thcentury

Games

Page

.21

Page

.29

Therevolutionintransports

TheViaductofOrmaiztegi

IndustrialRevolution

Twoworlds

facingeachother

Page

.4

War,war

andmorewar

Page

.5

TheZumalakarregi

brothers

Page

.6ZumalakarregiFamily


4/36

Economy

LiberalismAncientRegime

List the main differences between

the Ancient Regime and Liberalism.

Society

Politic

Religion

TWOWORLDS

facingeachother

4


5/36

TomasZumalakarregispentallhislife

betweenwars.

Hemetupwiththewarbeingjustakid,chosea

militaryoccupationafterbecomingaguerrillafig

hter

andanotherwarendedfinallywithhislife.

1788 1808-1814Napoleonic

War

1820-1823Liberal

Triennial

1823One hundred

thousand

children

of Saint Luis

1833-18391st Carlist

War

1835 1872-18762nd Carlist

War

5years

20years

32years

45years

WAR,warand

morewar

1793-1795Convention

War

R.I.P.

47years

Theuseofweaponswasno

tanewthingforBasques.

Thefight

betweentworegimesthat

lastedfor40yearswaskn

ownin

differentways.AsBasque

Countryislimitedbyfronti

erswasharmed

considerablybywars:itwa

snotonlyusedastheplace

forthefirsts

andlastsbattles,butasa

continuouspassfordifferen

ttroopsthat

supposedtheeconomicalbankrupt.Attheend

,acivilwar,

thiswasevenworse.

T.ZUMALAKARREGI

Hewas

borninOrm

aiztegi

5


6/36

THEZumalakarregi

BROTHERS

waslastbutoneoffourteenbrothersandsisters.Hisf

amilydecidedhimto

beclerk*,likehisfatherdid.

,theoldestbrotherofTomas,

wasthemostremarkablecharacterohisfamily.

HeparticipatedinCortesofCadizand

redacting1812sConstitution.Healsoworkedas

mayorinSanSebastian,SenatorandMinisterof

GraceandJustice.

Mig

uel

* Clerk: is a worker of the administration, who is in charge of the

realization of duties that nowadays are done by notaries.

Which were their professions?

What did they study for?

Which ideology did they support?

Which book is in their showcase?

Did you know any of them beforevisiting the museum?

Which is, in your opinion moreinteresting? Why?

TOMASTOMAS MIGUELMIGUEL

6

Tomas


7/367

TheZumalakarr

egiFamily

was

part

ofth

e

gentl

eman*

,stra

tum,

which

was

muchextended

inalltheB

asq

uecountry.

They

use

dtog

ettheirdaughters

marr

iedw

ithgooddowry

andgivest

udies

totheirso

ns,

inord

er

towork

a

sascri

be,

for

thechurc

hor

for

thearmy.

Francisco

Antonio

Zumalakarregi

(1741-

2nd

wedding

MariaAna

Imaz

Altolagirre

ZUMALAK

ARREGI

FAMILY

*

Gentleman:AccordingtotheFueros,allinhabitantsfromB

izkaia

andGipuzkoawere

gentlemen,thatistosay,free,exemptfromgoingtomilitaryservic

eandfrompaying

taxes,andownersoftheirpoliticrights.

Ana

Antonia

(1770-1792)

housewife

Mig

uel

Ant

onio

(1773-1846)

Liber

al

politician

Francisco

Antonio

(1774-

soldier

Maria

Ignac

ia

(1776-

1837)

housewife

Eusebio

Antonio

(1778-

priestof

Ormaiztegi

Juana

Bautista

(1781-183

6)

housewife

Silveria

(1783-

housewife

Migue

l

Romualdo

(1785-

diedwith

21months

Margarita

(1786-1788)

priestof

Mutiloa

Jose

Manuel

(1791-1883)

Carlist

Gen

eral

TO

MAS

(1788-1835)


8/36

FirstCARLISTWA

R

1833-1839

crownprince

FernandoVII

Theinnocentqueen

wasonly

Iwill

bethe

King

THEDYNASTIC

CONFLICT:

APOLITIC

FIGHTMydaughterwillbethequeen,amIright,Isabel?

