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THE CELL. Basic Unit of Life. Cell Song. Cell Theory. Principles of Cell Theory 1. Cells are basic units of life 2. Biogenesis - All Cells arise from other cells 3. E nergy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Principles of Cell Theory1. Cells are basic units of life2. Biogenesis - All Cells arise from other cells3. Energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry)
of life occurs within cells. 4.. All organisms are made of one or
more cells• Prokaryotic = 1 cell (Unicellular)• Eukaryotic = 2 or more cells (Multicellular)
Cell Theory
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
• The most efficient cells are the smallest
• Small cells have a GREATER surface area to volume ratio
What is the Surface Area to Volume Ratio?
Close-up of nuclearenvelope
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:Inner membraneOuter membrane
Nuclear pore
Porecomplex
Ribosome
Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)
1 µm
Rough ER
Nucleus1 µm
0.25 µm
Surface of nuclear envelope
Nucleus &
Nucleolus
LE 6-11
Ribosomes
0.5 µm
ER Cytosol
Endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Largesubunit
Smallsubunit
Diagram ofa ribosome
TEM showing ERand ribosomes
Ribosomes
LE 6-12
Ribosomes
Smooth ER
Rough ER
ER lumenCisternae
Transport vesicle
Smooth ER Rough ER
Transitional ER
200 nm
Nuclearenvelope
EndoplasmicReticulum
LE 6-13
trans face(“shipping” side ofGolgi apparatus) TEM of Golgi apparatus
0.1 µm
Golgi apparatus
cis face(“receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus)
Vesicles coalesce toform new cis Golgi cisternae Vesicles also
transport certainproteins back to ER
Vesicles movefrom ER to Golgi
Vesicles transport specificproteins backward to newerGolgi cisternae
Cisternalmaturation:Golgi cisternaemove in a cis-to-transdirection
Vesicles form andleave Golgi, carryingspecific proteins toother locations or tothe plasma mem-brane for secretion
Cisternae
Golgi Apparatus
Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Plasmamembrane
Food vacuole
Lysosome
Nucleus
Digestiveenzymes
Digestion
Lysosome
Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes
Food vacuolefuses withlysosome
Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles
Vacuoles
LE 6-15
5 µm
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Tonoplast
Central vacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Central Vacuoles
(Plants Only)
LE 6-16-3
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Transport vesicle
cis Golgi
trans Golgi
Plasma membrane
LE 6-17
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Cristae
Matrix
100 nmMitochondrialDNA
Freeribosomes in themitochondrialmatrix
Mitochondria
LE 6-18
Chloroplast
ChloroplastDNA
RibosomesStroma
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
Thylakoid1 µm
Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton• The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers
extending throughout the cytoplasm• It organizes the cell’s structures and
activities, anchoring many organelles• It is composed of three types of
molecular structures:–Microtubules–Microfilaments– Intermediate filaments
LE 6-21a
Vesicle
Receptor formotor protein
Microtubuleof cytoskeleton
Motor protein(ATP powered)
ATP
LE 6-28Centralvacuole of cell
PlasmamembraneSecondarycell wall
Primarycell wall
Middlelamella
1 µm
Centralvacuole of cell
Central vacuoleCytosol
Plasma membrane
Plant cell walls
Plasmodesmata
Cell Wall
LE 6-23b
15 µm
Direction of organism’s movement
Motion of cilia
Direction ofactive stroke
Direction ofrecovery stroke
Cilia
LE 6-25b
Wavelike motion
Cross-linkingproteins insideouter doublets
ATP
Anchoragein cell
Effect of cross-linking proteins
LE 6-29a
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ProteoglycancomplexCollagen
fiber
Fibronectin
Integrin Micro-filaments
CYTOPLASM
Plasmamembrane
Extracellular Matrix
Tight junctions preventfluid from moving across a layer of cells
Tight junction
0.5 µm
1 µm
0.1 µm
Gap junctionExtracellularmatrix
Spacebetweencells
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Intermediatefilaments
Tight junction
Desmosome
Gapjunctions
Intracellular Junctions
LE 6-8
Hydrophilicregion
Hydrophobicregion
Carbohydrate side chain
Structure of the plasma membrane
Hydrophilicregion
Phospholipid Proteins
Outside of cell
Inside of cell 0.1 µm
TEM of a plasma membrane
Plasma Membrane