The CellPart 1 EQ: How did eukaryotes evolve?

Main Ideas from Chapter 7

• The Cell Theory (3 guiding principles)

• The Endosymbiont Theory explains how eukaryotes evolved

• Organelles are structures with specialized jobs; makes the cell more effiicient

Cell Booklet Table of Contents

Pg. 1 Cell Theory

Pg. 2 Cell Types

Pg. 3 Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote diagrams

Pg. 4 Endosymbiont Theory

Pg. 5 Cell Organelle Graphic Organizer (pt 1)

Pg. 6 Animal Cell

Pg. 7 Plant Cell

Pg. 8 Cell Organelle Graphic Organizer (pt2)

Pg. 9 All cells have…

Pg. 10 Phospholipid bilayer

Pg. 11 Compare/contrast chart

Pg. 12 Cells Flow chart

Cell TheoryWhat are the guiding principles

of all cells?All cells must serve the same

characteristics of life as the organism they make up.

The Cell Theory Concept #1

All living things are made of cells

I.e. Cells are the building blocks from which all organisms are made.

p. 1

Cells carry out the basic functions of life

I.e. Reproduce, use energy, respond to environment

The Cell Theory Concept #2

p. 1

New cells arise from pre-existing cells

I.e. Spontaneous generation is not possible. Genetic material directs cell reproduction.

The Cell Theory Concept #3

p. 1

Cell DiversityHow do the two cell types

compare and contrast?Pro- (“early”) is simple.

Euk- (“true”) is more advanced.

Cell TypesProkaryotic Cells

• pro- “early” or before a nucleus

• have no nucleus nor other membrane-bound organelles (e.g. bacteria)

Eukaryotic Cells

• eu- “true”, -kary “kernel” or nucleus

• have nucleus enclosed in membrane & other membrane-bound organelles

p. 2

Prokaryotic Cell (L) Compared to Eukaryotic Cell (R)

p. 3 Use p. 192 in text to finish

Cell DiversityHow are the two basic cell types

related?Eukaryotes may have evolved from

prokaryotes.

Endosymbiont Theory

According to the endosymbiont theory, a symbiotic mutual relationship involved one prokaryotic cell living inside of another.

p. 4

Also on page 407 of textbook

Cell DiversityHow do plant and animal cells

compare and contrast?Both are eukaryotes but there are

distinct differences!

Animal CellDraw & label a pictureInclude all eukaryotic organelles (see p 192)HIGHLIGHT the lysosome, microtubules, microfilaments, centrioles

PINK Page (p. 6 or 7):

• Cell Wall - sits outside the cell membrane to give support to plants.

• Chloroplasts – converts sun’s energy into “food” (glucose).

• Chlorophyll - green pigment in chloroplasts that captures sun’s energy .

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic Plant cells have…

Plant CellDraw & label a pictureInclude all eukaryotic organelles (use the same labels used on animal cell)HIGHLIGHT the chloroplasts, cell wall, and central vacuole (the BIG one)

GREEN Page (p. 6 or 7):

Homework

• Do pages 5, 8, 11, 12 (the handout inserts) in your cell booklet

• Finish the Cell Booklet p. 9

Cell DiversityHow are cells alike?

Yes, all cells have the same basic cell structures. They are…

Cell Structure & Function: All cells have a…

Cell Membrane• Controls what

enters & exits the cell

Cytoplasm• Gel-like material

supports organelles & gives cell shape

Cell Structure & Function: All cells have a…

Ribosomes• Site for proteins

synthesis (where they are made in the cell)

Cell Structure & Function: All cells have…

DNA• Genetic

code of instructions for making proteins

Cell Structure & Function: All cells have…

All cells have…Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomeDraw & label pictureDescribe its functionLocation

p. 9

Cell DiversityHow does the cell membrane work like a bouncer at da club?

If the cell didn’t have a membrane,…

Pg. 10 Phospho-lipid bilayer

Insert handout

C

B

D

A = phospholipid A1 phosphor- “head” lets things throughA2 lipid “tails” keep things out

B = phospholipid bilayer (2 layers)C = marker proteins (i.e. name tags)D = channel proteins (let BIG stuff through

Cell DiversityWhat would happen if cells were

missing other parts?Know the function and how parts

work together in the cell

Cell Structure & Function: Prokaryotic cells have…• Cell membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Ribosomes

• Cell wall

• Flagellum

Flagellum• Also made of proteins • Long, whip-like

projections that move the cell through fluid.

What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Cell Wall •Provides additional support and protection

•Located outside the plasma membrane

•Allows molecules to pass through (no selection)

•Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria have this

What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic cells have…• Cell membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Ribosomes

• Nucleus & nucleolus

• Centrioles

• Cytoskeleton

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Golgi apparatus

• Lysosomes

• Mitochondria

• Vacuoles

• Cilia / flagella

CytoskeletonMicrofilament and Microtubules

• Provides structure and support, like poles of a tent

• NOT in “Pro” cells

What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Mitochondria• “Powerhouse” of the cell

- generates energy for the cell

• Converts food particles (in the form of sugars) to energy

What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Mitochondria are made of lots of membranes (inside & outside)

• Lysosomes store digestive enzymes that breakdown old organelles and food

• Vacuole store materials like water and food

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic cells have…

What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Cilia• Also made of proteins

• Short, hair-like projections that work like oars of a boat to move the cell

What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

• Nucleus - control center of the cell that houses DNA

• Nucleolus – inside the nucleus; makes ribosomes

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic cells have…

What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)• Folded membrane suspended in the

cytoplasm near the nucleus.• Acts like the “highway” of the cell

in that it transports proteins around the cell.

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic cells have…

What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Types:Types:1) Rough ER – area on ER where

ribosomes attach; Makes and transport proteins.

2) Smooth ER – area where no ribosomes are attached, makes lipids (like phospholipids, for example), and it transports proteins.

What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

The Smooth (L) & Rough (R) Endoplasmic Reticulum are located next to the nucleus

Golgi Apparatus• Packages and ships

proteins to other parts of the cells or to the plasma membrane for export outside the cell.

• “Post-Office”, UPS or FedEx of the cell.

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic cells have…

What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Also on p. 192:find similarities & differences

Blue post-it for similarities

Yellow post-it for differences

Pg. 11 Compare & Contrast CellsInfo on page 199 of textbook

Insert handout

October 7th

You need Venn diagram handout on front tableUse with info on page 192 of textbook

Use this handout on p11 of your cell booklet to complete Venn diagram

How do cells compare?

1

2

34

Plant

5 6

7

Animal

Prokaryotes

1Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatusVacuole

Mitochondria

2DNA

Cell memb.RibosomesCytoplasm

3Cell wall

4Cilia

5Chloroplasts

6 Lysosome Centriole

Cytoskeleton

7CapsuleFlagella

Do Now: How organelles work together

• How do the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus work together?

• How do the lysosome, vacuole, mitochondria and chloroplast work together?

READING REVIEWOr do VIRTUAL CELL MICROSCOPY PRE-LAB

1. Summarize the 3 parts of the cell theory.

2. List 3 characteristics that all cells share.

3. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

4. Identify a structure other than a cell wall or a large vacuole that might be found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell. Explain why the animal would not have this structure.

5. Why must a muscle or sperm cell have more mitochondria than a skin cell?