CarlosV

3years3yearsoldold

Isabel

II

Whenin1833theKingFernandoVIIdied,everyon

eknew

thatthewarwasabouttoexplode.HisbrotherCa

rlosdidnot

acceptthePragmaticSanction,alawthatwasjustapproved,

andpermittedwomenaccesstothethrone.There

fore,he

tookpositionagainstIsabel,his3yearoldniece.Th

iswasthe

beginningofthe1stCarlistWar.

Is there any law that discriminates women? What do you think?

Yes No

8


9/36

JuanIII M Beatriz

of Modena

Enrique

ofBorbn

CarlosVIIMargarita

of Parma

Juan M Mercedes of BorbnDos Sicilias

Elena Cristina Felipe

GenealogyGenealogyoftheofthe

BorbonsBorbons

Blanca

ofBorbn

CarlosIVMaria Luisa

of Parma

FernandoVII Mara Cristina

of Borbn

Princess

IsabelMara

CristinaAlfonsoXII

AlfonsoXIIIVictoria Eugenia of

Battenberg

JuanCarlosI Sofa of Grecia

Francisco

ofPaula

Luisa Carlota

of Napoles

Francisco

of Asis IsabelII Lui

sa

Fernanda

Duke of

Montpensier

(1808-1833)

9

CarlosV Mara Teresaof Braganza

(1833-1868)

(1874-1885)

(1886-1931)

(1975- )


10/36


11/36

IamFranciscoo

fAsis,husbandof

IsabelII,former

kingconsort.Ihave

amoustachean

dIhavebotharms

raised.

IamCarlosIV,

fatherofFernando

VII.Myrightle

gisraised.

IamEnriqueo

fBorbon,Dukeof

Sevilla,FranciscoofAsissbrother,

alsocousinandbrotherinlawof

IsabelII.Inthe

righthandIam

holdinganew

spaper.

IamtheDukeofMontpensier,

brotherinlawofIsabelIIand

pretendertothethrone.Ihave

amoustacheandIhavemyhair

inam

ess.

Iam

thePrincessLuisaFernanda,

sisterofIsabelIIandwifeofdukeo

f

Montpensier.Ihaveafan.

Iam

CarlosV,brotherofFernando

VII.

Iamwearingawhiteberet.

IamAlfonsoX

II,sonofIsabelII.The

nextking(5yearslater).Ihavea

weapon.

IamFernandoVII,fatherofIsabelII.

IamCarlosV

II,carlistpretender,

mywhiteber

etandmyswordhave

dropped.

Iamtheprin

cessIsabel,successorof

IsabelII.Iamwearingabluedress.

1

23

4

56

IamFernandoVII,sonofCarlosIV

andfatherofIsabelII.My

leftarm

israised.

IamIsabelII,recentlyde

throned

queen.Iamwearingabluestriped

dress.

IamBlancaofBorbon,e

ldest

daughterofCarlosVII.Iamwearing

aredberet.7

8

9

10

11 13

1

2

11


12/36

Whenin1833Basquepeoplew

erefighting,guninhand,t

heywere

notworriedabouttheoptionoftheKingorQueen.

Thetheoretical

rightsofLiberalism,sucha

stherightofspeech,equa

lityinfrontof

law,individualspoliticrigh

ts,andsoon,werejustou

tofhandformost

people.Despiteofthat,th

eFuerossupposedmany

advantagesforthecountry.

THEFUEROS*THEFUEROS*

* Fueros: conjunct of laws that completed the uses and costumes of each territory in writing.

* Customs: public office or fiscal institution established generally at the coasts and frontiers, in

order to registry the international goods traffic which are imported or exported in and from a

specific country and charge taxes that they owe.

Mark in the next two maps where were

situated the customs* in 1833 and where

were changed in 1841.

1833customsin

customsin

1841

12


13/36

EachBasqueregionhadit

sownFueros,privilegesco

ncerned

bylawfromthemiddlea

ge.Ifthoselawsrecompila

tions

onlylimitedtheabsolutism

,itwasnoteasytheirintegr

ation

inaLiberalsystem,mostly

becausetheirfiscalandleg

al

peculiarities.

Frenchrevolutioncausedt

heabolishmentoftheFue

rosfrom

Lapurdi,LowNav

arraseandZuberoa.

