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The Cellular Basis of
Reproduction and Inheritance
Cell Division: The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
The Production of Identical Cells
Meiosis
The Production of Sperm and Eggs
Homologous Chromosomes
Homologue inherited
from dad
Homologue inherited
from mom
This karyotype shows the 23 pairs of
homologous chromosomes In humans
In an nondividing cell theDNA in the nucleus is called?
These “worms” in the nucleus are called?
What is this?
Chromosomes and Chromatin
DNA exists
as chromatin
during interphase Chromosomes are
seen during mitosis
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
occurs during
telophase
The Cell Cycle (Cell Division)
1. Interphase: Growth and DNA replication
(The chromosome number doubles).
2. Mitosis: The division of the nucleus
3. Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm
The Purpose of Cell Division
1. Growth
2. Replacement of damaged cells
3. Asexual reproduction
DNA replication
occurs during
interphase
DNA Replication
Interphase
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• Interphase
– Growth and DNA replication
– Chromosomes have duplicated but they are still
in the form chromatin fibers
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• Prophase
– Chromosomes become visible
– Nucleolus disappears
– Nuclear membrane disappears
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• Metaphase
– Mitotic spindle fully formed
– Centromeres of chromosomes at “cell equator”
Metaphase Anaphase
How many
chromosomes
are in this
cell?_____
How many
chromosomes
are in this
cell?_____
Metaphase Anaphase
How many
chromosomes
are in this
cell?_____
How many
chromosomes
are in this
cell?_____
Pair of centrioles Spindle fibers
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• Anaphase
– Sister chromatids of each replicated
chromosome separate creating identical
daughter chromosomes
Metaphase Anaphase
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• Telophase
– Daughter chromosomes at opposite poles
– Cytokinesis begins
Animal Cell Cytokinesis Plant Cell Cytokinesis
The Cell Cycle
Interphase and Mitosis
Cytokinesis: The division of cytoplasm
Interphase
Mitosis
The Human Life Cycle
+
Sperm Egg
Zygote
N = ___ N = ___
Haploid Haploid Diploid: N = ___
2 2
4
B b
B
b
B = Brown Eyes b = Blue Eyes
Fertilization Creates Diploid Cells
Meiosis: The Production of Eggs and Sperm
• Somatic Cells: Typical body cells
– _____ Chromosomes
– _____ Pair of homologous chromosomes
– Diploid
• Gametes or Sex Cells: Eggs and sperm
– _____ Chromosomes
– Haploid
Meiosis Reduces the
Chromosome Number in Half
Meiosis Is a Source of
Genetic Variation Homologue
inherited from
dad
Homologue
inherited
from mom
Homologous
chromosomes
exchanged pieces
Crossing Over
Crossing Over
Meiosis is a Source of Genetic Variation
Independent Assortment of Chromosomes
Apoptosis:
Programmed Cell Death
What might damage DNA? G0 is an
extended
resting
period.
(The cell is committed to divide if it
passes this checkpoint)
(The cell performs
its functions but
does not divide.)
Interphase
Interphase Interphase
Mitosis
Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division
• Benign Tumors
– Encapsulated
• Malignant Tumors
– Invasive
– Cells may leave the tumor and spread throughout the body
• Metastases
– Cells that leave a tumor and spread throughout the body
forming new tumors at distant sites
Angiogenesis:
The formation
of new blood
vessels that
bring oxygen
And nutrients to
a cancerous
tumor.
Prevention of Cancer
• Lung Cancer
• Skin Cancer
• Colon Cancer
p53: A gene that plays a key role in the G1 Checkpoint of Cell Division
(Apoptosis)