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CHAPTER 2 LESSON 2The Cell
CELL TYPES
2 Major Types Prokaryotic- Mainly bacteria or cells
without a nucleus Genetic material floats in the cytoplasm Do not have many of the common
organelles or cell parts.
CELL TYPES CONT.
Eukaryotic- Contain a nucleus Plants, animals, fungi, and protists Genetic material is generally found in
the nucleus and is surrounded by a membrane
Contain organelles with specific functions
CELL SHAPE AND MOVEMENT
Many sizes and shapes Related to function of the cell Example:
Human blood cell looks like a donut because it needs to bend and fold to fit into tight spaces.
Nerve cell- very long because it sends signals over long distances.
MAJOR PARTS OF THE CELL
Cell membrane Found in plant and animal cells Protects the cell from outside
substances Regulates or allows some substances
into the cell Made of a protein layer and
phospholipid layer
MAJOR PARTS CONT.
Cell wall Found in plant cells, bacteria, and
fungal and some protists Protects from attack of viruses and
harmful organisms In plants- provides support and
structure
CELL MEMBRANE AND CELL WALL
Cell membrane
Cell Wall
MAJOR PARTS CONT.
Cytoplasm- a fluid inside the cell that is mostly water but also contains salts and other molecules.
Also contains the CYTOSKELETON- a network of threadlike proteins join together Gives the cell shape and allows for
movement
CELL APPENDAGES
Used for movement Flagella- long, tail like appendages that
move back and forth
Cilia- short, hair like structures
NUCLEUS
Largest organelle in most eukaryotic cells Surrounded by two membranes- nuclear
membrane Directs cells activities Contains the genetic information
Human’s genetic information is found on 46 chromosomes
Kangroo’s genetic information is on 6 chromosomes
NUCLEOLUS
Makes ribosomes Often appears as a dark spot
MANUFACTURING PROTEINS
Ribosomes make proteins Ribosomes can be found floating in the
cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
The ER extends from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
MANUFACTURING PROTEINS CONT.
Two types of ER Rough and Smooth Rough
Protein production Smooth
Makes lipids like cholesterol Helps remove harmful substances from the
cell
RIBOSOMES AND ER
PROCESSING ENERGY
Mitochondria are responsible for processing energy in most cells
Surrounded by two membranes Energy is stored in molecules called ATP Chemical processes release the ATP ATP= Adenosine triphosphate ATP is the fuel for cellular processes such
as growth, cell division, and material transport
MITOCHONDRIA
CHLOROPLASTS
Found in plant cells, algae, some protists
Use light energy to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
Green pigment- chlorophyll
PROCESSING , TRANSPORTING AND STORING
The Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body Prepares and Packages proteins into tiny
membrane bound ball like structures known as vesicles.
Transport materials from one part of the cell to another.
LYSOSOMES
Found in some animal cells Break down and recycle cellular parts Contain digestive enzymes
VACUOLES
Found in both plant and animal cells Animal cells tend to be small
Store food, water, and waste material Plant cells usually have one large one
called the CENTRAL VACUOLE. It stores water for support and shape of the cell.