Peninsularregionssufferedthisprocessfo

ralongerandmore

complicatetime.

Bourgeois without institutional position Fiscal exempt Military service exempt

Lack of protection in front of European competition Frontiers situated at the Ebro

Facilities to import American and European products Better dressed

Lack of integration in the Spanish market cheaper tobacco

oftheFuerosforcommonpeople:Advantages

oftheFuerosfortheliberals:Disadvantages

13

Classifynextconcepts

inthecorrectcolumn

2008


14/36

AndtheCarlistInfantry?

Whowereknownas

Txapelgorriak?

ARMIES

CarlistsTroops:

atthebeginning,thecarlis

tswere

onlysomegroupsofguer

rilla

soldiersarmedbadly.Thebiggest

successofZumalakarregiw

as

facinguparegulararmy

withonly

1000farmers,whowereta

ughtin

militarytactics.

LiberalTroops:theliberalswereeq

uippedasthe

canonsofthetimeannoun

ced.

TheuniformsfollowedFre

nch

models.Becauseoftheirb

ad

organization,theysuffered

delays

intheirpayandprovisionin

g

constantly,buteventhou

gh,they

movedaround100.000so

ldiers.

Howmanysoldierscomposedthe

LiberalInfantry?

: www.zumalakarregimuseoa.net/ekintzak-eta-zerbitzuak/ikerketa-eta-dokumentazioa/xix.mendeko-historia-euskal-herrian

+

Whyisthesoldier

oftheimagenaked?

14


15/36

Whenthewarstartedtheydidnottakeanyprisoners,theenemiesweredirectlyshot.LordElliotmadebothpartssignanagreementinordertoexchangeprisoners.TheBritishcollaborationalsoaffectedtotheAgreementofBergara.Asitdoesnowadays,thehumanitariangoalskeptpoliticalandeconomicalinterests.

FOREIGNER

PARTICIPATION

Whichkindofhelpdid

theLiberalsreceived?

WhataboutCarlists?

Doesnowadaysanyforeigner

participateincivilwars?

Where?Whatkindof

participation?

15


16/36

Muagorrikdiona

bereproklamian:

gerrakondatzengaitu

bostgarrenurtian;

igazjarrizanKarlos

Madrilgobidian,bultzazuten

atzera,

gerrabereoian...

AlthoughMuagorriproposedthedeclaration

Pazy Fueros,itdidnotsuccess,but

theAgreementofBergara,oneyearlater,hadth

esame

basis:swaptheendofthewarforstrengthentheFueros

andsalariesoftheCarlistofficers.ThehugofBergara

representstheconciliationbetweenbothsides.

the

AGREEMENT

OFBERGARA

WhatsaystheAgreementof

BergaraabouttheFueros?

Andaboutthedynasticaffair?

Afterthewarended,mostof

theBasqueliberalsdefendedFueros.

Why?

AversefromMu

agorrirenkantak

byBenitoLertxund

i

16


17/3617

PeriodPeriodBETWEENWARSBETWEENWARS(1839-1872)(1839-1872)

Itisnotpossiblethesuccess

ofpoliticalrevolutions

iftherearenosocial,econ

omicalandideological

transformation.Tourism,p

aperfactories,

emigration,expansionofc

ities,economicaland

ideologicaldecadenceand

manyotherfactors,

hadnotbeeneasychange

s,asshowedthe

explosionofthe2nd

CarlistWar.

TheimportanceoftheironhasbeenthemaincharacteristicsoftheBasqueindustrializationprocess.Ironfactoriesdidnotinstallmoderntechnologies,asEuropeans

did.A

saresult,mostofthosefactoriesdisappearedduringthe2ndhalfofthe19thCenturyandnewfoundriesbroughtindustrialization,processtotheBasqueCountry.

FromtheIRONFACTORIESFromtheIRONFACTORIEStotheFOUNDRIEStotheFOUNDRIES

PLOUGH

POT

Whatiswrittenonit?

Whatwasitusedfor?

sitmadeinafoundryorina

nIronfactory?

Whatisitmadeof?

Onlyiron?

Whatisitmadeof?

Onlyiron?

Whatwasitusedfor?

Domodernploughshave

thisform? 17

IsitmadeinafoundryorinanIronfactory

?


18/36


19/36

Whichfightbecameasymbol

forthecarlists?

CarliststriedtocreateaState.

Whichareasdidtheydevelop?

Whohasbeenthemostpolemic

characterofthiswar?

Why?

2nd

CARLISTWAR

1872-1876

Theinjuriesthatshowedupduringthe1st

Carlistwardidnotcureproperly,sothat

the2ndCarlistWarstartedin

1872andfinished

in1876.

Whydidthe2ndCarlist

Warexplode?

Whichwerethedifferences

betweentheFirstandthe

SecondWar?

Wheredidoccurthefirst

failureoftheCarlists?

Weapons2nd C.War

breech-loading1st C.War

muzzle-loading

19


20/36

Ashappenedduringthe1st

Carlistwar,whocontrolledthe

cities?Andwhichcitieswhere

besieged?

Wholostthe

war?

BibaKarlosseptimoBibaKarlosseptimoetaMargarita,etaMargarita,laisterikusikodeulaisterikusikodeutronuanjarrita.tronuanjarrita.TxapelazurietaTxapelazurietaborliaberdia,borliaberdia,zaldigaiandatorzaldigaiandatorDonKarlosguriaDonKarlosguriaBorondateguztiazBorondateguztiazartunubenarma,artunubenarma,negarrezutzirikannegarrezutzirikanaitaetaamaaitaetaamaKarlosekbidaliduKarlosekbidaliduFrantzitikordenaFrantzitikordenatxanponiansaltzekotxanponiansaltzekobeltzikaundienabeltzikaundiena

Ifduringthe1stCarlistWarthekingwa

sCarlosV,inthesecondwas

CarlosVII.Hewasalsounderprotectionofm

ostpartofthe

Basqueruralinhabitants.

Whichwasthemostimportantconsequenceofthisfailure?

20


21/36

URIOSITIESCURIOSITIESWhenwepro

nouncethewordwaritdo

esnotonlymean

afightbetweentwotroop

s.Presswouldhave

becomeoneofthemaina

dvertisingtoolsforagroup

and

foranother.TheEuropean

pressworkedonprettymu

chon

theupsanddownsofthe2

ndCarlistsWar.RESSPRESS

Whichofthefollowingpressissues

concernstotheFirstCarlistWar?

Whataboutthe2nd?

21


22/36

Satiricalmagazines:

From1879,factorsliketechnicalprogress,

oropportunitiesofferedbythenewpolitical

situation,carriedabundanceofsatirical

magazines.Thesemagazinesreflecttheir

styleandintentionsattheirtitles.

FrayGerundio.Madrid

Arlequn.Madrid

ElBurro.Madrid

ElPjaroVerde.Barcelona

ElPjaroAzul.Barcelona

ElCascabel.Madrid

ElTiburn.Barcelona

GilBlas.Madrid

LaVbora.Barcelona

AventurasdePichichi.Madrid

LaCampanadeGracia.Barcelona

Jeremias.Madrid

ElTrueno.Madrid

DonQuijote.Madrid

LaFlaca.Barcelona

LaGorda.Madrid

LaBomba.Barcelona

ElCohete.Madrid

Robinson.Barcelona

LaPorra.Barcelona

LaCalavera.Barcelona

LaCarcajada.Madrid,BarcelonaElLoro.Barcelona

ChorizosyPolacos.Madrid

LaMosca.Barcelona

ElRompe-Cabezas.Madrid

LaMarsellesa.Barcelona

ElGallo.Barcelona

ElMotn.Madrid

ElTup.Barcelona

LaAvispa.Madrid

ElBusilis.Barcelona

ElAlacrn.Valladolid

ElCaimn.Madrid

LaCaricatura.Madrid

ElCharlatn.Barcelona

LetrasyCuernos.Madrid

ElCaballerodeGracia.Madrid

LaSemanaenSanSebastin.

ElCoco.Madrid

LaEsquelladelaTorratxa.Barcelona

ElDanzarn.Vitoria

LaCigala.Barcelona

ElMatute.Madrid

LaRetaguardia.Madrid

LaJota.Logroo.

ElltimoMono.Madrid

Createanam

eforyourown

satiricalmaga

zine

22


23/36

Thetrunk

represen

ts

Carlistsymbol:

GO

D

CO

UNTRY

KIN

G

(Dios,PatriayRey).

Thebranches

ofthetreerepresentthethree

provin

ces:

ARABA

GIPUZ

KOA

BIZKA

IA

GernikaTreebearsare

Carlistsand

alwaysarmedpriests.

Asmanyothercaricatures,some

carlistslook

likemushrooms,

othersseem

rats,butallofthem

arewearin

gaBasquebereton

theirhead

s.

Althoughthedeclineof

the1stRepublicofSpain

aftertheknockofPavia,

thisf

eminine

figurestillrepresents

theState.Inherhand,wecan

seetheaxethatcutsdownthe

GernikaTree.

Gener

alConcha,wh

owas

asupportero

frepublicans,isrepresentedby

asaw.

GeneralManuelGutierrezdelaConchawa

sthe

leaderofSpa

nishtroopsintheNorthprovin

ces,

anditwasalsohopefortheirtriumph.Hed

iedin

Lizarra,twomonthslater.

Thero

otsofGernika

treeareverysturdy:

ABSOLUTISM

INTOLERANC

E

FANATICISM

Thepetrol

tankremains

thebrochureDonCarlos

oelpetroleo,created

byVicenteManterola.Th

isbrochurereflects

carlistsideologicalsuppo

rt,wheretheimageof

churchesonfireisusedto

proclaimlawandorder.

Atthistime,theyexchan

geDonCarloswiththe

Basquelawcodeforuak.

LAMADEJAPOLTICAsa

tiricalmagazine,

number22Barcelona,

2-V-1

874

Libera

l

caricature

23


24/36

Carlistscaricaturesareabitclumsy,less

funny,inboth,textsandimages.Therepublicans

aregenerallymore

creativeandfunny,butnolesscruel.Ifcarlistident

ifiedrepublicans

withpigs,forrepublicanscarlistsaredogs,lambs,

monkeys,donkeysor

evenrats.

thiscaricature,priest,politicianand

eologistVicenteManterola,adoresthecarlists

lambs.

Whatiswrittenontheflag?

Isthereanyotherreferenceinthis

museum?

24


25/36

Eachpublicationhasadifferentformat,startingf

romawhiteandblack

simplesheet,untilalleluiasinbigformatwhichw

hereusedforsingingin

streetsandsquares.Thealleluiastalkedaboutd

ifferenttopics,theone

aboveisaboutteachers.

ALLELUIASALLELUIAS

Juan era un hombrehonrado,gordo, lucio ycolorado

Pero le di la manade estudiar pedagoga

Y diez arrobas cabalespesaba entonces Juan Bales

Obtubo escuela, y en brevesolo lleg a pesar nueve

A todas las horas el curale quemaba la figura

Si algn bruto no aprenda,la madre le escarneca

O el padre de algn incultoquera buscarle el bulto

Su sueldo peda en baldeal gobierno y al alcalde

Y como nunca cobraba,el hambre le devoraba

Al dormir, sus pesadillaseran panes y tortillas

Se iba al sol frecuentementepor tomar algo caliente

La libertad de enseanzapracticaba de esta traza

Se desmay cierto dafrente una pastelera

Contemplaba su alacenams limpia que una patena

Como no daba dinerole ech a la calle el casero

Y el hombre sali del pasohabitando campo raso

Quiere atraer,vano intento!las aves con el aliento

Tan flacucho ya se hallabaque ni sombra proyectaba

Cuando el viento oir se dejatiene que subir a una reja

Una da de hambres cruelesse engull cuatro carteles

Y de all a pocos momentosle dieron los sacramentos

Muri, y su cuerpo enjutosirvi de caja un canuto

Sin clrigos y si cantollevronle al camposanto

Y Espaa que tal consiente,mantiene gorda esta gente.

lmaestrodeescuelaElmaestrodeescuelaLMOTIN.ELMOTIN.OIX.N11(17-III-89).MadridAOIX.N11(17-III-89).MadridHemerotecaMunicipaldeMadridHemerotecaMunicipaldeMadrid

25


26/36

MAINCHARACTERSOFTHE19THCENTURY

Themostknown

Whyweretheyfamous?

26


27/36

andwhowerenotthatfamous

MiguelJoaqun

Eleizegi(1818-1861)

Alzogiantwas2,42mtallandhad

203kgweigh.Heneededa64cmtall

chair,used33cmlargeglovesand

42cmsizebrogues,equivalentofshoe

number63.

JuanCrisostomodeArriaga(1806-1826)Hecomposedhisfirstwork

whenhewaselevenyearsold,theassaywastitledNadaymucho.Whenhewasfourteen,hedebutedinBilbaowiththesuccessfuloperaLosesclavosfelices.

:www.zumalakarregimuseoa.net/ekintzak-et

a-zerbitzuak/ikerketa-eta-

dokumentazioa/xix.mendeko-pertsonaia-xu

meak+

27

BizentaMogel(1782-1854)Whenshewas22yearsoldpublishedIpuionac,BasquetranslationofEsop

o`slegends.ThisisthefirstlegendsbookpublishedinBasquelanguage.

Eugenio

Aviraneta(1792-1872)

Hewasconspiratorandspy,and

provokeddivisioninsidecarlists

troops.Todoso,hespreadaround

falsedocumentsandrumours,

decreasingconfidencebetween

officialsanddiscouragement

betweensoldiers.

El moro

vizcaino(1827-1876)

HeworkedinMorocco,

asastoryteller,merchant,

pilgrimorevenbeggar.

Afterhavingallthose

professions,hebecamean

expertonMaghrebdaily

lifeandalso,mosques.


28/36

VIRTUAL ZM, Education virtual service of the Zumalakarregi Museum:

www.zumalakarregimuseoa.net/actividades/educacion

+

SendtheanswersSendtheanswersandyouandyouwillgetapresentwillgetapresentmzumalakarregi@gipuzk

oa.net

28

DecodethisbertsoofBeatGaztelumen

di:

Whatarethoseobjects?

Some people say that Tomas Zumalakarregi invented the potato

omelette patata tortilla. What do you think about it? Is it true?

Yes No

Codeusedbycarlists

a b c d e f g h i j

k l ll m n o p q r s

t u v x y z

GAMES

ARTICIPATEPARTICIPATE


29/36

17881788 18651865

INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION

29

Duringthe2ndhalfof

the19thcentury,

industrialrevolutionstartedinthe

BasqueCountry.Developmentswere

locatedinGipuzkoaandBizkaia,butwithdifferentmodels.

Lookatthemapandsaywhichsector

wasdistinguishedinGipuzkoa.

WhataboutBizkaia?

lassifyeachtransportbelowoneachmap

:

TRANSPORT

REVOLUTION

On wheel(stagecoach, carriage, galley), on food, cavalry (muleteer), sailboat,

steamboat (wheel steamboat, propeller steamboat, locomotive).

Also communications (railway, roads, highway, county road)


30/36


31/3631E

lectrific

ation

DuringtheSpanishCivilwar,onthe15thand

16tho

fSeptember,workersfromt

heblast

furnaceofBergar

acutdownthebridge

withtheirsolderin

gironsinordertostop

Francoisttroops.Itwasanexcellentwork,

cleanandwithou

texplosivesButfrancoist

soldiersarrivethe

nextday,andshootedall

workersagainstthewallofthecemeteryof

Ormaiztegi,whic

hisnexttothebridge.

Everyoneknowsthatwithoutthetrain

worldwouldbedifferent.Theyconstructed

theviaductasad

evelopmentsignaland

itbecameaprogressmodelofthattime.

Nexttotheoldone,thenewviaductwas

inauguratedin19

95,sothattheoldbridge

stoppedworking.Todaysviaductwillalso

becomeobsolete

somedayandsomebody

willpurposetoa

daptittofutureneeds.

Foritsreconstruction,itwasreinforcedwith

concretemade

columns.Thisconfigurestodaysviaductap

pearance.

1864

Peacetimebrought

im

provementsandnew

te

chnologies.

1912

Double

track

1928

Wartime

de

struction

1936

1941

Inaugurationof

thenewviad

uct

1995

Sinceitwasinauguratedon1864thecitiesof

MadridandPariswereconnectedbyt

rainandour

historyc

hangedcompletely.Ithasaveryimportant

strategicvaluethatiswhywarshavebeenitsworst

enemy.

Duringthe2ndcarlistwar1872

-1876,the

TrainStationofBeasainwasfired,butonlyafew

faultsa

ffectedtotheviaductofOrmaiztegi.

Inaugurationactoftheviaduct

Reinforcewith

concretemade

columns


32/36

Identityofanationhasalottosaywiththe

naturalandhumanlandscape.Usually,ea

ch

bigcityhasitsownmeaningfulmonuments:Sta

tueofLiberty

inNewYork,EiffelTowerinParis,andsoon.

Therearealsosmalltownswhichhaveaspecial

elementthatmakesthemdifferentfromthe

others;Ormaiztegiisoneofthose.Youcansee

theviaductfromeachperspectiveofthetown.

Besides,ithasbecomeinanimportantelement

ofthedailylifeofOrmaiztegi.Nowadays,itis

impossibleimaginingOrmaiztegiwithoutold

bridge.

32

Wehaveaveryimportant

connectionwiththemaincharacters

andwitnessesfromthepast,because

itisnotpossibletounderstandour

nowadayslife-stylewithoutthem.

Ourhistoricheritagehasavarietyofcompone

nts.Someof

themofferinformation,othersexpress

feelings,andallofthemincrease

knowledgeaboutourselves.

Undergroundfoundations

andcolumnsPisaTower

Columnofthe

viaduct Bluewhale

34m.

320m

.

EiffelTower ViductofOrmaiztegi

51m.

Metresarenotwhatmake

theviaductimportant,but


33/36

Ormaiztegi1863

ParisPiemonte

33

Paris

OrmaiztegiBaiona

Irua

Madrid

IfMadrid-Parisrailwaywouldgothrough

Navarra,wouldbethesametheIndustrial

RevolutionofGipuzkoa?

Whataboutyourtown?What

influencehadorwillhavethetrain?

Ormaiztegi

Irua

Baiona

Donostia

Gasteiz

MilesofBasquesworkedonthe

constructionoftherailwaydirected

byFrenchengineering;machineryand

materialswerealsoFrench.600workers

fromPIAMONTE,specialised

onthetunnelsconstructionintheFranco

ItalianALPS,atthegapbetween

BeasainandOlazagutia.

Thoseworkerstogetherwithsome

Basqueworkers,whoworked

ontheVIADUCTofORMAIZTEGI,

continuedwith

Frenchcompanyattheworksofthe

SUEZCANAL.OneofthemwasNemesioArtola,bor

ninTolosa.

Nowadays,itisnotsomethingspecialthepointth

atMadrid-Parisrailwaypass

throughGipuzkoa,orthatIrun-Hendayamakea

nimportantrailwayconjunction.

Butitcouldhavebeendifferent.Whatifthetrain

wouldbeconstructedinthe

Alduides?AndwhatifyoucouldarrivetoBaiona

throughPamplona?Whoknows,

inhabitantsoftheNavarresePyreneescouldspen

dtheirholidaysintheregions

ofGoierriorTolosaldea,maybe.Navarresebetst

ronglyforthatoption,although

nowadays,itseemsnotpossible.


34/36

In1864,ONETRAINcouldcarry1000tonsfrom

OrmaiztegitoSanSebastianinONEHOUR

thesameloadwouldneed100CARRIAGESd

uringa

WHOLEDAY.

34

100100CARRIAGESCARRIAGES1 day

1TRAIN1TRAIN1 hour

1000tons

1000tons


35/3635

Thisalleluiaexpresses aperspectiveoftherailway.


36/36

Idea, texts and graphic design realization:

K6 Gestin Cultural

Zumalakarregi Museum:

www.zumalakarregimuseoa.net

XIX Century Album

www.albumsiglo19mendea.net/en/index.php?

ZUMALAKARREGI MUSEUMMuxika egurastokia 6.

20216 Ormaiztegi (Gipuzkoa)

Tel.: +34 943 88 99 00 Fax.: +34 943 88 01 38

[email protected]

www.zumalakarregimuseoa.net

Documents

The Century of the Revolutions. Teaching Unit